Humus Type Research Articles

ЛІТОЛОГО-ФАЦІАЛЬНІ ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОУТВОРЕНИХ ТЕХНОГЕННИХ КОЛЕКТОРІВ ЛЬВІВСЬКО-ВОЛИНСЬКОГО ВУГЛЕГАЗОВОГО БАСЕЙНУ

The studies conducted have revealed possible litho-facies composition of the man-made reservoirs in the coal seams mined out within the gas-bearing Lviv-Volyn coal basin where sedimentary rocks of the Lower Carboniferous, Tournaisian, Visean, Serpukhovian and lower part of Middle Carboniferous formations occur. They are represented by crushed shales, siltstones, sandstones, limestones and carbonaceous remains in the of the coal rock sequence.Conglomerates and gravelstones make only 0.25% of coal-bearing formation to form thin (0.2-1.5, occasionally to 3-4 meters) lenses.Gravel sandstones have a limited distribution, making lenses and interbeds of 0.5-1.5 m thick.The sandstones are composed by fine-, medium- and coarse-grained types.Siltstones are of dark gray color, often caused by clay and carbonaceous minerals.The most typical shales are composed by finely dispersed material with silty admixture, limited carbonaceous and calcareous varieties. Their dark, mostly gray color is due to the presence of humus or sapropel material.Limestones are grey, dark grey, sometimes with a brown tint; they are usually fine- or medium crystalline, often with re-crystallized areas.Coal is mostly of humus type, the sapropel occurs occasionally in the form of interbeds, mainly in the top and bottom humic layers. Coal is dense, viscous, black and black and gray in color.The core set of the coal rock massif taken from well #7427, located in the northern part of the Lubel coal field, is well represented in the geological section.The upper alluvial-limnic-swampy-lagoonal coal-bearing sub-formation (middle part) consists of four litho-cycles of the higher order (first one is a lagoon-marine transgressive; the second one is a marine-lagoon regressive; the third one is an uniformly lagoonal, and fourth one is a lagoon-marine transgressive cycle) with one another of lower order, the open marine cycle.

The Research of Origin of Deep Natural Gas of Qianbei Sub-Sag in the South of Songliao Basin

This paper analyses the origins of deep natural gas in Qianbei Subsag using a variety of analytical data such as the natural gas components, the isotope and the light hydrocarbon analysis combining with the development characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks. The study results show as the following: The abundance of organic matter from hydrocarbon source rocks in Qianbei Subsag is high and dominated by humus type. Part of good hydrocarbon source rocks of Type II1 and Type II2 are developed in Yingcheng Formation and these are the major gas source rocks that is in the stage of postmaturity in evolution degree. The natural gas component is dominated by methane and non-hydrocarbon gas content is low. The isotope values of ethane are lighter and methane and ethane have an obvious phenomenon of carbon isotopic reversal. Parent material types of methane and ethane are from different sources. The sources of methane are biased to humic parent material while the sources of ethane are biased to sapropelic parent material.

Genesis, source and charging of oil and gas in Lishui sag, East China Sea Basin

Abstract Based on the results of components and stable carbon isotopic analysis of gas and oil from the Lishui sag, East China Sea Basin, the oil and gas genesis, source and charge process are studied by combining the history of structural evolution, oil and gas generation and migration and accumulation. The study shows that there are two types of gases in the Lishui sag now, one is the gas with high CO 2 content and low oil-type pyrolysis gas content found in Well WZ13-1-1, the other is the gas with high content of the mixture of coal-type gas and oil-type pyrolysis gas and certain content of CO 2 found in Well LS36-1-1, LS36-1-2 and LF-1. Hydrocarbon gases are all organic thermal gas, in which high maturity oil-type gas was from Paleocene Yueguifeng Formation and charged in middle-late Eocene-early Oligocene, and low maturity coal-type gas was from Paleocene Mingyuefeng Formation and was charged in late stage. The CO 2 in Well LF-1 is of organic origin, while CO 2 in other wells were derived from the deep inorganic mantle source gas charged variously in Oligocene. Oil in Well WZ6-1-1 is the high maturity sapropel type oil from Yueguifeng Formation which was charged in middle-late Eocene-early Oligocene. Condensate in Well LS36-1 is low maturity humus type oil from Mingyuefeng Formation charged in late stage. Oil in Well LF-1 may be of mixed source and greater proportion of oil likely from Paleocene Yueguifeng Formation.

Specific features of organic matter in urban soils of Rostov-on-Don

Data on the fractional and group composition of humus in urban soils of Rostov-on-Don are discussed. We have compared the humus profiles of chernozems under tree plantations and those buried under anthropogenic deposits (including sealed chernozems under asphalt). It is shown that the type of humus in these soils remains stable despite a decrease in its total content after the long-term burial under asphalt. Under the impact of the trees, the organic matter of the chernozems acquired some features typical of gray forest soils, i.e., the humate-fulvate type of humus in the humus horizon and the sharp drop in the humus content down the soil profile.

The elemental and fractional composition of humic substances in sediments of lakes of the taiga zone of the Tyumen region

This work is devoted to definition of fractional and element structure and type of the humic substances emitted from 9 exemplars of ground deposits of lakes of a taiga zone of the Tyumen region. The fractionating of humic substances was carried out by a pyrophosphate method. Elemental analysis method used for the determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Calculated atomic ratio H:C, O:C and C:N. The predominant type of humus in the sediments is humate and fulvate-humate, which indicates that the flow of the process of organic matter humification sediments predominantly in comparison with mineralization.

Multiple assessment of the soil cover in the area of natural monuments Tra-Tau and Yurak-Tau monadnocks under conditions of technogenic loads

The soil cover of Tra-Tau and Yurak-Tau shikhans (monadnocks) has been examined. Leached and typical medium-deep chernozems are developed on colluvial fans on the footslopes and on the lower parts of slopes, whereas typical calcareous thin slightly and moderately gravelly chernozems are developed on the upper and medium parts of slopes. The leached and typical chernozems of the footslopes correspond to zonal soils of the adjacent plain areas, though they have some specific features related to the local topographic conditions. These soils are somewhat thinner than plain chernozems and are characterized by the perfect granular water-stable structure, the high content of humus of the humate type, the high content of exchangeable cations, strong acid-base buffering, and high enzymatic activity. These features predetermine their high tolerance towards technogenic impacts. The concentrations of highly hazardous substances of the first toxicity class (mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium) and of moderately hazardous substances of the second toxicity class (copper, zinc, and nickel), as well as the concentrations of low-hazardous elements (manganese and iron) in these soils do not exceed provisional maximum permissible concentrations of these substances in soils irrespectively of the slope aspect. No changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of the soils under the impact of technogenic loads from Sterlitamak industrial center have been identified.

Tree species is the major factor explaining C:N ratios in European forest soils

The C:N ratio is considered as an indicator of nitrate leaching in response to high atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the C:N ratio is influenced by a multitude of other site-related factors. This study aimed to unravel the factors determining C:N ratios of forest floor, mineral soil and peat top soils in more than 4000 plots of the ICP Forests large-scale monitoring network. The first objective was to quantify forest floor, mineral and peat soil C:N ratios across European forests. Secondly we determined the main factors explaining this C:N ratio using a boosted regression tree analysis (BRT), including fifteen site and environmental variables.Ninety-five percent of the C:N ratios were between 16 and 44 in the forest floor, between 13 and 44 in the peat topsoil and between 10 and 32 in the mineral topsoil. Within the aerated forest floor and the mineral soil, the C:N ratios decreased with depth, while in the hydromorphic forest floor and the peats no clear trend with depth was observed.Tree species was clearly the most important explanatory variable for the C:N ratio in both forest floors and topsoils, while it was soil type in the deeper mineral soil layers. The lowest C:N ratios both in the forest floor and the top mineral soil were found in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) stands, both N fixing tree species. While in the forest floor the highest C:N ratios were found in evergreen species like pine, cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and eucalyptus, the pine species and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) showed the highest C:N ratios in the mineral soil. The second most important explanatory variable in the forest floor and mineral topsoil was the biogeographical zoning (ecoregion). In the peat topsoil and in the deeper mineral soil layers it was the humus type. Deposition and climatic variables were of minor importance at the European scale.Further analysis for eight main forest tree species individually, showed that the influence of environmental variables on C:N ratios was tree species dependent. For Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.), both with a typical Mediterranean distribution, the relationship between N and S deposition and C:N ratio appeared to be positive. This study suggests that applying C:N ratios as a general indicator of the N status in forests at the European level, without explicitly accounting for tree species, is too simplistic and may result in misleading conclusions.

Developmental Changes in the Historical and Present-Day Trophic Status of Brown Water Lakes. Are Humic Water Bodies a Uniform Aquatic Ecosystem?

The long-term development of three humic lake ecosystems in Poland was investigated through palaeoecological analyses of sediment cores. These wetland records spanning the Holocene were analyzed for plant macroremains, degree of peat decomposition, sediment geochemistry along with radiocarbon dating. Morphological characteristics of the catchments and data on contemporary water quality and management approaches were integrated. Our research on the palaeoecology of humic lakes suggests two main states: humic and eutrophic-humic. Of the lakes studied, only one consistently presented features typical of the humic type. The other two showed various states, and dynamic patterns of transformation. The results indicate that these systems can change from humic to eutrophic-humic, and back again, in response to catchment-linked factors, climatic change and human impact. Thus determination of uniform pattern in the development of humic lakes is questionable. This suggests that a reassessment of brown water lakes is necessary.

Regulation of N2O and NOx emission patterns in six acid temperate beech forest soils by soil gas diffusivity, N turnover, and atmospheric NOx concentrations

Low gas diffusivity of the litter layer is held responsible for high seasonal nitrous oxide (N2O) and low nitric oxide (NO) emissions from acid beech forest soils with moder type humus. The objectives were (i) to evaluate whether these beech forest soils generally exhibit high seasonal N2O emissions and (ii) to assess the influence of gas diffusivity and nitrogen (N) mineralisation on N oxide fluxes. We measured N2O and NOx (NO + NO2) fluxes in six German beech stands and determined net N turnover rates and gas diffusivity of soil samples taken at each chamber. High N2O emissions (up to 113 μg N m−2 h−1) were only observed at one beech stand. Net nitrification of the organic layer and soil gas diffusivity explained 77 % of the variation in N2O fluxes (P = 0.001). Fluxes of NOx were low (−6.3 to 12.3 μg N m−2 h−1) and appeared to be controlled by NOx concentrations in the forest air. Low soil gas diffusivity and high N turnover rates promoted high N2O losses in times of high soil respiration but were not necessarily associated with moder type humus. High seasonal emissions are probably less common in German beech forests than previously assumed.

Enzyme Activity in Forest Gleysols

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase and urease) in trophically diverse Gleysols. Efforts to establish the relationship between enzymatic activity and physico-chemical properties of various subtypes of Gleysols were attempted. Dehydrogenase activity was best correlated with carbon content and acidity among the studied properties of soils. Urease activity was correlated with the reaction pf soil. Enzyme activity differentiates subtypes of Gleysols, which are characterized by a different type of soil humus. The dehydrogenase activity was higher in gleysols with peat or muck of swamp habitats. The opposite trend was found in the urease activity. The urease activity was the highest in the gleysols without organic matter. The studies showed that enzymatic activity is closely related to the type of accumulated organic matter and at the same time with species variety of plant communities..

Vegetation Database of Québec (MRNF)

An ecological forest inventory was conducted from 1986 to 2000 in the portion of the Quebec province south of the 52nd parallel. The resulting database contains data from 28,425 ecological releves located throughout the different bioclimatic domains of Quebec. For each releve, information was gathered on both the vegetation composition and physical environment. Vegetation composition is described by several variables including tree species composition, floristic composition and species cover of different height strata for woody vascular plants as well as cover of herbaceous vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens. Variables describing the physical environment include altitude, slope inclination and aspect, microrelief, bedrock geology and surficial deposit, drainage, humus type, stoniness and soil texture. Data from these releves form the basic structure underlying the hierarchal ecological classification system of the Ministere des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune (MRNF). The data was also used to develop ecological classification field guides specific to each of the province’s ecological regions, providing detailed ecological knowledge to forest managers throughout the province. Finally, data from ecological releves were used to develop Canadian National Vegetation Classifications (CNVC) vegetation associations. This report describes the available content in the Vegetation Database of Quebec (MRNF) (GIVD ID NA-CA-002).

Birnessite-Induced Binding of Phenolic Monomers to Soil Humic Substances and Nature of the Bound Residues

The nature of the abiotic birnessite (δ-MnO(2))-catalyzed transformation products of phenolic compounds in the presence of soil organic matter is crucial for understanding the fate and stability of ubiquitous phenolic carbon in the environment. (14)C-radioactive and (13)C-stable-isotope tracers were used to study the mineralization and transformation by δ-MnO(2) of two typical humus and lignin phenolic monomers--catechol and p-coumaric acid--in the presence and absence of agricultural and forest soil humic acids (HAs) at pH 5-8. Mineralization decreased with increasing solution pH, and catechol was markedly more mineralized than p-coumaric acid. In the presence of HAs, the mineralization was strongly reduced, and considerable amounts of phenolic residues were bound to the HAs, independent of the solution pH. The HA-bound residues were homogeneously distributed within the humic molecules, and most still contained the unchanged aromatic ring as revealed by (13)C NMR analysis, indicating that the residues were probably bound via ester or ether bonds. The study provides important information on δ-MnO(2) stimulation of phenolic carbon binding to humic substances and the molecular distribution and chemical structure of the bound residues, which is essential for understanding the environmental fates of both naturally occurring and anthropogenic phenolic compounds.

Petroleum Systems of the Hebaochang Gas Field in the Southern of Sichuan Basin, SW China

The Hebaochang gas field is located in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe terrestrial formation of southern Sichuan Basin in China, with at least 374 billion cubic feet (tcf) of proved gas reserves. Because of long-term compression, the reservoirs become mostly tight reservoir with low porosity, low permeability and strong heterogeneity. Furthermore, the contact between gas and water is so complex that there is no uniform gas-water interface. It is unclear for the distribution and physical properties of gas reservoirs and for matching relations between reservoir digenetic evolution and porosity, which hinder the exploration of Xujiahe formation. In this paper, petroleum system has been studied to investigate petroleum accumulation condition and pattern. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The rocks are mainly ash grey-debris-quartz sandstone, ash grey-debris-feldspar quartz sandstone and few feldspar-debris quartz sandstone. The reservoir spaces are mainly remainder intergranular pore and secondary dissolved pore, and it belongs to small pore-thin throat type; (2) Excellent hydrocarbon sources are mainly mudstones and shales from member 1st, member 3rd and member 5th in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe formation. The organic matters mainly consist of I and III types, which are in the late stage of mature to the earlier stage of high mature, so the potential of gas-generation is strong; (3) Reservoirs in member 2nd, member 4th and member 6th of Xujiahe formation produce gas and a little condensate. It is identified that gases mainly come from its coal hydrocarbon source rock and the genesis of natural gas is humus type; (4) Mudstone beds in Jurassic formation are considered as the direct seal for the gas accumulation in Upper Trassic, and the thick mudstones in member 1st, member 3rd and member 5th of Xujiahe formation also as an indirect cap rocks for the reservoir in member 2nd, member 4th and member 6th of Xujiahe formation; (5) Physical property of Xujiahe formation shows that reservoir is so tight that the resistance of natural gas secondary migration is strong, and the buoyancy force is so weak that the driving force of migration is mainly gas expansion. Accumulation pattern of Hebaochang gas field is “near-source gas accumulation-forming model.”

بررسی تأثیر غلظت و نوع ماده هیومیکی بعنوان پیش تیمار بر جوانه زنی و خصوصیات دانهرست های دو رقم تریتیکاله (Triticosecale hexaploide Lart.)

مواد هیومیکی بعنوان بخش فعال مواد آلی موجود در خاک باعث بهبود جوانه زنی، استقرار دانه‏رست و رشد گیاه می‏شوند. به منظور بررسی تأثیر پیش‏ تیمار اسید هیومیک و اسید فلوویک در غلظت‏های مختلف بر خصوصیات مربوط به جوانه‏زنی و رشد دانه‏رست دو رقم تریتیکاله (Triticosecale hexaploide Lart.)، مطالعه‏ای در آزمایشگاه گیاهان ویژه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1388 به صورت فاکتوریل (2×2×4) در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور‏های مورد مطالعه شامل غلظت کاربرد پیش تیمار در چهار سطح (صفر، 10، 50 و 250 میلی لیتر بر لیتر)، دو نوع پیش تیمار (اسید هیومیک و اسید فلوویک) و دو رقم ترتیکاله (ET 79-17 و ET 89-15) بودند. بذور در تمام تیمارها به صد درصد جوانه زنی رسیدند. بر اساس نتایج حاصله بیشترین سرعت جوانه‏زنی، طول ساقه‏چه و ریشه‏اولیه، وزن خشک ساقه‏چه و ریشه ‏اولیه و وزن خشک دانه‏رست در تیمار‏های با غلظت متوسط پیش تیمار (50 میلی لیتر بر لیتر)، پیش تیمار اسید فلوویک و رقم ET 89-15 بدست آمد. بطور کلی، پیش تیمار با اسید هیومیک نیز باعث بهبود معنی‏دار در خصوصیات جوانه‏زنی و دانه‏رست‏های ارقام مختلف تریتیکاله نسبت به شاهد شد.

The effect of forest treefall gap on humus forms in a mixed Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Oriental Beech) forest

Gap formation affects environmental conditions in forest ecosystems. In this study, the effect of forest gap on humus form in a mixed Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Oriental Beech) forest was investigated by comparing the humus forms found in gaps with those in parts of the stand with closed canopies in a temperate mixed forest in northern Iran. In total, 32 gaps were selected from which 160 humus profiles were considered within gaps, and a further 160 within adjacent closed canopies. In each profile, humus forms were determined based on their morphological characteristics. Results indicated that gap significantly affected humus forms. The humus forms in gaps differed significantly from those in adjacent areas of closed stand. Mull order type humus was the most commonly found in the study site (70% of all profiles). The results also showed that forest floor thickness was lower in gaps than in adjacent closed areas. The suborder eumull was the most common in gaps, whereas dysmull was found to be the most common within closed areas.

Monitoring of the humus status of soils of the Ingulets irrigation system

The results of long-term studies (1957–2007) of the changes in the morphology of soil profiles and in the reserves and fractional composition of the humus in the soils of the Ingulets irrigation system are discussed. After 50 years of irrigation, the boundaries of the genetic horizons shifted downward by 15–30 cm. The redistribution of the humus took place: its content decreased to a low level in the plow layer of the irrigated and rainfed soils and significantly increased in the layer of 60–100 cm so that the reserves of humus in the layer of 0–100 cm somewhat increased and corresponded to a moderate level. The distribution of humus in the soil profiles was characterized by the gradual lowering down the soil profile. The concentration of nitrogen in the humus of the irrigated southern chernozems was very low. The degree of humification of the soil organic matter was high. The humus was of the humate type in the upper horizons and of the fulvate-humate type in the lower horizons.

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the Piauí river estuary, Northeast Brazil

Fluorescence spectroscopy and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements were used to characterize the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Piaui River estuary, a tropical estuary situated in the State of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil. Fluorescence intensities were greater during the rainy period than the dry period, demonstrating that variability in the fluorescence properties of the DOM was determined mainly by the fluvial discharge and the dilution processes occurring in the estuary. During the rainy period, tryptophan-like and humic substances were the main components of the DOM, while during the dry period there was a significant increase of protein-like constituents. Relationships identified between fluorescence intensities and salinity were indicative of non-conservative behavior of the fluorescent DOM. DOC showed behavior that was conservative during the dry period, and non-conservative during the rainy period, with production of DOC in the upper reaches of the estuary. The complexation of DOM with Cu(II), studied using the fluorescence suppression technique, showed the complexation potentials of protein, tryptophan and humic type fluorophores.

Assessment of water treatment processes: detailed organic matter characterisation and membrane fouling indices at the Loddon Water Treatment Plant, Victoria, Australia

Recent advances in membrane technology have led to its broad application, and reverse osmosis (RO) systems now represent the fastest growing segment of the desalination market. Its performance is hindered by membrane fouling. In this study pre-treatment methods to reduce RO fouling were investigated including flocculation, adsorption and ion exchange. Detailed organic characterisations were made in terms of florescence spectroscopy excitation emission matrix (EEM), UV254 absorbance and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LCOCD). The different pre-treatment methods were assessed in terms of the fouling potential. This was quantified in terms of the modified fouling index measured using a dead-end cell micro-filtration (MF) unit. The existing pre-treatment of granular activated carbon (GAC) filter led to a good organic removal. Among the pre-treatment methods tested in the laboratory, purolite ion exchange/adsorption was found to be better than FeCl3 flocculation in terms of the amount as well as the wide range of organics removal. A pre-treatment of flocculation with Poly-ferric-silicate (PFSi) as flocculent gave a higher removal of organic matter compared to other pre-treatments tested. DOC was reduced from 11.5 to 4.25 mg/L, and it removed mostly the humic type substances.

Influence of Inundation pattern on the Epigaean ant fauna in a European Floodplain forest complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Inundation of habitats may represent a severe disturbance of epigaean ants in temperate floodplain forests because ants have a limited ability to survive a flood or to save their nests. The epigaean ant community was examined in 30 forest plots of an extended Central European floodplain forest complex. The study comprised forest plots of different inundation frequency but ± homogeneous plots in terms of soil type, humus type, depth of leaf litter, exposition and relief. The ant nest abundance was related to the inundation frequency and coverage of trees using generalized linear models. A total of six ant species was recorded, four of which occurred in large abundances (Myrmica ruginodis Nylander 1846, M rubra Linnaeus 1758, Lasius brunneus Latreille 1798 and L platythorax Seifert 1991). Myrmica ruginodis and M rubra, the most abundant species co-occurred at 50 % of the sites. The coverage of trees did not influence any of these species. The inundation frequency affected only two species, M ruginodis and L platythorax, significantly. The nest abundance of both species decreased with increasing flood frequency. Both M rubra and L brunneus did not show a significant relation to the flood pattern. L brunneus has a primary arboreal way of live but shifts with larger colonies to the stem base in late summer. This behaviour may explain its independence from inundation frequency. In contrast, M rubra shows a high survival rate during inundation and a high re-colonization power after drop of flood pulse compared to all other recorded ant species.

Humus forms, organic matter stocks and carbon fractions in forest soils of northwestern Italy

Humus forms may be the first tool to assess qualitatively organic matter turnover in soils; as such they should be related to the stocks of organic C a soil can store, to the characteristics of organic matter that affect its stability and, more generally, to the factors of soil formation. In this work, we tested these hypotheses in 27 forest soils of northwestern Italy. Site variables representing the pedogenic factors allowed classifying the plots into three clusters, which were significantly different for soil and humus types. The average stocks of organic C in the humic episolum (organic and top mineral horizons) ranged from 2.7 kg m−2 in Eumulls to 9.5 kg m−2 in Amphimulls. A clear trend in C stocks was visible and related both to the increasing presence of organic layers where the environmental conditions do not favour a rapid turnover of organic matter and to the good mixing of organics and minerals in “bio-macrostructured” A horizons. The characteristics of organic matter were also linked to humus forms: The proportion of humified complex substances was the highest in the most active forms, and conversely, non-humified extracted substances formed a considerable part of organic matter only where the environmental conditions limit organic matter degradation. Humus forms seem therefore to reflect several mechanisms of organic matter stabilisation and are clearly related to the capacity of the soil to store C.