Hund's Rule Ground State Research Articles

Magnetic properties of NpM4Al8−x (M=Cr, Fe, Cu) intermetallics: Mössbauer effect and neutron diffraction studies

Mossbauer effect and neutron diffraction studies on the tetragonal NpM4Al8−x (M=Cr, Fe, Cu) of the 14/mmm space group are reported. In NpFe4Al8−x, both the Np and Fe sites order magnetically at close temperatures: the Np order ferromagnetically at 115(15) K (μ(Np)) ∼ 0.6 μB and the Fe moments order antiferromagnetically at 130(10) K (μ(Fe) = 1.05(15) μB) with a ++−− sequence. In NpCr4Al8−x, the Np order magnetically around 50K. From the susceptibility data we conclude possible antiferromagnetic order of both Np and Cr sites. NpCu4Al8−x does not order magnetically down to at least 2 K. The magnetic hyperfine splitting observed below 45 K is explained by slow paramagnetic relaxation. The Np isomer shifts and also its magnetic behavior point to a trivalent ion (5I4 Hund's rule ground state). The observed relaxation and magnetic phenomena are discussed in terms of crystalline electric field effects. In contrast to the isostructural rare-earth RM4Al8 compounds with practically independent order of R and M magnetic sublattices, we show that Np and M sublattices in NpM4Al8 are strongly coupled. This is caused by hybridization of both Np and M atoms with Al.

Spin-Spin Interaction in Paramagnetic Ions

Expressions for the intra-atomic spin-spin interaction parameter $\ensuremath{\rho}$ for the Hund's-rule ground state are given in terms of the radial integrals ${M}^{k}$. These integrals occur also in the spin-other-orbit and orbit-orbit interactions. Using previously obtained values of the ${M}^{k}$, the expressions for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ are evaluated for a number of $p$-, $d$-, and $f$-shell ions. Comparison with results of Pryce for $3d$ ions shows that his estimates were too large by as much as an order of magnitude.