Humus Balance Research Articles

Формування гумусного стану та поживного режиму ґрунту під кукурудзу на зерно в сівозміні на зрошенні

The purpose. To determine directions of formation of humus state, nutritive regimen of dark-chestnut soil and productivity of corn for grain at use as fertilizer of collateral products of cultures of crop rotation on the background of different ways, depths of basic cultivation and doses of application of fertilizers in crop rotation at irrigation. Methods. Field, quantitatively-weight, visual, laboratory, calculative-comparative and mathematical-statistical with the use of conventional in Ukraine techniques and methodical recommendations. Results. It is established that after harvesting soya bean (predecessor of corn for grain) on not fertilized background (on alternatives of basic cultivation for soya bean) the mass of collateral products on surface of soil made 2,71–3,05 t/hectare. Calculated indexes of formation of humus testifies to negative balance of humus on not fertilized background in all alternatives of systems of basic soil cultivation with the highest index (– 0,58 t/hectare) at one-deep-seated shallow subsoil cultivation. At use of fertilizers the negative balance of humus also is fixed. The maximum productivity of grain of corn (14,82 t/hectare) is gained in alternative of shallow disk cultivation with slit planting on depth of 38–40 cm in system of differentiated-1 soil cultivation for crop rotation on the background of dose of fertilizers N180P60. On the average for 3 years on the background without importation of fertilizers the level of productivity on alternatives of ways and depths of basic cultivation oscillated from 3,05 t/hectare at subsoil shallow disk cultivation on the background of its long use in crop rotation up to 4,46 t/hectare at system of differentiated-1 soil cultivation with one slit planting on depth of 38–40 cm for crop rotation. Conclusions. At growing corn for grain in crop rotation at irrigation it is expedient to apply disk cultivation on depth of 8–10 cm in system of differentiated cultivation with one slit planting on depth of 38–40 cm during rotation, to use as fertilizer of cormophyte and rooted masses with importation of fertilizers at dose of N180P60.

ОЦІНКА ВПЛИВУ ЗМІН КЛІМАТУ НА АГРОКЛІМАТИЧНІ УМОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ ЛУЧНОЇ ТА СТЕПОВОЇ РОСЛИННОСТІ ПІВНІЧНОГО СТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ

Impact of climate change on the agro climatic conditions of growth, development and productivity of grassland and steppe vegetation in the Ukrainian Steppe is studied for three periods of 2021–2030 years, 2031–2040 years, 2041–2050 years by comparing the multiannual means for the 1961-1990 period. The expected conditions in three periods are calculated under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Three categories of the productivity of grasses, namely potential yield, meteorologically possible yield, practically possible yield, and conditions of forming of leaf surface, rate of photosynthesis and photosynthetic potential, are considered. Under the mean multiannual agricultural meteorology conditions, the potential yield of all dry matter in grass is 385 center/ha. Calculations based on scenarios show, that during two first appraisal periods potential yields will amount to 124–127% from the multiannual mean, and for the third calculation period potential yield will amount to 108% from the multiannual mean. Dry matter in meteorologically possible yield in the first period under both scenarios will be expected at the level of 130–136% of the multiannual mean, relatively fewer one will be expected in the second and third appraisal periods – within the limits of 123–130% from the multiannual mean. The practically possible yield of dry matter in plants, stipulated by natural fertility of soil, will amount to 138% from the multiannual mean in the first period, in the second and third periods such yield will be 123–131%. It is found that under the multiannual mean conditions yield of above-ground mass in steppe vegetation under the standard humidity of 16% is 1,3 t/ha. In scenario periods the potential yields will be expected at the level of 120–123% from the multiannual mean. Calculations showed that under the climate change in the case of realization of scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 the increase of humus balance is assumed in all three appraisal periods. In the first period the increase will reach 136% from the multiannual mean, in the second and third ones the increase will be to 125–130%.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ФОНЕ ИЗВЕСТКОВАНИЯ НА ФРАКЦИОННЫЙ СОСТАВ И БАЛАНС ГУМУСА ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ПОЧВЫ СЕВЕРА

ВЛИЯНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ФОНЕ ИЗВЕСТКОВАНИЯ НА ФРАКЦИОННЫЙ СОСТАВ И БАЛАНС ГУМУСА ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ПОЧВЫ СЕВЕРА

Environmental condition of saline compact soils of the Central Pre-Caucasian region and its sanitation

The main factors determining the change of the ecological situation in the zone of salinized compact chernozems distribution are the hydrological state, waterlogging, water erosion and the use of chemical crop products. In order to prevent further progress in the degradation of these lands, a number of activities are required. The most important task is to ensure the expanded reproduction of soil fertility. Its solution suggests the systematic application of fertilizers. A great advantage on saline soils should be given to organic fertilizers in order to maintain stocks of humus. The value of humus in their composition increases even more due to the fact that it reduces the possible negative impact on plants of some components of the mineral part of the soil, improves its water-physical properties. Humus limits the leaching of nitrogen caused by uncontrolled mineralization, increases the filtering and buffering effect of the soil and groundwater. In the intensive farming system, a deficit-free humus balance can be observed by combining the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. At the same time, the use of higher doses of them leads to pollution of the soil, plants and the environment. Therefore, the use of fertilizers should be carried out taking into account the biological needs of plants and specific soil conditions. On saline soils, due to a significant reduction in plant growth parameters and the biomass formed by them, the removal of nutrients in the composition of the primary and secondary crop significantly decreases. In addition, they are characterized by relatively high osmotic potential, which may further increase due to the application of higher doses of fertilizers. Therefore, in these conditions, moderate and small doses of mineral fertilizers are effective, and they meet the needs of plants and the interests of the soil ecology.

Innovative development of agriculture under using “green growth” indicators

Following the analysis of documents of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and heir own studies, authors have developed a system of environmental indicators to measure «green» growth in Ukrainian agriculture, which makes it possible to evaluate the condition of agriculture very accurately, to identify all issues and problems, and to accelerate transition to «green» growth: global issues — ploughed-up territories, humus balance, nitrogen balance, phosphorus balance, potassium balance; national issues — dynamics of humus content; dynamics of easily hydrolysable nitrogen content; dynamics of movable phosphorus and potassium compound content; local issues — soil acidity, provision of necessary microelements; contamination with toxic metals; pesticide residue content; radionuclide content. The results of the analysis of Ukrainian soils by «green» growth indicators have confirmed that long-lasting intensification and excessive plowing-up have caused a disastrous condition of soils. Major reasons of deterioration of the agronomically important soil properties include insufficient application of organic and mineral fertilisers, water and wind erosion, and over-compaction by high-capacity heavy machinery. A considerable decrease in an application of organic fertilisers and expansion of erosion processes has caused a negative humus balance in 2006–2015. Measures aimed at soil fertility enhancement are to ensure the preservation of soil fertility and the increase of agricultural production efficiency, market saturation with food products and feedstock for the processing industry. First and foremost, the efficiency of measures is evaluated by the humus and nutrient balance indicators in agriculture of every region. The evaluation of soils carried out according to «green» growth indicators has supported the necessity of transition to «green» growth in Ukrainian agriculture. The basis of «green» growth is balanced agricultural production, the efficiency of which is evaluated by the humus and nutrient balance in agriculture of every region. Measures have been suggested for soil fertility recovery, a major precondition for which is the transition to a deficit-free humus and nutrient balance.

Трансформація структури посівних площ, урожайність зернових і стан родючості ґрунтів Черкаської області

The purpose. To investigate the causes and features of transformation of disposition of sown area and change of fertility of plowlands in agrarian and industrial complex of Cherkasy region for the last 50 years. Methods. Statistical: dispersive, correlation, structure of sown area and fertility of plowlands. Results. Transition from planned agriculture to not planned one, when the structure of sown area is developed not for many years, and annually depends on demand on plant growing production in the market of its realization. Decline of cattle-breeding branch in agrarian and industrial complex of Cherkasy region has begun with sharp decrease of livestock of animals. That caused essential decrease in sowings of forage crops in public sector. Therefore perennial grasses petered from the structure of sown area as the guarantor of regeneration of soil fertility. Assessment of parameters of fertility for 2010–2017 testifies to deterioration of general state of fertility of plowlands of agrarian and industrial complex of the region: balance of humus–0,48 t/hectare, NPK =–143 kg/hectare; content of humus stabilized at the level of 3,05–3,06%. As compared to 1961–1970 the content of humus in soils has decreased on 0,21%, dehumification made 0,0038% a year, and concerning 1986–1990 decrease in the content of humus has made 0,14%, or 0,0067% annually. Conclusions. Share of gross yield of grain of summer cereal crops has increased due to increase of areas of sowing and productivity of corn on the background of decrease of areas of sowing of winter and summer grains. In 1986–1990 winter and summer grains were predominant cultures in formation of yield of grain. And in 2013–2017 corn and to lesser degree winter wheat had appeared the predominant cultures.

THE FACTOR OF DEGRADATION AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SOILS OF THE SOUTH STEPHEN OF UKRAINE

The article presents the results of perennial investigations in the field of causes of degradation anddesertification of the irrigated soils of Southern Steppe of Ukraine, scientifically substantiated measuresdirected to decrease of degradation and reconstruction of the soils fertility. The methodological basis ofthe investigations is made up by the modern methods of scientific research: historical, system analysisand approach, economic, statistical, and graphical methods. The natural and anthropogenic factors ofinfluence on the processes of degradation and desertification of the soils are determined. It was proved thatone of the causes of degradation is their natural dryness, which is accompanied by lack of precipitation,negative water balance, and connected with it specific process of soil formation. The measures of the soilfertility conservation are substantiated. The example of practical use of the results of the investigationsin State Enterprise Research Farm «Askaniiske» of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the NAAS isgiven. The developed measures of the soils fertility conservation allow to prevent their degradation, providethe non-deficient balance of humus, increase the efficiency of agricultural activity on the irrigatedlands, improve ecological state of agricultural landscapes, and solve an important state task of providingfood safety as a component of the national safety of Ukraine.

Influence of changes of climate on the productivity of pratal and steppe vegetation in the Forest-steppe area of Ukraine

The influence of the climate change on the agro-climatic growth conditions, development and formation of productivity of meadow and steppe vegetation in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine for three periods has been studied: 2021–2030, 2031–2040, 2041–2050. The calculations of the expected conditions have been performed according to the climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The paper provides an assessment of the agro-climatic conditions for the formation of productivity of meadow and steppe vegetation in the current global warming and further climate change conditions until 2050. The assessment has been performed by comparing the average long-term agro-climatic indicators (1980–2010) of the productivity of wild phytocenoses with the same indicators for the future over decades. The calculations of both average long-term productivity of grasses and productivity of grasses in the conditions of climate change are executed according to four types of productivity: potential productivity which in case of optimum maintenance of plants with heat, moisture and mineral food is defined by solar radiation; meteorologically possible yield, which is provided by the temperature regime and the regime of humidification of the territory; really possible yield capacity, which is provided by the natural fertility of the soil; actual yield capacity in the natural conditions. Key words: meadow, steppe vegetation, productivity, humus balance, photosynthetic potential, agroecological categories of yields, climate change.

Humus content and balance in the soil with different doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation

Purpose. To evaluate direction of content change in humus content and reserves in podzolized hard-loam chernozem of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe with different doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers in short crop rotation against the background of ploughing non-commodity part of the crop. Methods. The research was conducted in crop rotation of experimental field of the Uman National University of with the following alternating crops: winter wheat, corn, spring barley, and soybean. The total humus content in the soil was determined in accordance with the State Standard 4289 and its balance according to Baliuk S. A. et al. (2011) Results. It has been monitored the balance of humus in the soil for 2011–2018 at various doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation. With full mineral fertilizer (N110P60K80) for eight years, the humus content in the 0–20 cm layer of chernozem increased by 10 % compared with the areas with no fertilizers (from 3.71 to 4.09 % on average in four fields of crop rotation). In the soil layer of 20-40 cm, the changes were unreliable. The humus reserves in the 0–20 cm layer of soil have most decreased with no fertilizers and under P60K80 and N110K80 fertilization (by 2.0–4.2 t/ha), and the most increase in humus reserves in this soil layer as compared to the initial level was noted in variants of the experiment with N110P60K80 and N110P60K40 fertilization (by 6.9 and 5.8 t/ha, respectively). Conclusions. The direction of soil formation processes and the level of soil fertility depend on fertilizer types, doses, and ratios. The most humus loss in the soil layer of 0–20 cm occurred in areas with no fertilizers (by 3 %) and in the experiment variant N110K80 (by 4 %). The N55P30K40, N110P30K40, and N110P30K80 fertilizer systems generally provide for the restoration of humus content in soil layer of 0–40 cm, but the most increase in soil humus content was observed in the experiment variant N110P60K80 and N110P60K40 at which humus reserves increased by 6.4–8.1 t/ha. Non-commodity part of the crop in plant mass composition entering the soil after harvesting crops is 47–51 % depending on the fertilizer and is an important source of restoring the humus content.

Efficiency of fertilization systems in the short crop rotation of the Forest-Steppe of the Western Ukraine

The results of the energy assessment of the crop rotation chain in the Forest-Steppe of the Western Ukraine, humus balance in the soil, nitrogen circulation and plant residues are presented. It has been established that all the proposed fertilization systems are effective in terms of energy accumulation. It has been proved that application of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic fertilizers increases Kee values by 1.2 times.
 The results of energy estimation of a crop rotation link in the northern part of Forest Steppe of Ukraine are presented. It is established that effective in terms of the energy accumulation are all the proposed fertilizer systems. It is proved that the application of mineral fertilizers in the combination with organic ones increases Kee indices 1.2 times.

Comparative analysis of humus balance under grain crops and perennial bean cultures of a farmland

Comparative analysis of humus balance under grain crops and perennial bean cultures of a farmland

Параметри вмісту гумусу в чорноземі типовому залежно від агровиробничого використання

The results of the study of the application of fertilizer systems and basic soil tillage on the content and balance of humus in chernozem of the typical right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine are presented. It has been established that the content of humus in chernozem is typical (layer 0-30 cm) for the application of fertilizers in the field crop rotation is within the range of 3.63-4.06% depending on the research options. The highest content of humus in crop rotation was in the version for the organo-mineral fertilizer system, which is 4.06% on the background of shallow, non-polar soil cultivation and has the best effect on the preservation of humus. Application of organo-mineral fertilizer system in the field crop rotation promotes the largest formation of humus + 0.16 t/ha. Mineral fertilizer system is not able to restore the newly created humus in the arable layer of soil.

Ефективність агроекологічних заходів у сівозмінах на зрошуваних землях півдня України

Ефективність агроекологічних заходів у сівозмінах на зрошуваних землях півдня України

QUALITATIVE CONCENTRATION OF HUMUS OF CHESTNUT SOILS CONSIDERING MANY-YEAR FERTILIZING

The results of long-term agrochemical experiments highlight quantitative and qualitative changes in the humus status of chestnut soil when applying organic and mineral fertilizers. When fertilizers were not applied, the initial humus concentration in the soil was reduced and on average reached its minimum level of 0.94 ± 0.03% in the 48th year of research. During the whole period in the unfertilized variant, the soil lost 28.3% of the initial amount of humus, or 11.0 t/ha, with an average annual loss of 228 kg. Kinetic parameters of humus reducing in the soil of the control variant reached k = 0.008 year -1 in rapid manifestation. When mineral fertilizers were applied, the humus concentration was higher than in the control variant and reached 1.17 ± 0.05% by the last date of determination. The reduction rate in the variant of applying mineral fertilizer was k = 0.003 year -1. The average annual inflow of root and stubble residues when applying mineral fertilizes compensated humus losses and stabilized its concentration after 30 years of research. Reducing of humus reserves in the soil revealed in a corresponding reduction of annual losses, which reached 131 kg/ha in the first 16 years, with further decrease of 107 kg/ha in 14 years, followed by their absence and slight decrease in the last 7 years - 41 kg/ha. Deficient and positive balance of humus was provided by the variant with manure application. The humus concnetration in the soil for 48 years of applying fertilizers reached 1.50 ± 0.04% and significantly exceeded the initial concentration. On average, during the research period the soil multiplied its reserves on 5.6 t/ha with an average annual growth rate of 117 kg/ha. Kinetics of humus concentration increase in soil in the variant with manure application had a growth rate constant k = 0.002 per year. Ranking of positive quantitative (S gen, %) and qualitative (HC: FC) changes of humus in soil according to estimation variants in dynamics of perennial series occurs in a row: no fertilizers (0.56 % and 0.75) → complete fertilization NPK (0.69 % and 0.79) → manure (0.86 % and 0.92).

Вплив систем основного обробітку та удобрення на гумусовий стан ґрунту і продуктивність сорго зернового у сівозміні на зрошенні

У статті представлено результати дослідження впливу різних доз внесення мінеральних добрив із загортанням листостеблової маси сільськогосподарських культур сівозміни у ґрунт знаряддями із різною конструкцією робочих органів на гумусовий стан, поживний режим ґрунту й продуктивність сорго зернового. Дослідження проводили у стаціонарному досліді відділу зрошуваного землеробства ІЗЗ НААН України впродовж 2016 – 2018 рр. У сівозміні досліджували п’ять систем основного обробітку ґрунту із різними способами і глибиною розпушування на фоні трьох органо-мінеральних систем удобрення. Встановлено, що під час вирощуванні сорго зернового в умовах Південного Степу України в зернопросапній сівозміні на зрошенні доцільно застосовувати комбінований обробіток (диференційована-1 система обробітку), який поєднує мілке (12–14 см) дискове розпушування із щілюванням на 38–40 см та використовувати на добриво післяжнивні рештки попередника (пшениці озимої) на фоні внесення мінеральних добрив дозою N 90 P 60 , що створює сприятливий поживний режим і формує урожайність зерна, залежно від гідротермічних умов років досліджень, в межах 6,27–8,54 т/га, рівень рентабельності – 210–218 %. Використання на добриво післяжнивних решток (листостеблових і кореневих) сорго зернового (10,27 т/га) у варіанті диференційованої-1 системи основного обробітку забезпечило середньорічний розрахунковий приріст гумусу +1,11 т/га та накопичення у шарі ґрунту 0–40 см N – 49,2 кг/га, P 2 О 5 – 24,6, K 2 О – 59 кг/га.

Баланс гумусу й поживних речовин у грунтах Луганської області та шляхи подолання дефіциту

Баланс гумусу й поживних речовин у грунтах Луганської області та шляхи подолання дефіциту

ВПЛИВ СТРУКТУРИ ПОСІВНИХ ПЛОЩ НА ПРОДУКТИВНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ОРНИХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ПІВДЕННО-ЗАХІДНОГО ЛІСОСТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ

It is indicated on the role of crop rotation in increasing the productive potential of arable land. The output of products by feed and grain units from 1 ha of arable land in crop rotation with different ratios of grains and technical crops on the basis of the achieved level of yield of field crops in the conditions of a particular agrarian enterprise was established. For the conditions of Kitsman-Kelmentsy land evaluation area of Chernivtsi region, the effect of maize (corn, 1 or 2 fields) and sugar beet (1 or 2 fields) on the productivity of 7 fields rotation of cereals and row crops was studied. Humus balance is calculated and the main ways of improving humus conditions in rotation of cereals and row crops are given. The schemes of crop rotation have been established, providing the highest degree of realization of productive potential of arable land.

Defining the measures to rationally manage the sustainable development of agricultural land use

The issue of socio-economic development of rural areas was explored. It was substantiated that the state policy should be aimed at mobilizing labor, financial, material and organizational resources, strengthening the social security of rural population, rehabilitation of social infrastructure, development of entrepreneurship, and maintaining ecological stability. It was proved that within the integrated management of the development of rural areas, the development of the system of local self-government in rural territory communities requires special attention. The factors that led to an unprecedented socio-economic and ecological crisis in agricultural land use were explored. Based on the solution of the optimization problem, the negative trends in the dynamics of key indicators of agricultural production, determined especially clearly on the basis of the results of the correlation data analysis. The obtained mathematical model of the dynamics makes it possible to foresee the consequences of unsustainable management of the development and even to predict the sad ending, unless certain priority factors of management are accepted. The prediction based on such a mathematical model of dynamics can be made by any indicators of agricultural production. It was noted that the modern period of development of land relations in rural areas will be able to satisfy the interests of the peasants only on condition of harmonious combination of economy of different spheres of activity in rural areas, which are reinforced one after another. The innovative approach to ensuring deficit-free balance of humus in soil as a condition for the sustainable development of agricultural land use was substantiated. It was determined that the policy, aimed at the environmental land use stabilization is based on the development of organizational-legal forms of economy of a cooperative type, based on the common share ownership of land plots of land share owners.

Adaptive to organic land use measures to stabilize the quality of soil conditions

The changes in the legislation are considered, the analysis of the state and tendencies of development of organic production in Ukraine is made. A model for the development of organic farming has been formed, which allows us to combine the course of the stabilization and transition periods in time. It was proposed to achieve an extended reproduction of humus during the transitional period through planning and scientifically based crop rotation. It was proposed to automate the process of calculating humus balance in soil in conditions of organic land use by developing a calculator using software.

Агрохімічна оцінка систем удобрення в сівозміні Полісся

The purpose. To determine efficiency of fertilizer systems upon ecological and agrochemical state of soil in crop rotation of Polissia. Methods. Field, agrochemical, mathematical-and-statistical. Results. It is proved that intensity of balance of nutrients and humus completely depends on a share of organic chemistry in fertilizer system. Conclusions. Positive balance of humus (0,73 t/hectare) is observed at organic-and-mineral system (75% of organic and 25% of mineral fertilizers). Organic fertilizer system (dung – 50 t/hectares) ensures mid-annual balance of humus of 0,66 t/hectare. Organic-and-mineral system (50% of organic and 50% of mineral fertilizers) secures the balance of humus in norm of 0,46 t/hectare.