Hunting Of Wild Animals Research Articles

Consumption Ethics for Wild Animals: An Islamic Practice

Religion, particularly Islam, plays an important role in lifestyle as well as in shaping cultural beliefs, including the teachings on consumption ethics. This ethics is based on the Sharīʿah—which is derived from the Qurʾān and the Sunnah by Muslim jurists—and is aimed at avoiding plagues and ensuring health security. Accordingly, this article discusses some lessons on Islamic ethics regarding the consumption and hunting of wild animals for food. A scholar of Islamic jurisprudence, Shaykh Muḥammad Arshad al-Banjārī (1710–1812), authored a work on fiqh entitled Sabīl al-Muhtadīn li al-Tafaqquh fī Amr al-Dīn (The Way of the Rightly Guided People in Mastering the Commandment of Religion) which has successfully managed to enjoin people to protect many species of wildlife in the Malay World, particularly, and in the larger region of South East Asia generally. A list of around 627 species from four major animal orders in Indonesia are listed as the following: primates, carnivores, reptiles, and amphibians—all of which are prohibited from being consumed and hunted by Muslims. They include important varieties of species the populations of which are decreasing, for example: numerous species of monkeys, bats, pangolins, tigers, and many more which are mentioned in al-Banjārī’s work. The work, thus, has helped conserve the said species of wild animals that are still present predominantly in the areas where the Muslim populations reside. If this consumption ethics can be shared with the rest of the world, it could contribute to the conservation of nature.

Environmental Problems of Liberia

The Republic of Liberia is experiencing many of the same environmental problems as the entire region of West Africa. In recent decades, challenges related to the preservation of natural resources have become increasingly relevant here. The natural resources of Liberia, its flora and fauna are insufficiently protected, which opens up wide opportunities for various kinds of illegal activities. Despite the fact that any types of development of natural resources are prohibited in nature reserves and national parks, the local population for many years has been using their territory for farming, cattle grazing, logging, small-scale mining, house building, fishing and hunting. The article analyzes the main environmental risks in the Republic of Liberia: unauthorized logging, hunting of wild animals, pollution of terrestrial water sources and oceanic coastal waters by industrial and household waste, uncontrolled increase in the number of landfills. It is emphasized that the unfavorable environmental situation negatively affects the health of the population and damages the tourism industry. The work of some national and international environmental organizations to normalize the environmental situation in the country is analyzed. It is concluded that currently the listed environmental problems of Liberia, due to the difficult internal economic situation, are far from being resolved. Сurrently, measures taken for environmental protection purposes, both at the level of individual countries of the continent and at the international level, do not give the expected results. Thus, environmental problems in Liberia, as in a number of other States of the African continent, are growing much more intensively than they are being solved. In many ways, this is the result of a whole complex of interrelated challenges of the modern stage of development, rooted in the traditional understanding of the practical use of natural resources.

On the prospects of improving the provisions of the draft Criminal Code dedicated to the regulations of responsibility for possession of natural resources

The article provides a critical analysis of the provisions of the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine, devoted to responsibility for taking possession of a natural resource. According to the results of the conducted research, certain shortcomings of the studied norms should be identified, as well as scientifically based proposals for improving the relevant provisions of the Project should be developed. In particular, it was proved that when describing the subject of the relevant criminal offenses, instead of the current reference to “soil cover (surface layer) of lands” and “surface (soil) layer of water fund lands”, they should use the single phrase “surface layer”. The allocation in the Project, along with “illegal possession of any surface layer”, is also criticized for such a separate form as “illegal possession of the surface layer of water fund lands”. It is summarized that such a step actually reproduces the unsuccessful approach embodied in the current Criminal Code of Ukraine – its articles 239-1 and 239-2. Taking this into account, it is stated that the corresponding additional instruction should be removed from the relevant articles of the Project. Also, in particular, with reference to the relevant experience of solving the relevant issue in the criminal legislation of European countries, the proposition is argued that instead of mentioning in the name of the analyzed norms such a phrase as “illegal possession”, the use of which is intended to characterize the process of illegal appropriation of something, inherent for encroachments on property, and not on the environment, they should contain an indication of such a generalization phrase as “illegal removal of a natural resource from its natural state” (as an option – “illegal extraction of a natural resource”). Instead, their provisions should specify specific types of illegal actions that would reflect the specifics of such actions in relation to each of the items listed in the article (for example: removal of the surface layer of land; felling of forest; mining of minerals; hunting of wild animals or birds and fishing (as variant – “poaching”), etc.). It is concluded that regardless of taking into account the previous recommendation, the currently used wording “illegal appropriation of waters” should in any case be replaced by a clearer one that takes into account the relevant provisions of the regulatory legislation, which, in particular, refers to such offenses as “arbitrary use of water resources in the absence of a permit for special water use” and “exceeding the limits established in the permit for special water use.” Prospects for further scientific research in the researched field are determined. Key words: environment, natural resources, illegal possession, destruction, land, ground cover, flora and fauna, water.

Analysis of wild animal hunting in the Caatinga biome, Bahia-Brazil: what factors influence species preference?

ABSTRACT Hunting comprises the extraction of wild animals from their natural environment for use in various purposes. In this sense, based on the Socioecological Theory of Maximization (TSM), semi-structured forms were applied to 45 hunters from rural communities located in the Caatinga region in the state of Bahia/Brazil to verify the influence of cost-benefit, perceived abundance, taste preference and multiple uses in the selection of hunted species. Fourteen species were selected to test whether hunting intensity is influenced by the presented variables. It was found that the only variable that showed statistical significance was flavor preference, increasing the chance of a species being hunted by up to three times (OR = 3.09). It is concluded that subjective variables related to culture significantly influence species selection in the study region.

Motives, other meat sources and socioeconomic status predict number of consumers with preference for two antelope species served in Enugu-Nigeria

Conservationists are raising concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trading of wildlife resource for food (meat). Hunting of wild animals is associated with complex motivations and drivers that include the high demand for high-value luxury products or a preference for a particular wild animal that consumers consider nutritious over other commercial meat products. Despite the fact that the preference for animal meat from the wild could be a contributory factor hampering most conservation efforts, more studies are still focusing more on habitat destruction rather than bushmeat trade. We investigated the factors influencing preference for antelopes compared with other forms of meat (commercial and non-antelope bushmeat) sold at bushmeat retail centers of Enugu-Nigeria. Data was collected from retailers and a face-to-face interview of respondents at four different centers (selected by cluster probability sampling method) of the three rural areas over a 12-month period. A total of 283 bushbucks (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) and 211 common duikers (Sylvicapra grimmia) were provided by hunters to the retail centers. Data from 1884 semi-structured questionnaires (administered by simple random sampling) indicate most respondents preferred to consume antelope meat because it is readily availability. The duiker was consumed for its morphology and resemblance to goat. In the absence of antelope, the non-antelope bushmeat (guinea fowl) and commercial meat (pork) were consumed due to affordability. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMMs) analyses indicated that respondent age, occupation and motives were significantly related to the number of consumers of antelopes and other sources of meat at the retail centers. The younger consumers of age range 18–35 years consumed antelope and other forms of meat at the retail centers due to health benefits, while businessmen, due to availability. The selection of antelopes by the younger consumers could be an indication of a push to healthier living which may be motivated by status-seeking attitude that could in turn affect future conservation of wildlife resources.

Hunting and wildlife use in protected areas of the Atlantic rainforest, northeastern Brazil

Despite being considered illegal in Brazil, the hunting of wild animals is a very common practice that influences the conservation of several fauna species. As such, the knowledge and practices associated with hunting activities need to be researched. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate, from an ethnozoological approach, the capture, slaughter and use of wild animals in four Conservation Units (protected areas) in the Atlantic Rainforest in the state of Paraíba. 109 hunters were interviewed, and 156 game animals were registered, which were distributed across the categories: mammals (31), birds (93), reptiles (27) and amphibians (05). The use of wild fauna registered in this study is mainly associated with the consumption of meat; however, the use of animals aspets, trade, zootherapy and control hunting were also recorded. Hunting practices have existed for a long time in the study region and are currently, mainly, motivated by subsistence, excluding occurrences of hunters killing animals that they considered to be dangerous. The socioeconomic situation of hunters and their possible dissonance with the laws that regulate wildlife protection are fundamental aspects that contribute to a better understanding of the barriers and possible methods of wildlife conservative management in the region. The catalog of hunted game animals expands our knowledge about the fauna hunted in the state of Paraíba, where research has not yet been performed on hunting activities in Conservation Units (protected areas) in the Atlantic Rainforest, this being the first evaluation. We hope that our results will contribute to the implementation / improvement of public policies aimed at the management of local wildlife, which endeavor to conserve the region's biodiversity.

Hunting of wild animals by Saubeba Community in Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Sawaki S, Taran D, Taran F, Bomoi R, Rumateray M. 2022. Hunting of wild animals by Saubeba Community in Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2411-2416. Hunting is a way to harvest wild animals from nature and it is still a common practice by local communities in Papua, Indonesia. This study aims to investigate traditional ecological knowledge of hunting wild animals by Saubeba community in Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia. The data was collected through open interviews to 32 respondents determined using the snowball sampling technique. The result showed that hunting is performed in a group of 4-8 members when the dark moon happens. A group of hunters consists of adult men and teenage boys aged above 15 years old. They hunt 3-4 times per month with a duration of 2-3 days in the forest. Modern hunting is carried out using weapons, while traditional hunting is performed with the help of dogs, used arrows, spears and snares. Women are not allowed to hunt and they are prohibited to touch all hunting equipment and the catches. Among the wild animals hunted, nine out of sixteen species are categorized as protected animals and some of them have high conservation concerns in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species (CITES) list. No conservation efforts are planned and applied by the hunters and the community. However, there is a shift in the diet, in which eleven respondents stop hunting and start to raise livestock for consumption purposes. This suggests that assistance in livestock rearing programs by government is required to reduce the hunting pressure on the remaining wild animals.

Sumatran tiger identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the CO1 gene: Molecular forensic application

Abstract. Ashrifurrahman, Simamora S, Ritonga R, Novarino W, Tjong DH, Rizaldi, Syaifullah, Roesma DI. 2022. Sumatran tiger identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the CO1 gene: molecular forensic application. Biodiversitas 23: 1788-1794. Wild animal hunting, especially in the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), has been caused the population decline. Regulation and law enforcement have been implemented even though it does not affect optimal because of the trickery of poachers and illegal traders. Sometimes, the evidence of P. t. sumatrae derivative products, for example, bones, nails, skins, hair, and other body parts, cannot be properly identified to raise the cases. However, genetic markers, such as the CO1 gene, have successfully identified illegal trafficking samples. This study used 20 samples, consisting of seven samples (four preserved hairs, two claws, one bone) that were suspected of P. t. sumatrae collected from illegal wildlife trade cases in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Other thirteen samples were twelve blood and one hair of P. t. sumatrae samples were collected from the Dharmasraya Sumatran Tiger Rehabilitation Center (PR-HSD). All samples were isolated, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sequenced, and 999 base pairs (bp) of the CO1 gene sequences were analyzed. In addition, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data sequences including two P. t. sumatrae sequences, four P. t. altaica sequences, one P. t. amoyensis sequence, one P. t. corbetti sequence, three P. pardus sequences, and one Felis catus sequence were collected for comparison and supporting data. The result confirmed that all samples in this study were P. t. sumatrae. We determined those depending on similarity value which was 99.60%-99.70% with P. tigris reference sequence (NC_010642.1) and 99.90%-100% with P. t. sumatrae (JF357969.1). Phylogenetic analysis supported species identification with average intraspecies sequence divergence was 0 to 0.4% and presented the monophyletic group. This study was the first and most recent report to use seized samples to identify P. t. sumatrae based on the CO1 gene in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

CONSUMO DE ANIMAIS SILVESTRES EM COMUNIDADES EXTRATIVISTAS DO ESTADO DO ACRE, AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

Wildlife for subsistence is a nutritional source of high protein and is important for the livelihoods of traditional communities. It is imperative to know and record the main species, hunting techniques, and time frame used by the residents in order to understand the degree of threat and introduce conservation measures. This study was designed to list the main species of wild animals used as food resources and identify the main hunting techniques used by residents of the Cazumba-Iracema extractive reserve in Sena Madureira, Acre, Brazil. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews. For each animal species cited, its respective use value (UV) was calculated. The registered hunting fauna were represented by 22 families and distributed over 40 species. Of the studied animals, wild pork ( Pecari tajacu ), deer ( Mazama sp.), armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ), guan ( Penelope jacquacu ), inhambu-chicken ( Tinamus guttatus ), inhambu-macucau ( Crypturellus undulatus ), macaws ( Ara spp.), parrots ( Amazona spp.), and tortoises ( Chelonoidis denticulata ) were the most commonly consumed. The main collection methods consisted of ambush (42.7%) and shotguns (41.7%), especially in closed areas of forest. The hunting of wild animals is still an important food resource for rural communities, but the maintenance of local biodiversity is equally important. Thus, environmental education programs should be developed so that residents are cognizant of the use of natural resources without causing hunting pressure and imbalance in the ecosystem. Keywords: ethnozoology; fauna; livelihood; wildlife hunting.

Penegakan Hukum Larangan Berburu Satuan Liar di Wilayah TNK Labuan BAJO Manggarai Barat

The diversity of fauna in Indonesia is Yaranus komodoensis in the Komodo National Park (TNK) Labuan Bajo, East Nusa Tenggara. Currently, Kornodo is suspected of experiencing local extinction, thought to be caused by a reduced deer population due to illegal hunting, law enforcement on the prohibition of hunting wildlife in the area is still ineffective considering that hunting of wild animals is still happening. Efforts are made to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement on wildlife hunting by socializing the community and increasing the number of forest police officers in each region. . The research method used is empirical legal research, meaning that a study examines the problem based on the facts that occur in the field. From the research, there was hunting of deer wildlife in Komodo National Park. The purpose of this research is to determine the enforcement of the law on the prohibition of hunting wildlife in the Kornodo National Park and to find out the effectiveness of enforcing the law on the prohibition of hunting wildlife in the Komodo National Park.

Assessment of Wildlife Hunting Activities in Ido Local Government Area, Oyo State Nigeria

The study was conducted to assess hunting activities in Ido Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information from fifty hunters using a simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result showed that 96% of hunters in the study area were men. Most of the respondents were married (84%) and within the age bracket of 31 and 50 years (48%). About 34% and 40% of respondents had primary and secondary education respectively while 13% had no formal education. They had between 20 and 29 years’ experience in wild animal hunting. Sixty-eight percent of the hunters in the study area engaged in part-time hunting while 32% were full-time hunters. The study further revealed that the hunters engaged in hunting for financial gain (64%), leisure (34%) and family tradition (38%). About ten types of species of wildlife animals were commonly killed by the hunters, and the animals were sold within the community market (42%), outside the community market (32%) and to visiting bushmeat marketers (26%). The study therefore recommends a policy that will control hunting activitiesin the study area, knowing that animal hunting serves as another source of livelihood to the hunters.
 Keywords: Hunters, wildlife, bushmeat, community market, occupation

Biodiversity conservation through integration of traditional ethnic practices of Santhal tribe in Jharkhand, India

The ethnobiological studies of Santhal tribe in Jharkhand reveal that certain aspects of their ethnic knowledge need to be integrated in biodiversity conservation. The religious tenets of this tribe have great potential to help in conservation of some economically useful plants such as Areca catechu (Supari), Ficus religiosa (Pipal), Madhuca longifolia (Mahua), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Semecarpus anacardium (Bhelwa), Shorea robusta (Sal) and Terminalia alata (Asan) in the entire region. The conservational insight of Santhals mirrors in their livestock composition indicating the domestication of fewer goat-sheep and more swine for meat protein aiming solely to avoid hunting of wild animals.

Producing elephant commodities for 'conservation hunting' in Namibian communal-area conservancies

Namibia's internationally acclaimed CBNRM program depends to a large extent on revenues generated from the trophy hunting of wild animals. The model is an important example of an increasingly 'neoliberal' global policy framework as applied to biodiversity conservation, its market-based approach and attendant socio-ecological effects having received in-depth engagement and critique from a political ecology perspective.Yet there remains a lack of detailed research concerning how these programs and their value frames are operationalized in practice. The article attempts to advance this literature through an empirical exploration of practices undertaken by diverse actors that work to produce and extract value from 'wild' natures, specifically elephants for 'conservation hunting' in Namibian communal-area conservancies. Conceptually, the article also contributes to an emerging body of work seeking to 'ecologise' political ecology, exploring the co-optation of lively elephants and other beyond-human entities in the production of economic value. 'Following' the elephant's interactions with other living entities, the article reveals the (non)human work and social practices that together 'labor' to produce commodified elephants that can be killed as trophies. We argue that 'undesirable encounters' such as crop raiding by elephants are both indicative of unequal power relations amongst CBNRM stakeholders and central to (re)producing dominant (neoliberal) value frames. The animal's spontaneous activities are co-opted into technocratic governance practices that legitimize the killing of elephants on environmental and economic grounds. In opening up the contested,contingent, and more-than-human nature of these social-ecological relations we also hope to contribute to possibilities for imagining more equitable and ecologically resilient conservation futures.

Bushmeat skeletal waste from an Atlantic African rainforest (Equatorial Guinea) as a test for the Mammal Community Structure Analysis in paleoecology

AbstractMammalian Community Structure Analysis (MCSA) is a widely used paleoecological method for reconstructing environments in fossil sites where apes and hominins are present. However, any fossil assemblage is the result of complex ecological and taphonomic processes that may obscure biological interpretation. In this work, we test the validity of the MCSA for the reconstruction of African rain forest environments through an actualistic approach. For this purpose, we compare the living Mammalian Community Structure of the National Park of Monte Alen (MA) and surrounding areas (Equatorial Guinea, Río Muni) with the one inferred from associations of skeletal remains (ASRs) collected in villages of the area. It was found that in equatorial rain forest contexts, humans are a significant accumulating agent of skeletal remains, in contrast to other accumulating organisms, which are absent. In villages where hunting of wild animals (bushmeat) is regular, a good number of osteological remains from food residues are deposited near the houses. We collected six samples from five villages and treated each of them as “skeletal associations.” We also considered a cumulative deposit composed by the total sample of 3153 skeletal remains. Mammalian Community Structure was estimated using three ecovariables: weight, locomotor adaptation, and diet. Cluster and Correspondence Analysis of the three ecological variables validated the fauna of MA as that of an African tropical forest. Next, the ASRs were compared with the fauna of MA. Some of the localities allowed accurate environmental reconstruction; however, three “skeletal associations” do not provide the minimum amount of data needed for their characterization, ecological biases being evident. The skeletal assemblage that best matches the living reference community is the composite sample. From a paleoecological reconstruction viewpoint, the tropical forest signal is conserved when evaluating percentage relationships between the most diagnostic ecovariables, particularly fruit‐eating mammals versus carnivores and arboreal mammals. Taken together, the MCSA is effective in detecting African tropical ecosystems.

Hunting and Use of Wildlife Species in the Semi-Arid Region of Brazil

This article investigates the socio-cultural and ecological aspects associated with the hunting of wild animals by the inhabitants of the Cruz village, State of Alagoas. The data was obtained through semi-structured interviews and informal conversations. A total of 23 species was indicated as a game, with mammals being preferred by the population. Among the techniques of capture, the hunting of persecution with dog and hunting with a shotgun stands out, in addition to the shuttlecock, used to reach the birds with small stones. Four forms of animal use were recorded: food, medicine, pets, and control. Despite being indicated as one of the main causes of the reduction of wildlife, hunting is strongly related to the socio-cultural aspects of the Brazilian semi-arid populations. Thus, proposals for the management of wildlife resources in traditional communities must take into account the needs of these populations.

Wild meat hunting and use by sedentarised Baka Pygmies in southeastern Cameroon

As a result of sedentarisation many Baka Pygmies have changed their mobility patterns away from nomadic lifestyles to living in roadside villages. These settled groups are increasingly dependent on cultivated foods but still rely on forest resources. The level of dependence on hunting of wild animals for food and cash, as well as the hunting profiles of sedentarised Pygmy groups is little known. In this study we describe the use of wild meat in 10 Baka villages along the Djoum-Mintom road in southeastern Cameroon. From data collected from 1,946 hunting trips by 121 hunters, we show that most trips are of around 13 hours and a median of eight hours. A mean ± SD of 1.15 ± 1.11 animal carcasses are taken in a single trip; there was a positive correlation between duration of trips and carcasses. A total of 2,245 carcasses of 49 species of 24 animal families were taken in the study; species diversity was similar in all villages except one. Most hunted animals were mammals, with ungulates contributing the highest proportion. By species, just over half of the animal biomass extracted by all hunters in the studied villages was provided by four mammal species. Most animals were trapped (65.77% ± 16.63), followed by shot with guns (22.56% ± 17.72), other methods (8.69% ± 6.96) and with dogs (2.96% ± 4.49). A mean of 7,569.7 ± 6,103.4 kg yr−1 (2,080.8–19,351.4) were extracted per village, giving 75,697 kg yr−1 in total, which is equivalent to 123 UK dairy cattle. In all villages, 48.07% ± 17.58 of animals hunted were consumed by the hunter and his family, around 32.73% ± 12.55, were sold, followed by a lower percentage of carcasses partially sold and consumed (19.21% ± 17.02). Between 60% and 80% of carcasses belonged to the “least concern” category, followed by “near threatened”, “vulnerable” and, rarely “endangered”. The only endangered species hunted was the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). We suggest that hunting is a critical activity that provides a vital source of food for our study communities. Measured wild meat extraction levels are likely to be sustainable if hunter densities do not increase.

Internet of Things: Wildlife Conservation and its Challenges

Right now there are more connected “Things” than there are people on this planet. Early last year, it is predicted that Internet of things (IOT) would have at least 8.4 billion connected “Things” in use rising to more than 21 billion by 2021. Today major percentage of wildlife is vulnerable to extinction. This is caused due to the destruction of forest areas for farming, logging and construction of new cities and towns. Many wild animals have been killed due to road accidents and speeding vehicles passes through the wildlife protected area. Animals crossing boundaries have led to be killed. The impacts of roads include habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation that affect wildlife and its habitats both directly and indirectly especially on larger mammals [6]. Recent studies into the extent of illegal logging estimate that illegal logging accounts for 50-90 per cent of the volume of all forestry in key producer tropical countries and 15-30 per cent globally [1]. Protection of wildlife has become an important now a days, because of human activities such as hunting of wild animals and cutting of trees which causes major threat to the wildlife. Recent advancements in IoT technology and sensor technology have the potential to wildlife conservation. Physical barriers are not suitable for animals because they may harm the animal physically. This can be prevented by using tracking of animal movement and keep them under a logical barrier. This paper focuses on implementation of animal monitoring and challenges of wildlife conservation. This paper also shows natural challenges and technical challenges while implementing animal tracking and health monitoring system.

Internet of Things : Wild Life Conservation and its Challenges

Right now there are more connected “Things” than there are people on this planet. Early last year, it is predicted that Internet of things (IOT) would have at least 8.4 billion connected “Things” in use rising to more than 21 billion by 2021. Today major percentage of wildlife is vulnerable to extinction. This is caused due to the destruction of forest areas for farming, logging and construction of new cities and towns. Many wild animals have been killed due to road accidents and speeding vehicles passes through the wildlife protected area. Animals crossing boundaries have led to be killed. The impacts of roads include habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation that affect wildlife and its habitats both directly and indirectly especially on larger mammals [6]. Recent studies into the extent of illegal logging estimate that illegal logging accounts for 50-90 per cent of the volume of all forestry in key producer tropical countries and 15-30 per cent globally [1]. Protection of wildlife has become an important now a days, due to the effects of human activities such as hunting of wild animals and cutting of trees which causes major threat to the wildlife. Recent advancements in IoT technology and sensor technology have the potential to wild life conservation. Physical barriers are not suitable for animals because they may harm the animal physically. This can be prevented by using tracking of animal movement and keep them under a logical barrier. This paper focuses on implementation of animal monitoring and challenges of wild life conservation. This paper also shows natural challenges and technical challenges while implementing animal tracking and health monitoring system.

A new interpretation of Madagascar's megafaunal decline: The “Subsistence Shift Hypothesis”

Fundamental disagreements remain regarding the relative importance of climate change and human activities as triggers for Madagascar's Holocene megafaunal extinction. We use stable isotope data from stalagmites from northwest Madagascar coupled with radiocarbon and butchery records from subfossil bones across the island to investigate relationships between megafaunal decline, climate change, and habitat modification. Archaeological and genetic evidence support human presence by 2000 years Before Common Era (BCE). Megafaunal decline was at first slow; it hastened at ∼700 Common Era (CE) and peaked between 750 and 850 CE, just before a dramatic vegetation transformation in the northwest that resulted in the replacement of C3 woodland habitat with C4 grasslands, during a period of heightened monsoonal activity. Cut and chop marks on subfossil lemur bones reveal a shift in primary hunting targets from larger, now-extinct species prior to ∼900 CE, to smaller, still-extant species afterwards. By 1050 CE, megafaunal populations had essentially collapsed. Neither the rapid megafaunal decline beginning ∼700 CE, nor the dramatic vegetation transformation in the northwest beginning ∼890 CE, was influenced by aridification. However, both roughly coincide with a major transition in human subsistence on the island from hunting/foraging to herding/farming.We offer a new hypothesis, which we call the “Subsistence Shift Hypothesis,” to explain megafaunal decline and extinction in Madagascar. This hypothesis acknowledges the importance of wild-animal hunting by early hunter/foragers, but more critically highlights negative impacts of the shift from hunting/foraging to herding/farming, settlement by new immigrant groups, and the concomitant expansion of the island's human population. The interval between 700 and 900 CE, when the pace of megafaunal decline quickened and peaked, coincided with this economic transition. While early megafaunal decline through hunting may have helped to trigger the transition, there is strong evidence that the economic shift itself hastened the crash of megafaunal populations.

Hunting practices and environmental influence: A brief overview with an ethnozoological approach

Wild animal hunting is still a recurring practice around the world, being motivated by multiple factors and being directly related to cultural and environmental aspects. Due to the wide range of possible approaches to the subject of hunting, ethnozoology seeks to understand it under an interdisciplinary approach, considering related historical, ethical, social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects. This justifies its importance as a conservation tool. Thus, this article is part of a heuristic investigation and seeks to synthesize the main considerations about hunting and its dynamism.