Megawatts Research Articles

Heat Stress During Firefighters Training for Intervention in Tunnels and Other Enclosed Spaces

Fires in tunnels represent a special case of an enclosed space fires. Tunnel fires reach a wide range of heat release rate values with maximums of up to hundreds of megawatts. Tunnel fires are usually fast growing, supported by the geometry of the tunnel, reaching fast high temperatures and in general conditions difficult for firefighting. Training to operate in such extreme conditions is crucial to ensure both the safety of firefighters and effective firefighting. The flashover container is a facility that is used for firefighting training in an enclosed space and to increase the psychological resilience of firefighters. This article presents partial results of a long-term study conducted between 2011 and 2018 in the flashover container facility Zbiroh in the Czech Republic. The main goal of the project was to describe and quantify conditions that are reached in the flashover container during training sessions in terms of the heat exposure and compare them with conditions that occur during the tunnel fire. Results of the study were used to propose new training scenario for firefighting training in enclosed space at extreme conditions corresponding to tunnel fires. The paper compares the use of propane and wood as a fuel in a flashover container. Based on data from the training of 142 firefighters, it presents the relationships between skin temperature, heart rate, and subjective feelings of firefighters.

Hydropower Development in Three South American Countries: Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador

The present manuscript aims to identify the advantages and consequences of hydropower development, showing a view of trends finding the status and situation in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. This study uses a non-experimental methodology based on a comprehensive literature review of relevant papers retrieved from 41 selected papers that are summarized covering different application areas in these selected countries. In addition, the non-experimental methodology is guided by a perspective design sequential with a qualitative phase defining two indicators that do a relation between the people and the installed capacity in megawatts (MW) and energy production in gigawatts hour (GWh). The results show Colombia has the main installed capacity and energy generation per capita, followed by Ecuador, and finally, Brazil. According to the models and studies, the general hydropower potential of Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador decreases as time goes on because this renewable energy affects the water quality, interacting deeply with the surrounding environment. However, in South American countries only 34% of hydropower potential has developed.

Research on vibration suppression effect and energy dissipation mechanism of wind turbine piezoelectric blade

The smart wind turbine piezoelectric blade is a conceptual blade proposed for adaptive vibration suppression. However, it is still far from engineering application due to insufficient theoretical and experimental research. Some innovative research has been carried out in this paper in order to provide some basic reference for piezoelectric vibration suppression design for the ultra-long wind turbine blade. First, using a second-developed dynamic model of the wind turbine piezoelectric blade, the evolution patterns of electromechanical–aeroelastic coupling modal and the energy distribution characteristics of wind-induced vibration response were investigated. Then, an aeroelastic model design method of the wind turbine blade that is suitable for the three-dimensional (3D) variable cross-sections was proposed. Afterward, an aeroelastic wind tunnel test of the 15 megawatts (MW) wind turbine piezoelectric blade was conducted. Finally, the wind-induced vibration suppression effect of piezoelectric material was revealed by comparing the time–frequency characteristics and modal energy distribution between the piezoelectric blade and the ordinary blade. The research results demonstrated that the proposed aeroelastic wind tunnel test could accurately reflect the wind-induced vibration characteristics of the piezoelectric blade. The piezoelectric material can narrow the range of sensitive wind angles of the wind turbine blade, increase the critical wind speed for frequency-locked vibration, and prolong the energy accumulation time of aeroelastic instability. Piezoelectric material causes the associated vibration energy to be transferred in the modal space, weakens energy accumulation of the negative damping mode, and strengthens the energy dissipation of the positive damping mode.

Social Sustainability of Large-Scale Solar Power Implementation in Bangladesh:

Owing to the rapidly-growing economy and faster development of Bangladesh, the government has put weight on guaranteeing a non-intermittent and quality flow of electricity - to guarantee sustainable economic development. The State has made strategies for private sector participation and releasing marginal areas for energy production to diversify the electricity supply. To utilize these policies, the government designs large-scale renewable energy projects. Even though these projects are seen to be environmentally sound, they can hamper a community’s welfare if the result of the development is not reached the root level. Although solar energy is among the greenest forms of energy, not all societies can embrace it, as social, environmental and economic sustainability are the three factors that constitute total sustainability. This paper aims to qualitatively analyze the socio-economic prospects in the development of the large-scale solar park. It does a critical case study of a solar park of 10 megawatts (MW) capacity constructed on 40 acres of land in Tetulia of Panchagarh District. This structure began producing electricity in May 2019, which was added to the national grid. The research demonstrates how the advantages of renewable energy accumulate at the national and organizational level, and local communities face adverse effects. The paper recommends how social sustainability in such developments might be ensured in the future.

Analyzing Pakistan’s Renewable Energy Potential: A Review of the Country’s Energy Policy, Its Challenges, and Recommendations

Pakistan’s dependence on imported fuels has led to a massive electrical shortfall, stifling the country’s socioeconomic growth. Pakistan’s energy gap is between 5000 and 8000 megawatts (MW), with a 6–8% yearly growth predicted, therefore, it needs more sustainable and renewable energy sources. Pakistan uses solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass for renewable energy. Pakistan needs cheap energy to support its economic growth. Most of the world’s energy is currently conventionally produced. The objective of this research is to analyze the opportunities that are afforded by renewable energy sources as well as the role that the government plays in the process of policy formulation. An examination of qualitative data from research works, journals, and government annual performance reports is presented. This study investigates renewable energy sources and government policy. According to the study, renewable energy resources are abundant. The renewable energy plan has no effect on real implementation. This research paper examines electricity restrictions, the transition to renewable energy sources, and Pakistan’s renewable energy policy difficulties. After analyzing the nation’s renewable energy potential, practical implications were made to promote it, for example 1710-megawatt wind installations. There are currently 217-megawatt biogas power stations being developed. Accelerating the energy transition to the nation’s future energy perspectives is a priority for sustainable development.

Factors influencing purchase intention of solar photovoltaic technology: An extended perspective of technology readiness index and theory of planned behaviour

Energy shortage in various parts of the world has an adverse impact on people's quality of life and the overall development of these areas. Pakistan is among the world's energy-deficient countries, with a 7000 MW (Mega-Watt) energy deficit due to higher energy demand and lower energy production. Because of its hot climate, Pakistan has great potential to meet its energy needs using renewable energy (RE) sources, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies, to boost clean energy production. Considering this, the current study investigates the factors influencing households' purchase intentions of solar PV technology in Pakistan. This research has developed a comprehensive research model by integrating the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (PTB). Data from households were collected using a questionnaire survey method. This was a cross-sectional study that used a non-probability sampling technique. In four provincial capitals (Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, and Peshawar) and the federal capital (Islamabad), 420 questionnaires were distributed to household heads. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to test the hypotheses proposed by decomposing personal traits (product knowledge, environmental concern, ecological lifestyle, and perceived benefits) and technological factors (technology innovativeness and technology optimism) and examining their impact on consumers' attitudes toward solar photovoltaic products. This study also examined the role of perceived consumer effectiveness as a moderator between consumers' attitudes toward solar photovoltaic products and purchase intentions. The empirical findings showed that product knowledge, ecological lifestyle, perceived benefits, innovativeness, and optimism positively and significantly impact consumers' attitudes toward solar photovoltaic products. Likewise, consumer attitude has a positive and significant impact on purchase intention of solar PV products. Subsequently, the moderating role of perceived consumer effectiveness in the relationship between consumer attitudes and purchase intentions of solar PV products was also significantly correlated. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the study, as well as its limitations and future directions, are discussed.

KARAKTERISTIK DAYA PANEL SURYA POLYCRYSTALLINE 100 WP TERHADAP PERUBAHAN TEMPERATUR

Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry's 2018 Electricity Statistics data shows that the installed capacity of Solar Power Plants (PLTS) only reaches 0.09 percent of the national generating capacity. This means that if the national generating capacity in 2018 reaches 64.92 gigawatts (GW), then PLTS only has a share of around 58.43 megawatts (MW). This value is very small considering the potential for solar energy in Indonesia can reach 207 GW. The majority of power plants in Indonesia are still dominated by PLTU which reaches 42.34 percent or around 27.49 GW. In testing the characteristics of solar panels, the method used is to install prototype materials and equipment for 100 WP Polycristalline solar panels and collect data through direct measurements. The method of observation is to collect data related to temperature variations that are happening at certain times and conditions that can affect the size of the power. The equipment used for this measurement includes: a thermometer used to measure temperature, a Charge Controller Module (SCC) as a control for charging the battery as well as measuring the amount of DC electricity that is always displayed, a camera for documenting the measurement results, a battery as a store of electrical power and a dc wattmeter as a measurement tool. the amount of electricity from the solar penel as well as connecting cables and other auxiliary equipment. The results of this study include: the pattern of power characteristics on a Pollycrystalline 100 WP solar panel at a temperature of 25˚C to a temperature of 39˚C is directly proportional to temperature, with a minimum value of 2.7 Watt at a temperature of 25˚C until it reaches a maximum power of 28, 5 Watt when the temperature reaches 39 C, the SUNSIA brand of Pollycrystalline 100 WP solar panel can produce effective electrical energy when the temperature is above 34 C, from the power generated by the solar panel to charge a 12 V 32A battery with an initial voltage of 5.1 Volts until it reaches a voltage of 13.8 Volts takes 8 hours.

Rooftop PV or Hybrid Systems and Retrofitted Low-E Coated Windows for Energywise and Self-Sustainable School Buildings in Bangladesh

The electricity crisis is a common issue in Bangladesh; however, recently the electricity scenario has been getting worse due to various reasons including power generation and distribution all over the country. Meanwhile, the large number of people requires a huge amount of energy which is not possible to be met by the national grid due to the limited power generation from different plants. Among all renewable energy sources, the solar photovoltaics (PV) system is the best choice as a generation source, either off-grid or with a grid-tied connection, to reduce the pressure on the national grid. In Bangladesh, there are more than 175,000 schools, and it is possible to generate a huge amount of renewable (solar) power to supply all the schools by using rooftop PV systems. We propose a new approach that combines solar energy harvesting and savings to make the schools self-sufficient and energywise. We performed a Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) pro simulation and find that it was possible to generate approximately 200 megawatts (MW) of power. We conducted a feasibility study on generating power from rooftop PV systems on school buildings and reduced the power consumption using retrofitted thin-film-coated glass by around 16–20% per day depending on the school size, which can help the national power grid system by either making all the schools off-grid or grid-connected to supply power to the national grid. In addition, we perform a HelioScope simulation to investigate the maximum upscaling of PV sizing for the rooftops of school buildings in Bangladesh to realize how to make each school a mini solar power station in the future. The HelioScope simulation performance showed that it was possible to generate approximately 96,993 kWh per year from one school building.

Axial sCO[formula omitted] high-performance turbines parametric design

Supercritical CO2 thermal cycles provide low complexity and small size of equipment compared to the Rankine cycle. However, higher power units of hundreds of megawatts have not yet been implemented. This study focuses on sCO2turbines for high power cycles and presents an estimation of their dimensions, efficiency, and other parameters. For this purpose, a specialized calculation code named TACOS was built. The turbines are designed for inlet pressures of 25MPa and 30MPa and inlet temperatures from 300°C to 600°C. In total, more than 460 high-performance axial turbines were designed in this study. The turbines have been optimized with shaft power from 10MW to 2,000MW (one-flow configuration) for revolutions from 3,000rpm to 12,000rpm. The results show that supercritical CO2 turbines are about one-fifth the size of their steam alternatives with comparable efficiencies. Turbines with synchronous revolutions (50Hz) achieve the highest efficiency for shaft power in one-flow configuration up to 500MW and this correspond to an efficiency close to 90%. High-speed turbines are suitable for power levels up to 50MW with efficiencies of around 87%. The vast majority of turbines come out as three-stage or four-stage.

Sequential Analysis of Phosphorus Compounds Contained in the Substrates and the Digestate

The aim of this study was to determine the properties of the components used for fermentation and digestate. The content of phosphorus and its fraction in the substrate mixture undergoing fermentation in the real agricultural biogas plant and in the digestate was determined. The research was carried out based on substrate and digestate samples from an agricultural biogas plant with a production capacity of up to 1 MW (Mega Watt). The biogas plant operates in a continuous system. To ensure optimal operating conditions of the installation, it is necessary to provide substrates with appropriate quality and composition throughout the year. The substrate consists mainly of maize silage, poultry manure and potato pulp. In the study, samples of individual substrates and digestate were taken in four terms. The time of collection depended on the fraction of individual substrates in the charge composition. In the first term, the fraction of three substrates in the orchard was as follows: 79%—maize silage, 15%—poultry manure, and 6%—potato pulp. In the second term, it reached 82%, 10% and 8%, respectively, in the third 83%, 8% and 9%, and the fourth 80%, 6% and 14%. Eight samples of the substrates and digestate were collected every time. The samples were determined considering the content of dry matter, organic matter and the total content of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, iron, and the pH value. After drying the samples, the fractions were determined by the phosphorus method with the Sequential Chang–Jackson extraction with subsequent modifications by Petersen and Corey. Measurements were made using the ICP-AES method. The following fractions were isolated: P-lab. (labile) labile phosphorus, P-Al phosphorus in aluminium phosphates, P-Fe phosphorus in gel phosphates, P-red.(reduced), P-ok. (occluded) the fraction of occluded phosphates absorbed on the surface of mineral particles, P-Ca phosphorus in calcium phosphates. It was found that the physicochemical composition of the feed and digestate was determined by the content of about 80% of maize silage in fermented substrates. The addition of substrates in the form of poultry manure and potato pulp influenced the content of total phosphorus and slightly modified the content of individual fractions in it. The fermentation process, to some extent, decreased the share of fraction I (mobile) and fraction II (combined with aluminium), increased the share of fraction VI (combination with calcium) and had no significant effect on the others. Digestate is a material rich in macronutrients and should be used as a fertilizer. The dosage of digestate used for fertilisation should be preceded by a knowledge of the soils and the requirements of the cultivated plants in order to prevent mobile phosphorus fractions from entering surface waters and increasing the eutrophication process.

Performance analysis and electricity potential for Nzoia sugar factory

Kenyan sugar factories are facing challenges in the market from low cost sugar producers as a result of high cost of production. As a result, a number of factories have closed down while operating factories are struggling with cash flow problems. Diversification into both ethanol and export cogeneration is a promising solution to the challenges. In this study, the feasibility of export electricity generation for a Nzoia sugar factory in Western Kenya is undertaken. The 3000 tons of cane per day crushing capacity (TCD) factory has effective generation capacity of 2.8 MW for own internal consumption against installed capacity of 7 MW. The study showed that the factory can develop a continuous power plant of 15 megawatts (MW) but modernization of the factory is necessary to reduce steam consumption mainly by replacing steam turbine drives with electric drives, increase generation efficiency by use of a condensing extraction turbine. The three boilers which are over 30 years old should be replaced with more efficient modern boilers of steam pressure between 45–60 bars. A well negotiated power purchase agreement that captures the challenges facing the factory should then be signed with a utility company to avoid the challenges in implementation due to external factors.

The Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production in New York State from Distributed Solar Photovoltaic Systems

New York State’s (NYS) Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) requires that 100% of the state’s electricity supply be greenhouse gas emissions-free by 2040 and that 6000 megawatts (MW) of solar energy must be installed in NYS by 2025. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impact of electricity generation from New York State distributed solar photovoltaic systems. This cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) follows the International Standardization Organization (ISO) framework for LCA, including the goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. The study is based on operational data from 120 existing solar installations. Global Warming Potential varies substantially by site, with the minimum and maximum impact values varying from 25.2 to 88.5 gCO2eq/kWh, and with a mean of 45.6 gCO2eq/kWh. Regression analysis shows this range is attributable to differences in site location, capacity factor, and system design (i.e., monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels, area power ratio). Based on absolute percentage, the inclusion of the end-of-life process reduces the total environmental impact from 2% in Ozone Depletion to 16% in Acidification, indicating a positive impact of engaging in end-of-life management across all categories. This analysis can help policymakers understand the implications of the solar PV installation mandate.

Microgrids and the Energy Transition in Puerto Rico

Driven by the urgent need for sustainable and equitable change, the clean energy transition in Puerto Rico is remarkably grassroots, evidenced by the growth of residential solar and emergence of community microgrids. Between 2014 and 2022, the annual average share of renewable energy generated by the Puerto Rican power company increased marginally from 1.71 percent to 2.76 percent. In the same timeframe, residential solar net metering increased 50 times over, from 4.4 megawatts (MW) to 224.6 MW, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Gated spatial-temporal graph neural network based short-term load forecasting for wide-area multiple buses

Existing short-term bus load forecasting methods mostly use temporal domain features, such as historical loads, to forecast and do not fully consider the influence of unstructured spatial–temporal coupling correlations among multiple bus loads in a wide spatial area on the forecasting results. In this paper, a wide-area multiple bus loads forecasting model is proposed. First, take the rapid computation of the maximal information coefficient (RapidMIC) value between bus loads as edge features, and combine the multiple node feature set to construct a similar-weighted spatial–temporal graph. The constructed similar-weighted spatial–temporal graph is not constrained by geography and grid topology, and can directly reflect the degree of spatial–temporal coupling correlation between bus loads. Second, the neighboring node features of each node in the graph are extracted by the spatial convolution layer (SCL) to achieve full-domain node feature enhancement. Finally, the features extracted were formed into temporal series and input to the gated recurrent unit layer (GRUL) to achieve a wide-area multiple buses short-term load forecast. The research was carried out by selecting the measured load data (15 busbars). The corresponding symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are 3.19 % to 5.89 % and 1.83 megawatts (MW) to 9.8 MW, respectively. Compared with the SMAPE of other methods, the worst evaluation metrics in the test set are improved by 1.82 % to 5.94 %, and it has better robustness in the scene with abnormal load data.

Propeller selection optimization on mini LNG ship based on engine propeller matching approach

Mini LNG Carrier Ship is specially designed for the purpose of distributing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) throughout Indonesia and supporting the national program of generating 35.00 MegaWatt (MW). Indonesia’s vast territory with long distances requires an efficient transportation, including Mini LNG Carrier Ship to reduce costs, especially fuel and emission levels that meet the EEDI criteria set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). One of the efficiency factors of Mini LNG Ship Carrier is obtained by optimizing the design, especially to the propulsion system. The propulsion system consists of the main engine and propeller. This study focuses on the selection of ship propulsion propellers, especially the type and number of propeller blades. The good propeller will have an impact on the level of energy efficiency. The research method used is a computational simulation using the Engine Propeller Matching (EPM) method. The study tested the B-Series propeller with an alternative number of propeller blades are (z) = 3, 4, 5, 6, and. 7. Calculating simulation results show that the analysis of the EPM computational results at 10 knots service speed, shows that the B6.40 propeller has a better efficiency value than the other propeller types (z = 3, 4, 5, and 7). Propeller type B6.40 produces a good level of efficiency according to the planned 2 x 250 KW engine performance diagram.

Structural Parametric Optimization of the VolturnUS-S Semi-Submersible Foundation for a 15 MW Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

The full exploitation of offshore wind resources can essentially satisfy the massive energy demand. The realization and application of ultra-high-power offshore wind turbines are crucial to achieving full use of deep-sea wind energy and reducing the cost of wind power. For the VolturnUS-S semi-submersible floating foundation of a 15 megawatt (MW) offshore wind turbine, the effect of structural parameters on hydrodynamic performance was investigated by controlling the variables described in this paper. Accordingly, the floating foundation was optimized and coupled to the 15 MW offshore wind turbine. The dynamic performance of the integrated 15 MW offshore wind turbine was analyzed under different operating conditions, by applying the aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupled method. The results show that for a wave in a 0-degree direction, a 5% increase of column spacing will reduce the peak value of the pitch transfer function by 33.61%, and that a 5% decrease of the outer column diameter will further reduce the peak value by 26.27%. The standard deviation of the time-domain surge responses was reduced by 19.78% for the optimized offshore wind turbine, and the maximum value of the mooring line tension was reduced by 13.55% under normal operating conditions.

Forest loss is significantly higher near clustered small dams than single large dams per megawatt of hydroelectricity installed in the Brazilian Amazon

Hydropower in the Brazilian Amazon is a prevalent form of development, but dams have widespread and long-term environmental impacts that include deforestation in the areas surrounding the dams. Small hydropower plants (SHPs) are often perceived as having reduced environmental impacts compared to the large ones. In Brazil, SHPs are licensed by state governments, which have less strict requirements than the federal environmental agency. Brazil’s definition of ‘small’ dams has grown with successive increases in the maximum installed capacity from 10 to 30 to 50 megawatts (MW). This expanding loophole has increased the attractiveness of investing in multiple small dams rather than a single large dam, with resulting proliferation of SHPs. Forest dynamics surrounding the clustered SHPs when compared to single large dams are not well documented. In this study, we capitalized on a dense time series of satellite images to quantify and compare forest loss in the regions (over 110 000 km2 in area) surrounding 15 SHPs and 7 large dams at multiple watershed and buffer scales in the Brazilian Amazon for nearly two decades (2000–2018). The landscapes containing SHP clusters had lower cumulative forest loss as compared to those with large dams. However, when deforestation and hydroelectric generating capacity were jointly considered (i.e. forest loss per megawatt installed), we discovered an opposite trend. The regions surrounding the SHP clusters exhibited significant impacts ranging from 1.9 to 2.5 times that of the regions surrounding large dams across 5 km to sub-basin scales. Due to the considerable consequences of SHPs on deforestation, we argue that the rapid expansion of small hydropower should be approached with caution and requires more stringent environmental assessments.

An assessment of the waste-to-energy potential of municipal solid wastes in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. This rapid development is aggravating the ever-increasing gap between demand and supply of energy. The conversion of waste-to-energy is considered a suitable waste management strategy both to minimize dependency on nonrenewable energy sources and their associated detrimental environmental impacts. In this study, the potential for energy production from existing and projected municipal solid waste (MSW) in Ethiopia was estimated using mass burn and mass burn with recycling scenarios. The analysis shows that the amount of energy generated from mass burn and mass burn with recycling scenarios in the year 2060 will be 376,398.9 and 62,733.1 megawatts (MW), respectively. Population growth, waste generation, and energy production have strong positive relationships with their correlation coefficient values greater than 0.80. The estimated energy production potential of the country from the two scenarios can be used as an input to design future waste-to-energy facilities.

A search for monochromatic light towards the Galactic Centre

ABSTRACT A region 140 square degrees towards the Galactic Centre was searched for monochromatic optical light, both pulses shorter than 1 s and continuous emission. A novel instrument was constructed that obtains optical spectra of every point within 6 square deg every second, able to distinguish lasers from astrophysical sources. The system consists of a modified Schmidt telescope, a wedge prism over the 0.28-m aperture, and a fast CMOS camera with 9500 × 6300 pixels. During 2021, a total of 34 800 exposures were obtained and analysed for monochromatic sources, both subsecond pulses and continuous in time. No monochromatic light was found. A benchmark laser with a 10-m aperture and located 100 light years (ly) away would be detected if it had a power more than ∼60 megawatt (MW) during 1 s, and from 1000 ly away, 6000 MW is required. This non-detection of optical lasers adds to previous optical SETI non-detections from more than 5000 nearby stars of all masses, from the Solar gravitational lens focal points of Alpha Centauri, and from all-sky searches for broadband optical pulses. These non-detections, along with those of broadband pulses, constitute a growing SETI desert in the optical domain.

Technological and Engineering design of a megawatt proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

For the large-scale application of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) in the generation, multi-stack PEMFCs are usually adopted to meet high-power needs. The connection method among stacks, layout parameters, and operating parameters can greatly influence the performance and uniformity of system. A megawatt (MW) class PEMFC system with 20 stacks is proposed and modeled with a flow network model, a thermal model, and a PEMFC model. The temperature and voltage uniformity index (TUF and VUF) are defined to evaluate the system uniformity among stacks. The effect of several operating parameters, such as current density and hydrogen inlet pressure, and layout parameters such as spacing distance and the diameter of the pipe, on the stack voltage, system electricity efficiency, VUF and TUF are quantitatively compared. The results show that as the current density increases, the consistency of the system output decreases. The stack with the shortest gas transmission distance shows the best performance and the frictional loss is the main factor influencing the pressure differences among the inlet pressure of stacks. Under the inlet pressure of 2.5 atm, the voltage difference among stacks is within 0.15 V. From the perspective of overall cost and system output, a pipe diameter of 25 mm is more suitable for the design of the intake pipe in this system.