Hundreds Of Terms Research Articles

SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE USE OF TERMS AND PHRASES

Since our country entered the twenty-first century, new words related to the accelerated development of the economy, politics, finance, science, technology and other industries have entered and become widely used in our daily life. In addition, thanks to independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has established close ties with advanced states through the conclusion of contracts, agreements, contracts, and the progressive step towards a market economy has introduced many innovations. Thanks to this, hundreds of terms and phrases have also undergone significant changes. World civilization and scientific progress are developing very rapidly and have a significant impact on language and culture, art and literature, and other spheres of the state. In this regard, the article focuses on some topical issues, mainly related to the language, especially the quality of the translation language. Many legislative acts state that obsolete words and phrases are used along with new ones, although terms that have been used in different ways, or, depending on the passage of time, fall out of everyday use. The point is that the relevant state bodies face urgent and large-scale tasks, in particular, it is necessary to take a bold step towards the development and discussion of draft legislative acts in the state language, as well as to improve the quality of translation of legal texts. The most effective ways to achieve this are suggested. The article notes that when amendments and additions are made to legislative acts, the translation of new versions of terms and words has become differentiated and gradually adjusted, and this trend will continue. The author lists them, noting that there are all prerequisites for this, which should be paid close attention to by the relevant authorities and responsible persons and get down to business.

Formalizing Invertebrate Morphological Data: A Descriptive Model for Cuticle-Based Skeleto-Muscular Systems, an Ontology for Insect Anatomy, and their Potential Applications in Biodiversity Research and Informatics.

The spectacular radiation of insects has produced a stunning diversity of phenotypes. During the past 250 years, research on insect systematics has generated hundreds of terms for naming and comparing them. In its current form, this terminological diversity is presented in natural language and lacks formalization, which prohibits computer-assisted comparison using semantic web technologies. Here we propose a Model for Describing Cuticular Anatomical Structures (MoDCAS) which incorporates structural properties and positional relationships for standardized, consistent, and reproducible descriptions of arthropod phenotypes. We applied the MoDCAS framework in creating the ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect Skeleto-Muscular system (AISM). The AISM is the first general insect ontology that aims to cover all taxa by providing generalized, fully logical, and queryable, definitions for each term. It was built using the Ontology Development Kit (ODK), which maximizes interoperability with Uberon (Uberon multispecies anatomy ontology) and other basic ontologies, enhancing the integration of insect anatomy into the broader biological sciences. A template system for adding new terms, extending, and linking the AISM to additional anatomical, phenotypic, genetic, and chemical ontologies is also introduced. The AISM is proposed as the backbone for taxon-specific insect ontologies and has potential applications spanning systematic biology and biodiversity informatics, allowing users to: 1) use controlled vocabularies and create semiautomated computer-parsable insect morphological descriptions; 2) integrate insect morphology into broader fields of research, including ontology-informed phylogenetic methods, logical homology hypothesis testing, evo-devo studies, and genotype to phenotype mapping; and 3) automate the extraction of morphological data from the literature, enabling the generation of large-scale phenomic data, by facilitating the production and testing of informatic tools able to extract, link, annotate, and process morphological data. This descriptive model and its ontological applications will allow for clear and semantically interoperable integration of arthropod phenotypes in biodiversity studies.

Automated identification of linear viscoelastic constitutive laws with EUCLID

We extend EUCLID, a computational strategy for automated material model discovery and identification, to linear viscoelasticity. For this case, we perform a priori model selection by adopting a generalized Maxwell model expressed by a Prony series, and deploy EUCLID for identification. The methodology is based on four ingredients: i. full-field displacement and net force data; ii. a very wide material model library — in our case, a very large number of terms in the Prony series; iii. the linear momentum balance constraint; iv. the sparsity constraint. The devised strategy comprises two stages. Stage 1 relies on sparse regression; it enforces momentum balance on the data and exploits sparsity-promoting regularization to drastically reduce the number of terms in the Prony series and identify the material parameters. Stage 2 relies on k-means clustering; starting from the reduced set of terms from stage 1, it further reduces their number by grouping together Maxwell elements with very close relaxation times and summing the corresponding moduli. Automated procedures are proposed for the choice of the regularization parameter in stage 1 and of the number of clusters in stage 2. The overall strategy is demonstrated on artificial numerical data, both without and with the addition of noise, and shown to efficiently and accurately identify a linear viscoelastic model with five relaxation times across four orders of magnitude, out of a library with several hundreds of terms spanning relaxation times across seven orders of magnitude.

A scoping review of Future Skills frameworks

ABSTRACT Many agree that education needs new goals that reflect the demands of the future. These are often called ‘Future Skills’, referring to the knowledge, attitudes, values, skills, and competencies intended to prepare learners for the future. The need to teach such Future Skills is often cited, justified by the perception that the future will present new challenges for society. However, the various frameworks discussing Future Skills, often created and published without consensus, use hundreds of terms to refer to such skills and competencies, presenting a barrier to discussion of education futures. If we are to design a better future for education, then a cohesive analysis must link and synthesise these isolated frameworks published worldwide. This scoping review utilises thematic analysis and Social Network Analysis to develop meta-categories representing clusters of future skills reported by extant research. Having started with 99 frameworks identified following a systematic search of the literature, which together included 341 different terms, our review identifies nine categories that provide a valuable overview of the field to inform the conceptualisation of Future Skills. Educational practitioners, human resource professionals, policy makers, and educational technology developers can use the meta-categories to prioritise the integration of certain skills into teaching, learning, and retraining. This will help ensure that students and professionals are better prepared to thrive in an uncertain future.

Data-Driven Corrections of Partial Lotka-Volterra Models.

In many applications of interacting systems, we are only interested in the dynamic behavior of a subset of all possible active species. For example, this is true in combustion models (many transient chemical species are not of interest in a given reaction) and in epidemiological models (only certain subpopulations are consequential). Thus, it is common to use greatly reduced or partial models in which only the interactions among the species of interest are known. In this work, we explore the use of an embedded, sparse, and data-driven discrepancy operator to augment these partial interaction models. Preliminary results show that the model error caused by severe reductions—e.g., elimination of hundreds of terms—can be captured with sparse operators, built with only a small fraction of that number. The operator is embedded within the differential equations of the model, which allows the action of the operator to be interpretable. Moreover, it is constrained by available physical information and calibrated over many scenarios. These qualities of the discrepancy model—interpretability, physical consistency, and robustness to different scenarios—are intended to support reliable predictions under extrapolative conditions.

Rendering Science Fiction, Culture, and Language While Translating Ready Player One

Abstract The amazing science fiction setting and plot depicted by Ernest Cline in his Ready Player One may constitute a real challenge to translators and subtitlers alike as his book was also turned into a movie by Steven Spielberg. We have collected hundreds of terms from the original book (2011), its Hungarian translation (2012), the Hungarian dubbed version (March 2018), the most popular Hungarian fansub (2018), and the professional subtitle (July 2018, from the same person who translated the script for the dubbing). Having classified the collected terms into various categories, we have managed to identify successful Hungarian renditions of cultural allusions from the 1980s (movies, books, videogames, shows, songs, characters, objects, vehicles, etc.).

A Task that Exceeded the Technology: Early Applications of the Computer to the Lunar Three-body Problem

AbstractThe lunar Three-Body problem is a famously intractable problem of Newtonian mechanics. The demand for accurate predictions of lunar motion led to practical approximate solutions of great complexity, constituted by trigonometric series with hundreds of terms. Such considerations meant there was demand for high speed machine computation from astronomers during the earliest stages of computer development. One early innovator in this regard was Wallace J. Eckert, a Columbia University professor of astronomer and IBM researcher. His work illustrates some interesting features of the interaction between computers and astronomy.

Patent Query Formulation by Synthesizing Multiple Sources of Relevance Evidence

Patent prior art search is a task in patent retrieval with the goal of finding documents which describe prior art work related to a query patent. A query patent is a full patent application composed of hundreds of terms which does not represent a single focused information need. Fortunately, other relevance evidence sources (i.e., classification tags and bibliographical data) provide additional details about the underlying information need. In this article, we propose a unified framework that integrates multiple relevance evidence components for query formulation. We first build a query model from the textual fields of a query patent. To overcome the term mismatch, we expand this initial query model with the term distribution of documents in the citation graph, modeling old and recent domain terminology. We build an IPC lexicon and perform query expansion using this lexicon incorporating proximity information. We performed an empirical evaluation on two patent datasets. Our results show that employing the temporal features of documents has a precision enhancing effect, while query expansion using IPC lexicon improves the recall of the final rank list.

On the efficient calculation of a linear combination of chi-square random variables with an application in counting string vacua

Linear combinations of chi square random variables occur in a wide range of fields. Unfortunately, a closed, analytic expression for the probability density function is not yet known. Starting out from an analytic expression for the density of the sum of two gamma variables, a computationally efficient algorithm to numerically calculate the linear combination of chi square random variables is developed. An explicit expression for the error bound is obtained. The proposed technique is shown to be computationally efficient, i.e. only polynomial in growth in the number of terms compared to the exponential growth of most other methods. It provides a vast improvement in accuracy and shows only logarithmic growth in the required precision. In addition, it is applicable to a much greater number of terms and currently the only way of computing the distribution for hundreds of terms. As an application, the exponential dependence of the eigenvalue fluctuation probability of a random matrix model for 4D supergravity with N scalar fields is found to be of the asymptotic form exp(−0.35N).

Chronological Benchmarks in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Foreword to the Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Prefatory Remarks Researchers and persons interested in culture almost inevitably are asked questions such as: “When did interest in this area begin?” “Why did it start, and how?” “Who were the main people in this area?” “What is its current status, and where is it going?” Of course, answering these questions, and many more like them, would take hours and hours of lectures, visits to libraries and hundreds of books, and other excursions into the history of psychology, anthropology, sociology and other fields. With respect to cross-cultural psychology, there were definite significant events and developments that contributed to its current status. One of the more recent developments – and indeed a very noteworthy one – is the new three-volume Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology (ECCP). Edited by Kenneth D. Keith and published by Wiley-Blackwell, this set of books covers hundreds of terms and concepts as well as brief biosketches of hundreds of scholars who have made important contributions to modern cross-cultural psychology in theory, research, applications, teaching, and service. Ken Keith, as editor of the ECCP, invited me to write the Foreword to this ground-breaking effort. He gave me free reign in this project, and I decided it would be appropriate to provide a chronological perspective. Toward the end of the project I thought it would be appropriate for the ORPC. With thanks to him, Danielle Descoteaux (Senior Editor at Wiley-Blackwell) and of course the publisher, my Foreword follows. By agreement, it appears here exactly as it appears in the ECCP. The six articles in subunit 1.1 provide additional information about events leading to the development of the IACCP. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol1/iss2/1

Native American boarding schools

A broadly based historical survey, this book examines Native American boarding schools in the United States from Puritan times to the present day. * Draws upon actual student letters and documents relating to boarding school experiences * Presents biographical profiles of such key figures as Col. Richard Pratt, founder of Carlisle Indian School; and Jim Thorpe, American athlete and Carlisle graduate * Provides a chronology of Native American boarding schools in the United States from the 1600s to the present * Supplies an annotated bibliography of key research resources on Native American boarding schools * Includes a glossary defining hundreds of terms relating to Indian culture and history

Efficient Extended Boolean Retrieval

Extended Boolean retrieval (EBR) models were proposed nearly three decades ago, but have had little practical impact, despite their significant advantages compared to either ranked keyword or pure Boolean retrieval. In particular, EBR models produce meaningful rankings; their query model allows the representation of complex concepts in an and-or format; and they are scrutable, in that the score assigned to a document depends solely on the content of that document, unaffected by any collection statistics or other external factors. These characteristics make EBR models attractive in domains typified by medical and legal searching, where the emphasis is on iterative development of reproducible complex queries of dozens or even hundreds of terms. However, EBR is much more computationally expensive than the alternatives. We consider the implementation of the p-norm approach to EBR, and demonstrate that ideas used in the max-score and wand exact optimization techniques for ranked keyword retrieval can be adapted to allow selective bypass of documents via a low-cost screening process for this and similar retrieval models. We also propose term-independent bounds that are able to further reduce the number of score calculations for short, simple queries under the extended Boolean retrieval model. Together, these methods yield an overall saving from 50 to 80 percent of the evaluation cost on test queries drawn from biomedical search.

Effective Utilization of Tensor Symmetry in Operation Optimization of Tensor Contraction Expressions

The optimization of tensor expressions with hundreds of terms is required for the development of accurate quantum chemistry models such as the coupled cluster method. In this paper, we address the effective exploitation of symmetry properties of tensors in performing algebraic transformations for minimizing operation count of tensor expressions. We develop rules to detect symmetries in intermediate tensors, cost models for tensor contractions with symmetries, and a canonical representation to facilitate effective common subexpression elimination. We demonstrate significant improvements to the operation counts for the coupled cluster method when compared to several state-of-the-art im-plementations. Furthermore, we show that tensor expressions optimized for a few input parameter combinations can be used to achieve operation counts within 3% of the optimal, for the entire parameter space of interest.

Universality in D-brane inflation

We study the six-field dynamics of D3-brane inflation for a general scalar potential on the conifold, finding simple, universal behavior.We numerically evolve the equations of motion for an ensemble of more than 7·107 realizations, drawing the coefficients in the scalar potential from statistical distributions whose detailed properties have demonstrably small effects on our results.When prolonged inflation occurs, it has a characteristic form: the D3-brane initially moves rapidly in the angular directions, spirals down to an inflection point in the potential, and settles into single-field inflation.The probability of Ne e-folds of inflation is a power law, P(Ne)∝Ne−3, and wederivethe same exponent from a simple analytical model. The success of inflation is relatively insensitive to the initial position: we find attractor behavior in the angular directions, and the D3-brane can begin far above the inflection point without overshooting. Initial radial or angular velocities, on the other hand, can have a significant effect on the duration of inflation. In favorable regions of the spaces of initial velocities and of Lagrangian parameters, models yielding 60 e-folds of expansion arise approximately once in 103 trials. Realizations that are effectively single-field and give rise to a primordial spectrum of fluctuations consistent with WMAP, for which at least 120 e-folds are required, arise approximately once in 105 trials. The emergence of robust predictions from a six-field potential with hundreds of terms invites an analytic approach to multifield inflation.

HD 50844: a new look atδScuti stars from CoRoT space photometry

Context. Aims. This work presents the results obtained by CoRoT on HD 50844, the only δ Sct star observed in the CoRoT initial run (57.6 d). The aim of these CoRoT observations was to investigate and characterize for the first time the pulsational behaviour of a δ Sct star, when observed at a level of precision and with a much better duty cycle than from the ground.Methods. The 140 016 datapoints were analysed using independent approaches (SigSpec software and different iterative sine-wave fittings) and several checks performed (splitting of the timeseries in different subsets, investigation of the residual light curves and spectra). A level of 10-5 mag was reached in the amplitude spectra of the CoRoT timeseries. The space monitoring was complemented by ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy, which allowed the mode identification of 30 terms. Results. The frequency analysis of the CoRoT timeseries revealed hundreds of terms in the frequency range 0–30 d-1 . All the cross-checks confirmed this new result. The initial guess that δ Sct stars have a very rich frequency content is confirmed. The spectroscopic mode identification gives theoretical support since very high-degree modes (up to ) are identified. We also prove that cancellation effects are not sufficient in removing the flux variations associated to these modes at the noise level of the CoRoT measurements. The ground-based observations indicate that HD 50844 is an evolved star that is slightly underabundant in heavy elements, located on the Terminal Age Main Sequence. Probably due to this unfavourable evolutionary status, no clear regular distribution is observed in the frequency set. The predominant term ( d-1 ) has been identified as the fundamental radial mode combining ground-based photometric and spectroscopic data. Conclusions.

Scattering of ultrasonic waves by defective adhesion interfaces in submerged laminated plates

We present an analytical-numerical method to simulate time-harmonic ultrasonic scattering from nonhomogeneous adhesive defects in anisotropic elastic laminates. To that end, we combine the quasistatic approximation (QSA) with a very high-order (tens or hundreds of terms) regular perturbation series to allow modeling of nonuniform interfacial flaws. To evaluate each term in the perturbation series, we use a recursive algorithm based on the invariant imbedding method. It is applicable to solve wave propagation problems in arbitrarily anisotropic layered plates and it is stable for high frequencies. We demonstrate examples of convergence and divergence of the perturbation series, and validate the method against the exact solution of plane wave reflection from a layered plate immersed in water. We present a further example of scattering of a Gaussian beam by an inhomogeneous interfacial flaw in the layered plate. We discuss how results of our simulations can be used to indicate the frequencies and angles of incidence where scattering from potential defects is strongest. These parameters, presumably, offer the best potential for flaw characterization.

The Encyclopedia of aging: a comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics

This authoritative reference work is the pioneering interdisciplinary resource in gerontology and geriatrics. It contains explanations of hundreds of terms, concepts, and issues related to the lives of older adults, as well as the growing range of programs and services for the elderly provided by the professions, communities, and governmental agencies. The entries were written by invited prominent scholars in biology, medicine, nursing, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, and social services. The style of presentation makes this volume readily accessible to students and professionals from many fields, and is particularly valuable to information-seeking nonspecialists.

The Encyclopedia of aging: a comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics

Since its inception in 1987, Encyclopedia of Aging has proven to be the definitive resource for scholars and students across the burgeoning and increasingly interdisciplinary fields of gerontology and geriatrics. Like its three esteemed predecessors, the fourth edition contains concise, readable explorations of hundreds of terms, concepts, and issues related to the lives of older adults, as well as timely coverage of the many new programs and services for the elderly. Updated, under the distinguished stewardship of editor-in-chief Richard Schulz to reflect the infusion of new information across the scientific disciplines, this new edition brings readers up-to-the-moment significant advances in biology, physiology, genetics, medicine, psychology, nursing, social services, sociology, economics, technology, and political science. While retaining the format and standard of excellence that marked the first three editions, the fourth edition encompasses a wealth of new information from the social and health sciences. It contains the most current bibliography of an expanding literature, an exhaustive index, and extensive cross references. This much anticipated update of the field's most authoritative resource will take its place as an indispensable reference for specialists and non-specialists across a broad range of disciplines that now comprise the field of aging.

Automatic syntactic parsing of radiological diagnoses

We constructed a syntactic parsing system as an intelligent reporting interface for radiological diagnosis of the alimentary tract, into which radiological diagnoses could be put using ordinary language after which they were recognized and categorized automatically. The input diagnoses were limited to disease names, including both pathological and anatomical entities, and purely radiological description was excluded. The system was equipped with a table of possible diagnostic expressions composed of hundreds of terms used in routine radiological work. A total of 95% of the CT and MRI diagnoses actually input by three radiologists were correctly recognized and corresponded to the codes of the modified “Index for Radiological Diagnoses of the American College of Radiology.” The remaining 5% were not categorized because of either over-or underdescription. This method was quicker and more user-friendly than hierarchial menu selection by mouse and/or Windows.

Application of a hard truncated wedge theory of diffraction to wide barriers

A recently developed theory by Tolstoy [IEEE J. Ocean Eng. 14, 4–16 (1989); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 661–669 (1989)], which exactly calculates the attenuation produced by a truncated wedge barrier, has been adapted to assume a line source parallel to the barrier. The theoretical results are compared with experimental measurements obtained using acoustic impulses and rectangular barriers up to 0.45 m wide. The results are also compared with other wide‐barrier prediction techniques. It is shown that the refinement to include multiple scattering between the vertices is generally unimportant and can lead to erroneous results if the necessary series are not summed over hundreds of terms. The phase information provided by the theory is evaluated by comparing predicted and measured impulse waveforms obtained behind the barrier.