Research Articles Research Articles

Mastering the ways of indicating transport when mastering Russian as a native and as a foreign language

The subject of the article's research is the peculiarities of prepositional-case constructions with the meaning of vehicle in children's monolingual speech, in the speech of Chinese students studying Russian as a foreign language and in the speech of heritage Russian speakers with different dominant languages. The study examines case constructions with the meaning of movement. The specificity of mastering grammatical construction in the course of mastering Russian as a native language, as one of the native languages, and as a foreign language is analyzed. The research material was experimental data collected in a children's classroom and in an adult foreign audience, as well as information from the “Russian Academic Corps /RLC” (Corpus of the Linguistic Laboratory for Corpus Technologies of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, containing information about the development of Russian as a foreign language and native speakers of Russian with different dominant languages). The research methodology included: longitudinal observation of the speech of monolingual children, psycholinguistic experiment in a foreign audience, corpus research method; comparative research, semantic and functional analysis. The scientific novelty of the proposed work lies in the fact that for the first time a comparative analysis of data is presented that describes the ways of mastering the case construction with the meaning of indicating transport by Russian-speaking children, Chinese students and heritage native speakers of the Russian language. Typical differences and errors in the choice of construction are considered, the strategy of simplification in the speech of foreign students is described, and the ways of grammatical interference are analyzed. Analysis of errors made by Russian-speaking children and adult foreigners allows us to draw conclusions about the specifics of mastering Russian case meanings. Errors in choosing a case ending with a correctly chosen preposition are often observed in the speech of foreign students and heritage speakers, but do not appear in children's speech. Thus, in the Russian language there is a wide variety of ways to indicate a vehicle. Choosing the correct construction when indicating transport represents a specific difficulty in the course of mastering Russian as a foreign language and requires special attention.

Mapping Fiscal Research Trajectories through Bibliometric Analysis: Echoes of Global Crises in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract World economies have faced numerous crises throughout history. Fiscal issues have accordingly become a crucial aspect of economic policy discussions, particularly in Eastern Europe, a region shown to be especially vulnerable to the recent economic shocks. The paper therefore aims to provide a bibliometric examination of trends in fiscal research via the lenses of major economic and financial crises. The bibliometric analysis is based on 6,640 documents published between 1970 and 2022 and indexed in the Scopus database. The results reveal that fiscal research associated with crises has grown sharply over time, with significant bursts one year following each major economic and financial crisis. The most cited journal articles in fiscal research highlighted the following issues in all countries, including Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries: economic reform policies (1970-1997), economic development and financial conditions (1998-2008), crises in Europe and post-crisis recovery (2009-2019) and post-crisis recovery and effects (of the COVID-19 pandemic) on the public and business sectors (2020-2022). As well as identifying key countries and journals, although diverging in approach and scope the findings show shared interests in macroeconomic policy, fiscal stability, and the impact of crises on economic performance and public finance. Developed countries have addressed complex global economic issues and advanced development, whereas Central and Eastern European nations have focused on the transition from planned to market economies. This observation reflects their distinct economic paths and fiscal research interests, as revealed in detailed content analysis by subperiods. The findings maybe of benefit for both the scientific community and evidence-based policymaking.

Introducing hospitable destinations

This editorial introduces the concept of hospitable destinations and sets the context for the Special Issue articles. It begins by exploring the complex nature of destinations more generally and highlighting their links with place. The discussion then moves to critically examining intersections of hospitality and destinations, considering various drivers for mobilizing hospitableness in strategic placemaking and the impacts of emergent hospitality-related practices on disparate destination stakeholders. The next section introduces the articles in the Special Issue, which examine in diverse empirical contexts how hospitality is experienced, co-created, operationalized and strategically deployed to produce, and occasionally challenge, notions of hospitable destinations. The editorial concludes by reflecting on the implications of the Special Issue articles for future research and practice that adopts hospitality perspectives to plan, manage and examine destinations.

Schiff Bases: Versatile Mediators of Medicinal and Multifunctional Advancements

Abstract: This review aims to shed light on the profound implications of Schiff Bases in combating a spectrum of pathogens by delving into their complex classification, synthesis, and reactions. The investigation also covers the varied molecular properties of Schiff bases, highlighting their potential use as chelating agents in coordination chemistry. Moreover, the investigation explores the discerning nature of Schiff Bases about metal ions and their adeptness in establishing intricate associations, highlighting their significance in metal coordination chemistry and specialized pharmaceutical transport mechanisms. Moreover, the review delves into the synthetic capacity of Schiff Bases, highlighting their importance in synthetic methodologies due to their exceptional adaptability, selectivity, and structural similarity to organic compounds. The methodology employs a rigorous systematic literature review to understand Schiff Bases comprehensively. This involves a meticulous analysis of various research articles and publications, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of the topic. The assessment of experimental investigations contributes to comprehending their molecular attributes, specificity for metal ions, and capacity for synthesis. The presented analysis amalgamates a multitude of sources to provide a nuanced and comprehensive viewpoint on the subject matter of Schiff Bases. The findings underscore the multifaceted utility of Schiff Bases in the fight against pathogens, their adaptability as chelating compounds, and their discerning affinity for metal ions. The examination of synthesis highlights their profound importance in synthetic methodologies and their striking resemblance to compounds found in living organisms. In conclusion, this analysis reveals Schiff Bases as highly adaptable compounds with potential in antimicrobial therapy, coordination chemistry, and precision drug delivery. The distinctive molecular attributes of these substances, functioning as chelators, contribute to their notable importance. The ability of Schiff bases to form complexes and their preference for metal ions highlight the wide range of applications for these molecules. Schiff Bases have a transformative effect on chemistry and medicine as we investigate their synthetic potential, driven by their versatility and structural similarity to biological compounds.

Medicinal Properties of Crotalaria burhia: A Review

Background: Natural products have a crucial role in the discovery and development of drug molecules. The secondary metabolites derived from the plant have potential therapeutic value and reveal many pharmacological effects. Crotalaria burhia Buchham, a Leguminaceae herb, is mostly present in arid parts of India, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan. Shinio, Bhip, Bhata, Ghugato, and Ban Sutra are just a few of the names it goes by. It is used to cure gout, eczema, hydrophobia, and inflammation. Plant root porridge is used for typhoid, wounds and cuts, rheumatism, flatulence, earaches, nasal bleeding, and stone problems. The powder form of the plant is used for digestive disorders. The plant has potent pharmacological activity and is also carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic in nature. Various phytoconstituents are present, like tannins, amino acids, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, mucilage, flavonoids, gum, polyphenols, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, glycosides, and saponins. Croburhine is a novel pyrrolizidine alkaloid obtained from it. This review focuses on the existing knowledge of the phytochemistry and pharmacological action of C. burhia, which will provide broad information for a proper assessment of the plant as a medicinal agent. Methods: The experimental analysis and data reported on the species of Crotalaria were reviewed from 2005 to 2022. Various databases were used as article sources, like Medline and Pubmed, and a literature review was done using the keywords Crotalaria burhia, habitat, species, pharmacological action, and traditional uses. Result: On the basis of our perception, we have stated that the species Crotalaria burhia is a golden herb that possesses potent pharmacological activities. It is widely used as a conventional drug for the cure of various diseases, but its active constituents need to be evaluated more for future drug development and pharmacological action. Conclusion: There were a total of 21 research articles about the phytochemical screening of herbs, which showed the presence of different active constituents like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, mucilage, gum, polyphenols, carbohydrates, terpenoids, etc., which are responsible for different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antihypertensive, antitumor, and analgesic activity.

Directed Acyclic Graphs in Social Work Research and Evaluation: A Primer

Previous articleNext article No AccessDirected Acyclic Graphs in Social Work Research and Evaluation: A PrimerRoderick A. Rose, John A. Cosgrove, and Bethany R. LeeRoderick A. Rose Search for more articles by this author , John A. Cosgrove Search for more articles by this author , and Bethany R. Lee Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research Just Accepted Published for the Society for Social Work and Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/723606 Views: 35Total views on this site HistoryAccepted October 16, 2022 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

ФОРМА І ЗАДАЧІ ФОРМОТВОРЕННЯ В АРХІТЕКТУРІЙ КОМПОЗИЦІЇ

This paper examines the concept of architectural form as the boundaries of external and internal characteristics of the form, its role in the structure of the compositional image and the disclosure of certain aspects of forming, characteristic of different types of materials, their assortment and typification. In writing the article, general scientific and special methods of scientific research were used. The article also examines the state of research on the concept of architectural form, determining that building materials are the material basis that allows the architectural form proposed by an architect and designer to be realized as an architectural object. The main part of the objects currently under construction are residential and public buildings, mainly frame, monolithic-frame, monolithic or panel, with different number of storeys and comfort level. Such diversity leads to a significant variety of objects under construction, requires the study and use of compositional and constructive methods and means in architectural design. The practical value of the work is that the results of this study can be used by architects in the process of sketching and conceptual design of architectural objects. After all, every architect should be able to navigate the theoretical provisions of architectural composition, master the tools for building architectural forms, identify ways to create their own arsenal of creative tools in various design situations, select materials for specific purposes in accordance with the planning structure and tectonics of the architectural form; perform a feasibility study of options for architectural and urban planning design solutions.

Knowledge-based Data Processing for Multilingual Natural Language Analysis

Natural Language Processing (NLP) aids the empowerment of intelligent machines by enhancing human language understanding for linguistic-based human-computer communication. Recent developments in processing power, as well as the availability of large volumes of linguistic data, have enhanced the demand for data-driven methods for automatic semantic analysis. This paper proposes multilingual data processing using feature extraction with classification using deep learning architectures. Here, the input text data has been collected based on various languages and processed to remove missing values and null values. The processed data has been extracted using Histogram Equalization based Global Local Entropy (HEGLE) and classified using Kernel-based Radial basis Function (Ker_Rad_BF). These architectures could be utilized to process natural language. We present solutions to the multilingual sentiment analysis issue in this research article by implementing algorithms, and we compare precision factors to discover the optimum option for multilingual sentiment analysis. For the HASOC dataset, the proposed HEGLE_ Ker_Rad_BF achieved an accuracy of 98%, a precision of 97%, a recall of 90.5%, an f-1 score of 85%, RMSE of 55.6%, and a loss curve analysis attained 44%. For the TRAC dataset, the accuracy of 98%, the precision attained is 97%, the Recall is 91%, the F-1 score is 87%, and the RMSE of the proposed neural network is 55%.

Long term remineralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate in white spot lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

White spot lesions (WSLs) appear as white, opaque areas on the teeth and are caused by a demineralization of the enamel. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) has beneficial effects on WSLs and provides remineralizing benefits that are superior to those of placebo or no treatment. Following a thorough analysis of the literature across major online sources, 103 papers - 54 of which underwent in-depth evaluation- were found. We used inclusion and exclusion criteria to choose research articles that were appropriate for our review. 10 papers met this review's requirements and were subsequently included. As compared to the controls, CPP-ACP demonstrated increased efficacy in treatment of WSLs in terms of remineralisation and other parameters which included microhardness tests and enamel surface roughness. The forest plots present the results of meta-analyses comparing the effect of CPP-ACP versus control/other agents on white spot lesions (WSLs). In terms of odds ratios (OR), CPP-ACP showed a small increase in the odds of WSLs compared to control/other agents. In-vitro studies showed no significant difference in relative risk (RR) between CPP-ACP and control/other agents. Randomized control trials indicated a small increase in the risk of WSLs with CPP-ACP treatment, but the overall effect was not statistically significant. There was evidence to support the use of CPP-ACP over other agents for WSL prevention or treatment, but further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Recent Books and Journal Articles in Public Opinion, Survey Methods, Survey Statistics, Big Data, Data Science, and User Experience Research. 2023 Update

Recent Books and Journal Articles in Public Opinion, Survey Methods, Survey Statistics, Big Data, Data Science, and User Experience Research. 2023 Update

Cost identification in health professions education: A scoping review.

Resource scarcity in health professions education (HPE) demands rigorous consideration of costs. Yet, thus far, we have been unable to completely and consistently identify the costs of HPE. To address this knowledge gap and enable use of economic evidence in decision making, a detailed overview of all existing costs and approaches to cost identification in HPE is needed. This review summarises the diversity of costs, cost perspectives and cost identification methods used in economic research of HPE to answer the following questions: which educational topics, costs, cost perspectives and cost identification methods are being investigated in HPE literature? This investigation followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews. PubMed, ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO were iteratively searched for English language publications between 2012 and 2022 that reported costs of HPE. Data was extracted for study characteristics, educational context and economic methodology. A total of 136 articles of original research on the costs of educating all major licence healthcare professionals were included. A diffuse interest in costs is reflected in publications from 93 distinct journals and by the diversity of educational topics and cost types explored. However, the majority of investigations failed to define the cost perspective (86, 63%) and cost identification methods (117, 86%) and did not demonstrate common reporting structure or cost terminology, all of which contribute to persistent inconsistencies in cost identification. The source of disharmonious cost identification in HPE is fuelled by diverse interests and divergent concepts of costs and costing methodology. Left in its current state, disharmonious cost identification will continue to limit transparency, comparison and synthesis of evidence, hamper objectivity in implementation and policy decisions and impede the efficient and sustainable allocation of resources. A research agenda must be developed, prioritised, and validated by the broader community to develop a theoretical framework for HPE cost research, define stakeholders, elicit values and preferences and chart a path toward harmonised costing.

Analysis of Child Labor Rights Fulfillment Based on Maqashid Syariah

Child Labor is a serious problem that has attracted national and international public attention. The purpose of writing this article is to analyze in depth the review of the fulfillment of child Labor rights based on maqashid sharia. This article's research method uses a type of normative legal research using secondary data obtained through literature study. The collected data was then analyzed descriptively qualitatively using a conceptual approach, namely the concept of maqashid sharia. The results and findings in this article are that Islam places the fulfillment of children's rights as an important thing to realize. The general aim of Allah SWT in sending down the Shari'a is to bring about benefits. The basic concept of benefit is realizing benefits and preventing harm. The practice of child Labor is prohibited, because it conflicts with the five main principles of maqashid sharia, namely the protection of religion, soul, mind, property and descendant, which are primary needs (dharuriyyah) that must be fulfilled in humans. The priority of a child's age is to fulfill the rights of religion, soul, reason and heredity rather than fulfilling the need for wealth.

Targeting Cysteine Proteases and their Inhibitors to Combat Trypanosomiasis.

Trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus, remains a significant health burden in several regions of the world. Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma parasites and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of cysteine proteases in trypanosomiasis and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the biological significance of cysteine proteases in Trypanosoma parasites and their involvement in essential processes, such as host immune evasion, cell invasion, and nutrient acquisition. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies and research articles on the role of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in trypanosomiasis. The selected studies were critically analyzed to extract key findings and provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. Cysteine proteases, such as cruzipain, TbCatB and TbCatL, have been identified as promising therapeutic targets due to their essential roles in Trypanosoma pathogenesis. Several small molecule inhibitors and peptidomimetics have been developed to target these proteases and have shown promising activity in preclinical studies. Targeting cysteine proteases and their inhibitors holds great potential for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs against trypanosomiasis. The identification of potent and selective cysteine protease inhibitors could significantly contribute to the combat against trypanosomiasis and improve the prospects for the treatment of this neglected tropical disease.

Effectiveness of international legal instruments to combat corruption

The relevance of this study is argued by the need to implement international practices of combating corruption and to improve the efficiency of legal mechanisms and instruments for combating corruption in all spheres of the state’s life. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the effectiveness of international legal instruments for combating corruption in Ukraine. To fulfil this purpose, it was necessary to perform the following tasks: to identify international legal instruments for fighting corruption; to investigate ways to assess the level of corruption perception in the world; to determine the progress in the fight against corruption in Ukraine; to identify problems that prevent the increase of the corruption perception index in Ukraine; to develop tools for improving the level of combating corruption in Ukraine. The principles of dialectics served as the basis of the methodological framework of the study, which included such general scientific and special legal cognition methods as comparative legal, formal legal, analysis, and synthesis. Based on the analysis of secondary sources, the study established the significance of analysing and classifying the definition of international legal instruments for combating corruption and ways of assessing the level of perception of corruption in the world. The analysis of statistical data and sociological surveys helped to establish the progress of the fight against corruption in Ukraine, which is reflected in the concrete data of monitoring the level of perception of corruption in Ukraine. The emphasis was placed on a systematic approach to identifying the problems that hinder the improvement of the corruption perception index in Ukraine. Using the comparative legal method, the study compared the provisions of Ukrainian and international legislation directly related to the issues of combating corruption and its manifestations. The conclusions of the study were formulated, with propositions of concrete tools for improving the level of combating corruption in Ukraine by improving the activities of state structures. The study reviewed and analysed relevant scientific articles of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of using its findings in the activities of Ukrainian state bodies, considering the international experts’ assessment of the effectiveness of the anti-corruption instruments already applied

IEEE CEM: Call for Research and Review Articles

IEEE CEM: Call for Research and Review Articles

A current study of psychological well-being in educational institutions: A systematic literature review

The issue of psychological well-being in education has emerged as an increasingly critical topic in recent years. This is due to the significance of psychological well-being in enhancing the performance of e ducational institutions, encompassing students, teachers, and the process of formulating school policies. This study sought to discover recent research on psychological well-being from an academic perspective. A total of 27 research articles were successfully gathered and reviewed based on the established criteria. This article review was conducted utilizing two databases (SCOPUS and WoS) and the following keywords: "psychological well-being" combined with "AND" and other search terms such as "school", "teacher", and "student". This systematic review offers a synthesis of results that can serve as the initial step in developing constructs of psychological well-being in educational institutions, thus implying the importance of psychological well-being for teachers and students. The results of the analysis from this systematic literature review have been discussed and concluded in this study.

Pengenalan Metode Tilawati pada Jama’ah Pengajian Musholla Nurul Iman di Desa Mekar Sari Kecamatan Tanjung Raya Kabupaten Mesuji Provinsi Lampung

This article contains the results of research during the community service period in Mekar Sari Village, Tanjung Raya District, Mesuji Regency, Lampung Province. Based on the results of observations when participating in the routine recitation activities of the Nurul Iman prayer room, there are several problems and one of them is the lack of interest in learning and reading the Koran by mothers in Mekar Sari village which is one of the problems that is the focus of this article's research. The use of inappropriate methods in a lesson can cause learning outcomes to be less than optimal. The application of the tilawati method is an alternative in increasing the motivation and ability of mothers to read the Qur'an. The principle of teaching the Qur'an using the tilawati method is that it is taught practically using the rost song, taught in a classical manner, taught in groups with reading and listening techniques using the Al-Qur'an. The implementation of Al-Qur'an learning using the tilawati method in the prayer congregation of the Nurul Iman musholla has had the effect of changing the ability of mothers to read the Al-Qur'an. Supporting factors and inhibiting factors for learning the Qur'an with the tilawati method are influenced by technical and field conditions, as well as the conditions of the recitation congregation. From this it is hoped that the interest and ability of the women in the prayer congregation at the Nurul Iman prayer room can increase so that learning outcomes are more effective and of good quality.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH A ZOONYMIC COMPONENT THAT CHARACTERIZE THE CHARACTER OF A PERSON IN THE KAZAKH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

The article deals with phraseological units with zoonymic components that characterize the character of a person in the Kazakh and English languages, explores linguistic expressive means using animal images to describe human qualities and behavioral characteristics. In the work, we will review phraseological units with zoonymic components in both languages and analyze them using a comparative method.The purpose of the scientific article is to identify similarities and differences in the description of the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units, analysis of phraseological units with zoonimic components in Kazakh and English languages in the discourse of representatives of the two cultures.The main section of the article proves that phraseological units with zoonymic components are a reflection of cultural characteristics and views on human character in the Kazakh and English languages. The analysis showed that phraseological units with animals to describe human qualities are used in the two languages. Phraseological units in the Kazakh language are closely related to animals, that is zoonyms reffered to livestock, while English language mainly relies on zoonyms related to birds, insects and sea creatures. The results of the study may be useful to linguists, translators and cultural scientists who study the interaction of language and culture.The relevance of the research topic was the comparative analysis of phraseological phrases with zoonymic components in the Kazakh and English languages, revealing similarities and differences in the way, how human character is perceived and described by the different representatives of cultures. The authors presented their own vision of the problems based on the analysis of the works of the scientists on this topic. Comprehensive analysis of phraseological units with zoonymic components, which have become the main object of the article's research were carried out.

Analysing lexical semantic changes in chinese educational texts by integrating machine learning methods

Analyzing Lexical Semantic Changes (LSC) in Educational Texts (ET) refers to examining how the meanings of words, terms, or phrases used in ET have evolved. It involves learning shifts in the semantic content, connotations, and language associations within educational resources such as textbooks, research articles, and instructional content. The analysis can reveal how educational models, pedagogical methods, and terminology have transformed in response to technological innovations, societal changes, and pedagogical developments. This analysis provides visions into the dynamic nature of educational discourse, helping researchers, educators, and policymakers understand how language has adapted to reflect changes in educational paradigms and the broader educational context. This research investigates the semantic analysis and classification performance within ET, employing the innovative Decision Tree + Feed Forward Neural Networks (DT + FFNNs) framework. This research shows the dynamic semantic relationships inherent in educational terminology by diverse semantic similarity measures and contextualized embeddings. It looks at how educational language changes to reflect changes in society, technology, and pedagogy. The study uses a DT + FFNN framework for semantic analysis and classification. The study uses several embeddings and semantic similarity metrics, and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient (SCC) is employed to evaluate their effectiveness. This study highlights the DT + FFNN framework’s capacity to capture complex semantics in an educational setting and offers insights into the adaptive nature of educational discourse. SCC serves as a guiding metric, offering insights into the efficiency of several embeddings and measures. The findings show the pivotal role of fine-tuning in significantly enhancing the accuracy of DT + FFNNs across measures, revealing its remarkable potential in capturing semantics within an educational context.

A machine-based corpus optimization method for extracting domain-oriented technical words: an example of COVID-19 corpus data

Although natural language processing (NLP) refers to a process involving the development of algorithms or computational models that empower machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language, machines are still unable to fully grasp the meanings behind words. Specifically, they cannot assist humans in categorizing words with general or technical purposes without predefined standards or baselines. Empirically, prior researches have relied on inefficient manual tasks to exclude these words when extracting technical words (i.e., terminology or terms used within a specific field or domain of expertise) for obtaining domain information from the target corpus. Therefore, to enhance the efficiency of extracting domain-oriented technical words in corpus analysis, this paper proposes a machine-based corpus optimization method that compiles an advanced general-purpose word list (AGWL) to serve as the exclusion baseline for the machine to extract domain-oriented technical words. To validate the proposed method, this paper utilizes 52 COVID-19 research articles as the target corpus and an empirical example. After compared to traditional methods, the proposed method offers significant contributions: (1) it can automatically eliminate the most common function words in corpus data; (2) through a machine-driven process, it removes general-purpose words with high frequency and dispersion rates –57% of word types belonging to general-purpose words, constituting 90% of the total words in the target corpus. This results in 43% of word types representing domain-oriented technical words that makes up 10% of the total words in the target corpus are able to be extracted. This allows future researchers to focus exclusively on the remaining 43% of word types in the optimized word list (OWL), enhancing the efficiency of corpus analysis for extracting domain knowledge. (3) The proposed method establishes a set of standard operation procedure (SOP) that can be duplicated and generally applied to optimize any corpus data.