Humulus Japonicus Research Articles

OCCURRENCE OF BEET WESTERN YELLOWS VIRUS IN JAPANESE HOP (HUMULUS SCANDENS) IN CHINA

Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) naturally infects Beta vulgaris, Raphanus sativus, Capsella bursa-pastoris and a number of common weed species. In autumn 2011, Japanese hop [Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr] plants showing mosaic symptoms on young leaves were observed in the West Campus of the China Agricultural University of Beijing (China). Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves and screened by RT-PCR with degenerate primer pairs to detect poty-, potex-, tobamo-, cucumo-, polero- and tospoviruses. A specific RT-PCR product (1,384 bp) was obtained only with polerovirus primers designed to amplify a fragment including the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene, an intergenic non coding region and the coat protein (CP) gene (Zhou et al., 2011). Sequence analysis (GenBank accession No. KC210049) confirmed the presence of BWYV in the analysed samples. The CP gene of the BYWV isolate under study had the highest identity with a BWYV isolate from Inner Mongolia (92.1%) (EU636991) and another BWYV isolate from Beijing (90.6%) (ADR74372.1). whereas the partial RdRp sequence had the highest identity with a BWYV isolate from Beijing (98.3%) (EF051249.1). No RT-PCR products were obtained from healthy plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the natural occurrence of BWYV in H. scandens. As H. scandens is one of the most common weeds in China, management of BWYV in or near sugar beet fields or other crop hosts should include the removal of this weed.

Preference of a Polyphagous Mirid Bug, Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) for Flowering Host Plants

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is one of the most important herbivores in a broad range of cultivated plants, including cotton, cereals, vegetables, and fruit crops in China. In this manuscript, we report on a 6-year long study in which (adult) A. lucorum abundance was recorded on 174 plant species from 39 families from early July to mid-September. Through the study period per year, the proportion of flowering plants exploited by adult A. lucorum was significantly greater than that of non-flowering plants. For a given plant species, A. lucorum adults reached peak abundance at the flowering stage, when the plant had the greatest attraction to the adults. More specifically, mean adult abundance on 26 species of major host plants and their relative standard attraction were 10.3–28.9 times and 9.3–19.5 times higher at flowering stage than during non-flowering periods, respectively. Among all the tested species, A. lucorum adults switched food plants according to the succession of flowering plant species. In early July, A. lucorum adults preferred some plant species in bloom, such as Vigna radiata, Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus and Chrysanthemum coronarium; since late July, adults dispersed into other flowering hosts (e.g. Ricinus communis, Impatiens balsamina, Humulus scandens, Ocimum basilicum, Agastache rugosus and Coriandrum sativum); in early September, they largely migrated to flowering Artemisia spp. (e.g. A. argyi, A. lavandulaefolia, A. annua and A. scoparia). Our findings underscore the important role of flowering plays in the population dynamics and inter-plant migration of this mirid bug. Also, our work helps understand evolutionary aspects of host plant use in polyphagous insects such as A. lucorum, and provides baseline information for the development of sustainable management strategies of this key agricultural pest.

The interspecific competition between Humulus scandens and Alternanthera philoxeroides

Bioinvasion has become a serious environmental problem in the world in general and is considered the second biggest threat to biodiversity. Alternanthera philoxeroides is widely distributed and causes the most serious threat to biodiversity in China. The traditional physical or biological control methods are not effective in controlling the invasion and extension of A. philoxeroides. In the present paper, some physiological characteristics of Humulus scandens and A. philoxeroides were investigated in the field and laboratory. The results showed that H. scandens is more competitive than A. philoxeroides, the competitive rate (CR) of H. scandens against A. philoxeroides was 9.834. Additionally, the leaf, stem, and root biomass of A. philoxeroides decreased significantly when the two species co-occurred. Thus, the invasive abilities of these two invasive plants are different and H. scandens strongly inhibited the growth of A. philoxeroides. Moreover, as an annual herb, H. scandens can be easily eliminated by harvesting before its seeds mature. The result suggests that sowing seeds of H. scandens in the habitats invaded by A. philoxeroides could be an ideal biological control method.

Analysis of allergen variation for 3292 patients with allergic rhinitis

To investigate the variation of common allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in recent 4 years in Tianjin First Center Hospital. The medical records of skin prick test on 3292 patients with allergic rhinitis between 2009 and 2012 were restrospectively analyzed. The changing trend of various allergens in 4 years and distribution differences were compared. The differences of the top 5 allergens in under age group, adult group and different gender group were further analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software. The positive rate of dermatophagoides farinae was increasing year by year, from 45.1% in 2009 to 66.3% in 2012, and the positive rate of dermatophagoides pteronyssinus increased from 42.0% in 2009 to 58.6% in 2012, the difference was statistically significant (χ(2) value was 68.70, 41.55, all P < 0.01). The positive rate of dermatophagoides farinae and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in adult group and male group showed significant upward trend year by year (χ(2) value was 75.85, 69.93, 274.25, 42.62, all P < 0.01), but not in adult group and female group. The positive rate of quinoa, mugwort and humulus scandens decreased year by year between 2009 and 2011(χ(2) value was 22.08, 11.64, 203.19, all P < 0.01), but increased again in 2012(χ(2) value was 21.55, 29.38, 12.40, all P < 0.01). There is a tendency of change of allergens in patients with AR. This phenominon may be helpful for doctors to choose the type of skin prick liquid.

Prevalence of sensitization to weed pollens of Humulus scandens, Artemisia vulgaris, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia in northern China

Weed pollens are common sources of allergens worldwide. The prevalence of weed pollen sensitization is not yet fully known in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sensitization to weed allergens from Artemisia, Ambrosia, and Humulus in northern China. A total of 1144 subjects (aged from 5 to 68 years) visiting our clinic from June to October 2011 underwent intradermal testing using a panel of 25 allergen sources. Subjects with positive skin responses to any pollen were further tested for their serum concentrations of IgE antibodies against Artemisia vulgaris, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Humulus scandens, and against the purified allergens, Art v 1 and Amb a 1. Of 1144 subjects, 170 had positive intradermal reactions to pollen and 144 donated serum for IgE testing. The prevalence of positive intradermal responses to pollens of Artemisia sieversiana, Artemisia annua, A. artemisiifolia, and H. scandens was 11.0%, 10.2%, 3.7%, and 6.6%, respectively. Among the intradermal positive subjects, the prevalence of specific IgE antigens to A. vulgaris was 58.3%, to A. artemisiifolia 14.7%, and to H. scandens 41.0%. The prevalence of specific IgE antigens to the allergen Art v 1 was 46.9%, and to Amb a 1 was 11.2%. The correlation between the presence of IgE antibodies specific to A. vulgaris and to the Art v 1 antigen was very high. Subjects with A. artemisiifolia specific IgE also had A. vulgaris specific IgE, but with relatively high levels of A. vulgaris IgE antibodies. There were no correlations between the presence of IgE antibodies to H. scandens and A. vulgaris or to H. scandens and A. artemisiifolia. The intradermal prevalence of weed pollen sensitization among allergic subjects in northern China is about 13.5%. Correlations of specific IgE antibodies suggest that pollen allergens from Artemisia and Humulus are independent sources for primary sensitization.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids in &lt;i&gt;Humulus scandens&lt;/i&gt; (Lour.)Merr. by UPLC-TQD and HPLC

To qualify and quantify the flavonoids existing in Humulus scandens (Lour.)Merr., a Ultra performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-TQD) method was applied to preliminarily analyze the flavonoids exiting in Humulus. And a High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to analyze the flavonoids existing in Humulus. Flavonoids in methanol extracts of Humulus were cleaned up by a C18 cartridge, separated by a PLASMA ODS column(5μm,250×4.6mm), with a gradient elution of methanol and 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 1 mL•min-1 . Analytes were detected with ultraviolet detector (UV) at 280nm. Flavonoids, including Epicatechin, Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside, Vitexin or Apigenin-7-glucoside, Morin hydrate or Quercetin dehydrate and Luteolin were found in Humulus according to the UPLC-TQD. Results of HPLC analysis showed the linear ranges of 11 flavonoids were 0.1mg•L-1-20mg•L-1 with the correlation coefficient (r) all above 0.9909. Limits of detection (signal/ noise=3) was 100Superscript text μg•L-1. The average recoveries of all the compounds spiked at four levels of 200μg•L-1, 500μg•L-1, 1 mg•L-1 and 1.5 mg•L-1 were in the ranges of 70.8%-112.1%, 74.6%-116.6%, 73.1%-110.6%, 73.7%-99.9%, with the corresponding relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) of 2.5%-5.8%, 0.8%-4.3%, 0.8%-3.7%, 1.7%-3.8%, respectively. This method ,which was proved to be precise, sensitive and reliable, could be applied to analyze flavonoids in leaves.

Potential Species and Character of Wild Diesel Plant in Tianjin

In order to reveal the potentials of unknown and lessknown herbaceous wild plant (potential diesel plant) from saline-alkali wasteland for development biodiesel production, seed and plant samples from 33 species were collected and plant oil content, seed oil content, seed yield per plants and saline-alkali tolerance of the plants were analyzed. The result show that oil content in plants ranged from 1.31-15.01%. Euphorbia heyneana (15.01%) had the highest oil content followed by Ricinus communis (13.9%), Cirsium setosum (12.5%), Euphorbia nutans (11.02%), Cirsiu japonicum (9.27%). About fifty percent species were found have more seed oil content within the range of 21 to 48.5%. Maximum of 48.5% was observed in one wild species of Ricinus communis followed by Euphorbia esula (34.2%), Euphorbia nutans (29.3%), Xanthium sibiricum (28.5%), Euphorbia humifusa (28.1%), Euphorbia heyneana (24.1%), Capsella bursa-pastoris (24%), Suaeda glauca (23.6%), Artemisia argyi (23.5%), Lepidium apetalum (23%). Highest level of seed field per plant was observed in Ricinus communis, Glycine soja and the higher level of seed field was in Humulus scandens, Sonchus oleraceus, Gynura crepidioides, Artemisia argyi, Abutilon theophrasti, Cirsiu japonicum, Inula japonica, Comnyza canadensis. 14 species grew in moderate saline-alkali soil and only one species (Suaeda glauca) was in severe saline-alkali soil. Comprehensive analysis show that most potential herbaceous diesel plants are Ricinus communis, Euphorbia esula, Glycine soja, Gynura crepidioides, Cirsiu japonicum and Artemisia argyi, based on 4 values of oil content in plants, and seed, seed yield per plants and saline-alkali tolerance.

The allergenic potency of Japanese hop pollen is increasing with environmental changes in Korea.

PurposeThe sensitization rate to Japanese Hop (Hop J) in respiratory allergy patients has increased in recent years in Korea. We evaluated changes in the allergenic potency of Hop J pollen collected in 1998 and 2009.MethodsThirty-five patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma were enrolled. Group I included 21 subjects sensitized to Hop J at an initial visit and group II included 14 subjects who developed a new sensitization. Hop J pollens were collected in 1998 and 2009 (98 and 09 extracts) and both urban and suburban environments (urban and suburban extracts). Serum specific IgE levels to Hop J pollen extracts were compared using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgE binding components were compared by IgE immunoblot analysis.ResultsSerum specific IgE levels to the 09 and urban extracts in both groups increased significantly compared to those of the 98 and suburban extracts. IgE immunoblot demonstrated that the major 10 kDa allergen was intensified in group I, while it was newly generated in group II with additional components ranging from 12-95 kDa. When the 98 and 09 extracts were compared, intensification of the major allergen of 09 extract had occurred in both groups. The IgE binding components of the urban extract was stronger than those of suburban one.ConclusionsThe allergenic potency of Hop J pollen may be increased with environmental changes.

Sensitization rates to inhalant allergens in children and adolescents of Incheon and Asan area and the relationship between polysensitization and prevalence of allergic diseases

Purpose: Sensitization to allergens is considered as major mechanism of allergy and related to the development of allergic diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate overall sensitization rates of inhalant allergens and the relationship between polysensitization and prevalence of allergic diseases in children and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study of 122 elementary school students, 114 middle school students, and 115 high school students from Incheon and Asan was conducted by using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISSAC) questionnaire. The skin prick tests were performed with 14 common inhalant allergens on 339 students. Results: The inhalant allergen that has a significantly different sensitization rate according to age was Dermatophagoides farinae. And the inhalant allergen that has significantly different sensitization rate according to region was Japanese hop. In addition, girls have higher sensitization rate to any mold allergens than boys. In case of having sensitization more than two allergens, the risks of diagnosis of asthma and allergic rhinitis on questionnaire were increased. Asthma is related to sensitization of dog or cat and allergic rhinitis is related to sensitization of house dust mites. However, atopic dermatitis is not related to sensitization of any inhalant allergens. Conclusion: The sensitization rates of inhalant allergens may differ among age, gender, and region in children and adolescents of Incheon and Asan area. The polysensitized children and adolescents with inhalant allergens showed higher prevalences of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis on questionnaire than monosensitized group. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 1(1):41-49, 2013)

유기재배 사과과원의 피복작물별 잡초발생

유기 사과과원의 피복작물 선정을 위해 피복작물의 피복율과 시기별 잡초의 발생양상에 대해 조사하였다. 토양의 화학성분은 자연초생구에 비해 들묵새와 화이트클로버가 유기물 함량과 인산 함량이 다소 높게 분석되었다. 피복작물별 잡초 종의 출현은 5월에는 클로버 종류와 청보리, 호밀이 비교적 잡초 종의 출현이 억제되었고 6월에는 호밀이 가장 좋은 효과를 가져왔다. 7월에는 피복율이 낮은 톨페스큐와 켄터키블루그라스에서는 많은 잡초 종이 출현하였다. 유기 사과과원의 발생한 잡초는 총 51종으로 조사되었고 피복율을 높이기 위해서는 피복식물 보다 키가 크고 광엽인 좀명아주, 명아주, 환삼덩굴 등의 봄철 제거가 필요하다. 잡초의 건물중을 측정한 결과 피복율이 가장 낮았던 켄터키블루그라스에서 대조구와 거의 유사한 결과를 보여주었다. 잡초와 토양과의 관계에 대해 CCA로 분석한 결과 1축에서는 토끼풀과 여뀌가 유기물의 함량과 높은 상과관계를 가지며 명아주는 인산의 함량과 상관관계를 가지고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. This study was conducted to select the cover crops in organic apple orchard by estimating the coverage of each cover crops and time-periodic weed occurrence. Seeding of Festuca myuros and Trifolium repens showed high contents of soil organic matter and phosphorus as compared with control. Seeding of Trifolium sp., Hordeum vulgare and Secale cereal reduced relatively occurrence of weed in May and S. cereal among others showed the greatest effect in June. In July, seeding F. arundinaceae and Poa pratensis showed low coverage and a lot of weeds occurred in their field. Fifty one species were occurred as weeds and it needs to removal of high and broadleaf weeds such as Chenopodium ficifolium, C. album var. centrorubru and Humulus japonicus in spring to increase the rate of ground cover. P. pratensis having the lowest cover rate showed the similar dry weight of weeds as compared with control. Trifolium sp. and Persicaria hydropiper had a high correlation with contents of soil organic matter and C. album var. centrorubru had a correlation with contents of soil phosphorus by CCA analysis.

영산강·섬진강 수계 수변구역 매수토지의 관리 현황 및 개선 방안 - 순천시 지역을 중심으로 -

This study observes the purchased lands in riparian areas of Suncheon City region and proposes a reasonable management method. For the study, the site surveying and analysis on the neglected purchased lands is executed, then, based on the site analysis result, the appropriate management method for each neglected purchased land is established. Each management method is approached from the ecological restoration perspective. According to site surveying and analysis of the neglected purchased lands, most of the sites were bare and agricultural lands. The reason for this is thought to be as when purchasing a land, the areas with higher nonpoint source pollution are bought preferentially. As for the dominant species coverage, 26% (<TEX>$364,000m^2$</TEX>) of the total neglected purchased land area in Sucheon City was covered with the dominated species, and for the exotic species coverage, 17% (<TEX>$232,000m^2$</TEX>) of the total neglected purchased land area in Sucheon City was covered with the exotic species. The survey site constituted of five different invasive species such as Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus), Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus), and Evening Primrose (Oenothera odorata). As for the natural succession on site, about 47% of the area showed poor natural succession process. The reason for this outcome is understood as having a lack of appropriate management for purchased lands. Based on the site surveying and analysis, especially the current management state of the and its location, the research site was categorized into preservation, restoration, and improvement sites. During the establishment of the ecological riparian belt, the comprehensive management for preservation, restoration, and improvement of the purchased lands should be executed.

절개사면 녹화지역과 인접 자연지역의 식생 비교

This study was compared to the differences in the habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area in Korea. Plant number in plot of revegetation and nature area was 10.3 and 15.0 taxa, respectively, and coverage was 90.6 and 88.1%, respectively. Revegetation and nature area was very heterogeneous, due to low similarity index (0.38) and less common plants. Festuca arundinacea frequency (56.7%) was highest in revegetation area, and Oplismenus undulatifolius frequency (66.7%) was highest in nature area. Plant appearing of revegetation and nature area was 111 and 136 taxa, respectively. Herb appearing of revegetation and nature areas was 93 (83.3%) and 72 (52.9%) taxa, respectively, tree was 18 (16.2%) and 64 (47.1%) taxa, respectively. Plant communities of revegetation area was classified into Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera amblyantha, Alnus sibirica, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Miscanthus sinensis, Humulus japonicus, Setaria faberii, Rudbeckia bicolor, Pueraria lobata community. Plant communities of nature area was classified into Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Castanea crenata, Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Phyllostachys bambusoides community. Habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area showed a large difference.

Early Season Host Plants of &lt;I&gt;Apolygus lucorum&lt;/I&gt; (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Northern China

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Heteroptera: Miridae) has become a severe pest of cotton and many other crops in northern China as a result of the widespread adoption of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) cotton, with a corresponding reduction of broad-spectrum insecticide application in cotton fields. From the middle of April to middle June, A. lucorum feeds and develops on other host plants before dispersing to cotton fields. Effective suppression of A. lucorum populations before they enter cotton fields may be an excellent strategy for reducing the occurrence and damage of their subsequent generations in cotton fields. For that, basic information about the host plant range of A. lucorum during the early season is needed. Between 2006 and 2010, a total of 94 plant species from 41 families covering 39,956 square meters of land in natural conditions were sampled using the standard white pan beat method. Sixty-six plant species, including 45 weeds, 10 fruit trees, 5 timber trees, 4 pasture crops, and 2 arable crops were found to be hosts of A. lucorum. Among these species, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, Humulus scandens (Loureiro) Merrill, Zizyphus jujuba Miller, Vitis vinifera L., Viciafaba L., and Medicago sativa L. were identified as dominant host species because of their wide distribution and high population densities of A. lucorum. The results of this study provide useful information about the early season host range of A. lucorum, which can be used to develop effective strategies to control the pest before its dispersal to cotton fields.

Correlation between symptoms of pollen allergic rhinitis and pollen grain spreading in summer and autumn

To analyze the correlation between airborne pollen concentrations and symptoms in patients with pollen allergic rhinitis. Durhum sampler was used to collect the pollen concentration and species from June to September in 2011. The clinical skin prick test (SPT) data were analyzed. The patients with pollen allergic rhinitis were divided into pure pollen allergic rhinitis group (pollen group) and pollen combined perennial allergens allergic rhinitis group (combined group). Symptom scores of patients were assessed, and correlation between pollen concentration and onset of symptoms of patients were analyzed. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyse the data. While the peak of Summer-Autumn pollen concentration appeared from August 20 to September 15, the major pollen included Artemisia L, Chenopodium album and Humulus scandens. The peak of pollen concentration in one day reached 638/1000 mm(2). The patients taken SPT from June to September accounted for 51.9% of the patients in whole year, among which SPT pollen positive patients were 1509, 60.7% of all SPT positive patients. The amount and rate of SPT positive patients showed significant correlation with pollen concentration(r value were 0.90 and 0.99, both P < 0.05). Onset of symptoms in two groups was correlated with pollen concentration in Summer-Autumn. Symptoms of cough in combined group showed more severe compared with patients with pollen group (t = 2.36, P < 0.05). Pollen concentration has a major effect on onset of symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Airborne pollen monitoring has important preventive and therapeutic significance on patients with allergic rhinitis.

Sex chromosome differentiation in Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zuccarini, 1846 (Cannabaceae) revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization ofsubtelomericrepeat.

Humulus japonicus Siebold et Zucc (Japanese hop) is a dioecious species of the family Cannabaceae. The chromosome number is 2n = 16 = 14 + XX for females and 2n = 17 = 14 + XY1Y2 for male. To date, no fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) markers have been established for the identification of Humulus japonicus sex chromosomes. In this paper, we report a method for the mitotic and meiotic sex chromosome differentiation in Humulus japonicus by FISH for HJSR, a high copy subtelomeric repeat. The signal is present in the subtelomeric region of one arm of the X chromosome. We demonstrate that males have two Y chromosomes that differ in FISH signal with the HJSR probe. Indeed, the HJSR probe hybridizes to a subtelomeric region on both arms of chromosome Y1 but not of chromosome Y2. The orientation and position of pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1 and PAR2) were also determined.

Responses of Two Invasive Plants Under Various Microclimate Conditions in the Seoul Metropolitan Region

The possible consequences of global warming on plant communities and ecosystems have wide-ranging ramifications. We examined how environmental change affects plant growth as a function of the variations in the microclimate along an urban-suburban climate gradient for two allergy-inducing, invasive plants, Humulus japonicus and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The environmental factors and plant growth responses were measured at two urban sites (Gangbuk and Seongbuk) and two suburban sites (Goyang and Incheon) around Seoul, South Korea. The mean temperatures and CO(2) concentrations differed significantly between the urban (14.8 °C and 439 ppm CO(2)) and suburban (13.0 °C and 427 ppm CO(2)) sites. The soil moisture and nitrogen contents of the suburban sites were higher than those at the urban sites, especially for the Goyang site. The two invasive plants showed significantly higher biomasses and nitrogen contents at the two urban sites. We conducted experiments in a greenhouse to confirm the responses of the plants to increased temperatures, and we found consistently higher growth rates under conditions of higher temperatures. Because we controlled the other factors, the better performance of the two invasive plants appears to be primarily attributable to their responses to temperature. Our study demonstrates that even small temperature changes in the environment can confer significant competitive advantages to invasive species. As habitats become urbanized and warmer, these invasive plants should be able to displace native species, which will adversely affect people living in these areas.

산국과 감국의 자생지 환경특성과 식생 비교

This study compared the differences between the Dendranthema boreale and Dendranthema indicum in their habitat, soil adaptability, species composition and community structure in Korea. More D. boreale distributed than D. indicum to in the place where high elevation and on the surface of low degree slope. Both D. boreale and D. indicum growed well in south-east direction of the slope. The soil pH of D. boreale and D. indicum was 6.1 and 7.1, respectively. Ca, Mg, Na and organic matter content of the soil of D. boreale habitat was significantly lower than that of the D. indicum habitat. There were 102 and 88 taxa, in D. boreale and D. indicum habitat, respectively. Both species generally distributed along with herbs than along with trees. The important species found in D. boreale habitat were Artemisia princeps (57.1%) and Humulus japonicus (33.3%), and the D. indicum habitat were Miscanthus sinensis (42.9%) and Lonicera japonica (38.1%). The D. boreale group was classified into Artemisia princeps, Crepidiastrum denticulatum, Miscanthus sinensis, Humulus japonicus, Pueraria lobata, Lespedeza bicolor, Lonicera japonica and Rubus crataegifolius community. The D. indicum group was classified into Artemisia capillaris, Peucedanum japonicum, Boehmeria pannosa, Pinus thunbergii, Lonicera japonica, Quercus acutissima and Robinia pseudoacacia community. There is a large difference bewteen D. boreale and D. indicum in their habitat, soil adaptability, species composition and community structure.

준설토 파종식물의 생육경향 및 관리방안 연구 -낙동강 14공구 중심으로-

This study was launched to verify the effective composition of plant species and its management program most suited for the dredged soiled area near Nakdong River Site 14. The improvement methods of planting base and the composition of plants such as silver grass, reed, and some colonies in aesthetic effect were studied. To search the management methods to decrease the confining pressure risen from the burried seeds which would consequently harm the previously seeded plants, experimental construction process was measured on the site. The purpose of this experiment was to figure out which part of the improvement on the plant base has the most significant effect for the revegetation of infertile, dredged soil, to verify the easily seeded, developing plants among seeded plants, and finally, to find the restoration model using plants near the dredged soil around riverside. 8 seeded plants and 23 invaded species were appeared which among the emerged plants, development of Aster yomena MAKINO, Lotus corniculatus var. japonica Regel, Trifolium repens L, and Dianthus longicalyx Miq were proved to be brought up well. Difference risen from the seed composition were not noticeable until 150day since the germination was proceeded mainly by Aster yomena MAKINO. The experimental plot with dredging sand+organic fertilizer method of construction and dredging sand+soil conditioner method showed most development while the effect of the plot with only the soil base of dredging sand stayed low. Another important method for the management of infertile, dredged soil base would be the removal of disturbing species which the experiment showed the tied relationship between the removal of disturbing species and development of seeding plants. Although this study was carried out focused on the Nakdong River Project, the study suggests the general management program that the removal of disturbing species such as Humulus japonicus Sieboid & Zucc. and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi in times around rainy season(60days after seedling) would be effective for the easy growth of revegetation plants.

Diversity and Genetic Differentiation of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Species Complex in China Based on mtCOI and cDNA-AFLP Analysis

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci are considered as a taxonomically complex that contained some destructive pests. Two of the most prevalent cryptic species are B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED). In an extensive field survey of the B. tabaci complex present throughout part of China from 2004 to 2007, we obtained 93 samples of B. tabaci from 22 provinces. We determined that these Chinese haplotypes included 2 invasive species (MEAM1 and MED), and 4 indigenous cryptic species (Asia II 1, Asia II 3, China 3 and Asia II 7) by sequencing mitochondrial cytochrome oxidose one gene (mtCOI). The diversity and genetic differentiation of a subset of 19 populations of B. tabaci were studied using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Prior to 2007, MEAM1 was a dominant species in many provinces in China. By 2007, MED was dominant in 11 provinces. Both invasive and indigenous species were simultaneously found in some regions. Indigenous species of B. tabaci were found in six provinces in southern China. MED and MEAM1 have broad ranges of host plants, and indigenous species appeared to have much narrower host ranges. All Asia II 3 samples were found on cotton except one on aubergine. China 3 has more host plants than Asia II 3. Twelve samples of China 3 were collected from sweet potato, Japanese hop, squash and cotton. A total of 677 reproducible bands amplified with 5 AFLP primer combinations were obtained. The highest proportion of polymorphic bands was 98.7% and the lowest was 91.9%. Unweighted pair-group method analysis indicated that the clustering was independent of the different species. MED showed the lowest degree of similarity than the other species. The data indicate that both MEAM1and MED were rapidly established in China.

219 The Revised Edition of Korean Calendar for Allergenic Pollens

BackgroundThe old version of pollen calendar was used until this year in South Korea. That calendar did not reflect current pollen distribution and concentrations that can be influenced by changes in weather and environment. A new pollen calendar of allergenic pollens was made based on the data on pollen concentrations obtained in 8 regions nationwide between 1997 and 2009 in South Korea.MethodsThe distribution of pollen grains was assessed every day at 8 areas (Seoul, Guri, Busan, Daegu, Jeonju, Kwangju, Kangneung, and Jeju) nationwide for 12 years between July 1, 1997 and June 30, 2009. Pollen were collected by using Burkard 7-day sampler (Burkard manufacturing Co Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK), and the collected pollens were sent every week to Hanyang Guri Hospital. Then pollens were strained with Calberla's fuchsin staining solution and were identified. The number of pollen grains per m3 was calculated.ResultsAlder, birch and Japanese cedar started to appear in February. Japanese cedar showed a highest pollen concentration in Jeju. Pine became the highest pollen in May, and the pollen concentrations of oak and birch also became high. Common ragweed appeared in the middle of August and showed the highest pollen concentration in the middles of September. Japanese hop showed a high concentration between the middle of August and the end of September, and mugwort appeared in the middles of August and its concentration increased up until early September. Birch appeared earlier in Kangneung, and pine showed a higher pollen concentration than in the other areas. In Daegu, Oriental thuja, alder and juniper produced a large concentration of pollens. Pine produced a large concentration of pollens between the middle of April and the end of May. Weeds showed higher concentrations in September and mugwort appeared earlier than common ragweed. In Busan where is the southeast city, the time of flowering is relatively early, and alder and Oriental thuja appeared earliest among all areas. In Kwangju, Oriental thuja and hazelnut appeared in early February. In Jeju which is the end of southern island, Japanese cedar showed a higher pollen concentration than the other areasConclusionsNew information on pollen distributions and concentrations should be provided for the general publics or allergic patients through the website in order to prevent the occurrence of pollinosis.