Humidity Regimes Research Articles

Thermal regime for convective drying products

In the work, the specified features of the temperature regime in the drying chamber showed that when the coolant moves in the chamber, both the temperature and humidity regime of the air and the temperature and drying rate of the product change, and the drying rate is almost proportional to the increase in air humidity. Based on the studies carried out, simplifications were obtained in describing the drying process, which makes it possible to more reasonably carry out engineering calculations in the design of the dryer, in particular, to set the input and output air humidity, to determine the length (or height) of the drying chamber.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СПЕЦИФИЧЕСКОГО РЕЖИМА СНЕЖНЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ НА ВЕЧНОМЁРЗЛЫE ОСНОВАНИЯ В ГОРОДАХ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НОРИЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА)

With increasing snowfalls and rising winter temperatures in the Arctic regions of Russia (against the background of almost the same summer values), the role of solid precipitation in the formation of the temperature and humidity regimes of seasonally thawed and upper horizons of permafrost grounds becomes extremely important. No regular observations of snow accumulation in built-up areas were conducted in the Arctic settlements. This article presents for the first time the results of snow measurements in urbanized areas of the Norilsk region, and assesses the warming effect of snow cover on the permafrost grounds and foundations. The problems that arise during the mechanical redistribution of snow are identified. In some areas the thickness of the snow cover (near the city of Norilsk) by the end of March can reach 200 cm; in February, the average monthly value for the last 15 years amounts 69 cm, and in the city the height of snow dumps ranges from 2 to 5 m. The warming effect of snow cover on the permafrost layer enhances as the snow height increases from 0 to 2–2.5 m, and then remains unchanged. Large masses of snow existing for many decades in almost the same places (together with the snow drifts of the air from the ventilated subfields) result in the development of degradation tendencies within the permafrost. A slight temperature rise was noted in grounds under 30–40% of the operated objects (as compared with the design values), which causes deformation of the structures.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНО-ВЛАЖНОСТНОГО РЕЖИМА ЗАГЛУБЛЕННЫХ ОБЪЕМОВ НА СОХРАННОСТЬ ПАМЯТНИКОВ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ С МОНУМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ЖИВОПИСЬЮ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СПАСО-ПРЕОБРАЖЕНСКОГО ХРАМА ГОРОДА ПОЛОЦКА

The heat and humidity regime of the buried parts can be essential, and sometimes crucial, for the normalization of the microclimate of the entire monument. The experience of thermophysical studies in church architectural monuments shows a wide range of factors that determine the impact of the temperature and humidity regime of the buried volumes on the formation of conditions for the preservation of the monument as a whole. Currently, the Climate Laboratory of Museums and Architectural Monuments of GOSNIIR conducts research on this problem in order to create a methodology for studying and normalizing the heat and humidity regime of the aboveground and underground parts of the building as a whole to develop design and technological approaches to optimizing the conditions for the preservation of the monument. The article considers a practical example of providing heat and humidity conditions for the preservation of a monument with monumental painting.

Investigation of the humidity regime of multilayer enclosing structures of buildings and structures

The article describes an approximate analytical method for calculating the moisture regime of multilayer building envelope structures. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the use an analytical dependence for determination the position of the flatness possible condensation, obtained as a result of studying the function which is the difference between the partial pressures of water vapor in the considered section the enclosing structure and the partial pressure of saturated water vapor at the extremum. The article presents the results of calculating the moisture regime of the outer wall of a residential building under construction in Samara using monolithic sandless expanded clay blocks with a density equal to 600 kg/m3. The calculation showed that during the heating period the coordinate of flatness of possible condensation in sandless expanded clay concrete, measured from the inner surface of the wall moves from 0.444 m to 0.5 m. The made assessment of moisture accumulation in the considered outer wall, both for the annual period of operation of the building, and for the period of months with negative temperatures, showed compliance with the regulatory requirements for heated rooms.

FORECASTING OF SPRING WHEAT YIELD BY METEOROLOGICAL INDICATORS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TETYUSHSKY DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

The relationship between the spring wheat yield in the Tetyushsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan and meteorological parameters characterizing the temperature and humidity regime in the 50-year period 1970-2019 is considered. A multiple regression equation is obtained, where the predictors are the yield of spring wheat, and the predictors are the average precipitation for may-June, the average amount of precipitation for the growing season (may-August), precipitation for the year and June, air temperature for June, and the average air temperature for the period may-June. Correlations were found between individual meteorological parameters, as well as between the actual yield and meteorological indicators. It is shown that meteorological conditions (precipitation and air temperature) of the spring-summer period (may-June) have the greatest impact on the crop. Analysis of the regression equations showed that there is a satisfactory agreement between the actual and calculated data on spring wheat yield, which allows using them for predictive purposes.

Áreas geográficas susceptibles a Fusarium oxysporum en el cultivo de fresa en Guanajuato, México

Fusarium oxysporumes el hongo más frecuente del complejo de especies que conforman la enfermedad conocida como secadera de la fresa. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la idoneidad ambiental que propicia la incidencia de este hongo. Setomaron muestras en174 unidades de producción de fresaen el estado de Guanajuato México, para determinar la presencia de F. oxysporum mediante caracterización morfológicade la planta.Con los casos positivos se evaluó la idoneidad ambiental con el algoritmo de máxima entropía (MaxEnt) utilizando22 variables bioclimáticas como predictores. Se encontró que en una superficie de total de 174.580 ha, existen las condiciones climáticas para propiciar la incidencia de F. oxysporum. Las variables climáticas que principalmente propician esta incidencia sonelcuatrimestre más cálido (31%),elrégimen de humedad (26%) ylaaltitudde la zona(18%).

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND ASCORBIC ACID IN FRUIT OF THE VENIAMINOVSKOYE APPLE VARIETY

The results of the study of the effect of different doses of nitrogen and potash fertilizers applied to the soil and used as foliar feeding on the content of soluble solids and ascorbic acid in fruits of the scab-immune apple variety Venyaminovskoe are presented. The experimental orchard was planted in 2013. The planting density of trees is 6 × 3 m. Annual fertilization in the field experiment was applied since 2015. The experience is based on the application of increasing doses of nitrogen and potash fertilizers in combination with foliar fertilization with these elements and without them. As a result of the conducted research (2017–2019), it was found that the most significant factor affecting the content of soluble solids and ascorbic acid is the weather conditions of the growing season: a significant increase in soluble solids and a decrease in the concentration of ascorbic acid in a year with an optimal temperature and humidity regime during the fruit ripening period in August was revealed. The accumulation of ascorbic acid in fruits was favourably affected by the weather conditions of 2017, when there was an excess of precipitation in August. Significantly higher (30–80% higher than the control without fertilization) content of ascorbic acid in apples contributed to the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in the soil at a dose of N 90 K 120 for three years. Soil and foliar application of nitrogen and potash fertilizers did not have a significant impact on the content of soluble solids in fruits of Venyaminovskoe apple variety.

Conditions and terms of storage of confectionery products

The article discusses the conditions and terms of storage of confectionery products. The purpose of this article is to compare the temperature and humidity storage conditions of different types of confectionery products regulated in various legal documents, as well as to identify criteria for the end of the shelf life of certain classification subgroups. It is established that the majority of sugar and flour-based confectionery products, except for cakes and pastries, as well as roll cakes, belong to the group with a moderate temperature and humidity regime (temperature-18±3°C with relative humidity — no more than 75%). Only cakes and pastries with creams and fruit trimmings belong to the group of refrigerated goods. The result of this work is also determining the criteria for limiting shelf life or storage for different subgroups, types and varieties of confectionery products.

A gas-to-particle conversion mechanism helps to explain atmospheric particle formation through clustering of iodine oxides

Emitted from the oceans, iodine-bearing molecules are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and a source of new atmospheric aerosol particles of potentially global significance. However, its inclusion in atmospheric models is hindered by a lack of understanding of the first steps of the photochemical gas-to-particle conversion mechanism. Our laboratory results show that under a high humidity and low HOx regime, the recently proposed nucleating molecule (iodic acid, HOIO2) does not form rapidly enough, and gas-to-particle conversion proceeds by clustering of iodine oxides (IxOy), albeit at slower rates than under dryer conditions. Moreover, we show experimentally that gas-phase HOIO2 is not necessary for the formation of HOIO2-containing particles. These insights help to explain new particle formation in the relatively dry polar regions and, more generally, provide for the first time a thermochemically feasible molecular mechanism from ocean iodine emissions to atmospheric particles that is currently missing in model calculations of aerosol radiative forcing.

ДОЛГОПЕРИОДНАЯ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ В АКВАТОРИИ КАСПИЙСКОГО МОРЯ. ЧАСТЬ 2: АНАЛИЗ

The second part of the paper presents a phenomenological analysis of the relationships of long-term variability of various hydrometeorological parameters in the Caspian Sea in the period 1948–2017. It is shown that under annual averaging the North-Eastern wind regime prevails over the sea basin, but the major portion of heat advection into the region is provided by zonal (Eastern) transport. Periods of warming/cooling are associated with a weakening/ strengthening of the Eastern transport. The time lag between the change of dynamic and thermal (as well as humidity) regimes is about 10–12 years. Specific humidity is positively correlated with air temperature and decreases/increases during periods of cooling/warming. In contrast, relative humidity and precipitation rates are negatively correlated with air temperature. Periods of intensification of Eastern transport (and, consequently, cooling) over the Caspian Sea coincide with a situation when the NAO index decreases to negative or zero values, and the EAWR index is significantly positive. Easing of the Eastern transport (and warming) occurs during a period of sharp strengthening of the NAO at strongly negative values of the EAWR index.

Climate as a possible driver of gall morphology in the chestnut pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus across Spanish invaded areas.

The alien cynipid wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 is a serious pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.) in Japan, North America and Europe, causing fruit losses while inducing galls in buds. While D. kuriphilus galls have a recognizable and roughly invariable globular shape, their size varies, reaching up to 4 cm in diameter. Among other factors, such variation may depend on different climatic conditions in different attacked areas. Here, we sampled and measured 375 D. kuriphilus galls from 25 localities throughout the Iberian Peninsula, including both cold and rainy northern (Eurosiberian) areas and warm and dry central-southern (Mediterranean) areas, to test the effects of climate and geographical location on gall morphology. The analyses indicate that gall mass and volume follow a pattern that can be associated with a climatic cline. In particular, the Eurosiberian galls were smaller than the Mediterranean galls according to differences in climatic conditions. In the southern areas, the greater insolation regime does not allow the chestnut trees to be distributed at lower altitudes, but the high rainfall and humidity regime of the mountain enclaves allow their presence. These conditions of insolation and precipitation seem to influence the morphological characteristics of the galls of D. kuriphilus.

Flowering phenology of a widespread perennial herb shows contrasting responses to global warming between humid and non‐humid regions

Abstract Plant phenology was assessed as one of the most key Essential Biodiversity Variables on species functional traits, which underpins a variety of aspects of ecosystem function and is a vital determinant of species distribution. Flowering phenology is one of the most sensitive indicators of the effects of recent climatic change. Understanding of intraspecific variation in phenological responses to climate change can contribute to the accurate prediction of phenology and the assessment of potential impacts of climate change on organisms. However, this intraspecific variation in phenological sensitivity in natural systems is still unclear, especially at large spatial scales. Using the widespread perennial herb Spiranthes sinensis, we quantified intraspecific variation in phenological responses to warming among groups located along climatic gradients. Phenological data were derived from 1,681 collections of herbarium specimens and photographs across eastern Asia and southeastern Australia over the period 1902–2017 and spans eight humid and eight non‐humid regions. We found that peak flowering dates of Spiranthe sinensis (FLss) showed substantial intraspecific variation in temperature sensitivity, ranging from −5.16 ± 1.13 to 4.16 ± 0.90 days/°C. Across all 16 regions, FLss exhibited the strongest delayed response to warming in southeastern Australia. Temperature sensitivity of the FLss was significantly correlated with annual precipitation and aridity index of a region, suggesting a possible role of declined water availability in reducing temperature sensitivity. Notably, contrasting phenological responses to warming were found between collections with different humidity regimes: humid regions generally flowered earlier (M: −3.57 days/°C) and non‐humid regions exhibited slightly delayed flowering (M: 1.25 days/°C). These findings provide empirical evidence of substantial intraspecific variation in phenological sensitivity across large spatial scales, and highlights that soil water availability may play a key role in a warming planet, especially in non‐humid regions.

STUDY THE OPTIMAL THICKNESS OF BUILDING ENVELOPES

In this paper, the main provisions and results of the study of the optimal thickness of the building envelope are considered. It is also necessary that the tightness of the enclosing structure does not allow overcooling of the room and does not violate the heat-shielding properties of the building. Wetting of fences reduces the durability of structures, increases heat loss, creates humidity in the room, therefore it is stipulated that the fences must have a normal humidity regime.

Novel desiccant-based very low humidity indicator for condition monitoring in miniaturized hermetic packages of active implants

Hermetic packaging is a suitable means to achieve long lifetime for implantable medical devices. In order to determine the time to failure of the hermetic packages, the prediction of lifetime by helium leakage measurements prior to implantation is state of the art. However, these methods are not applicable to packages with very small internal cavity volumes, as these established methods reach their resolution limits in this case. In these packages, even the smallest amounts of water can lead to corrosion or short circuits and thus to a malfunctioning system with unexpected behavior. Online monitoring of humidity offers the advantage that critical conditions are detected before a failure occurs. A typical maximum limit is 5000 ppm water vapor inside the package, which corresponds to a relative humidity of around 8.1 %RH at 37 °C. This paper presents the design and implementation of capacitive micromachined humidity detectors with a desiccant-based dielectric in different designs. These allow the electrical detection of moisture absorption, especially in the very low humidity regime ≤ 8 %RH. For this humidity range design-dependent sensitivities of 0.08 pF/%RH and 0.25 pF/%RH were achieved. Presented sensor devices facilitate active monitoring of current moisture content in the package cavity and at the same time provide a buffer for ingressing moisture, thus increasing the overall lifetime of the system. The current sensors are designed for miniaturized active medical implants, but can also be transferred to distributed sensors in harsh environments for Internet of Things applications or machine condition monitoring in Industry 4.0 scenarios.

Molecular Modeling and Dynamics Studies of Hexanal Release from Polyvinyl alcohol - Cyclodextrin Nano-fiber Composite for Extending Shelf-life of Mango

Postharvest losses are huge in fruits that can be reduced by exposing themto a biomolecule hexanal, which is known to alter the physiological changesresulting in an extension of shelf-life. Hexanal is a highly volatile compound,it is naturally produced by plants. Its external application extends shelf-life offruits during storage by inhibiting phospholipase –D enzyme in the cell wall.A study was undertaken to examine the kinetics of hexanal release from thepolyvinyl alcohol – β cyclodextrin encapsulated nanofiber composite using amolecular modeling approach. The present study focussed on the analysisof the influence of relative humidity and temperature on the nanofibercomposite to release hexanal. The release and retention behavior of hexanalwas investigated with the relative humidity range of 50%- 95% at 27°C and33°C. The molecular modeling studies have confirmed that the hexanal vaporrelease is altered with humidity and temperature regimes. This can be usedfor the fabrication of a delivery system for hexanal in extending the shelf-lifeof fruits in storage godowns.

Influence of synthetic and natural fungicides, environmental and physiological factors on the uredospore germination of the pathogen causing rust disease in cowpea

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Is one of the most important pulse crops in Karnataka. Rust disease caused by Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae (Barclay) Arthur is a major threat for its cultivation causing severe yield loss. Among the six fungicides and ten botanicals, maximum per cent inhibition of germination of uredospores was observed at 50ppm in propiconazole 25%EC (78.87%), followed by hexaconazole 5% EC (77.37%). Whereas, least per cent inhibition of uredospores germination was recorded in treatment with tebuconazole 25% EC at 10ppm (67.17%) followed by difenconazole 25% EC (75.70%). Among different botanicals neem extract at 7.5%showed highest inhibition of 68.06%, however, ginger extract at 2.5% recorded least uredospore germination of 26.10%. Inorder to know optimum temperature and relative humidity for Uredininospore germination, an experiment was conducted under at temperature between 5-35 oC and relative humidity regimes ranging between 0-100%. The maximum per cent of uredopsores germination (80.50%)was recorded at 20°C. however germination did not occur at 0°C and 35°C. When the relative humidity was 100 per cent the per cent germination of uredospores was 83.67 per cent which was maximum. No germination occured at zero per cent relative humidity. Different nitrogen and Carbon sources were tested at three different concentrations to study the influence of physiological factors on uredinospore germination. Highest germination was recorded in sucrose at 1.5% (36.10%), whereas in case of 0.5% mannitol least germination (15.60%) was obtained. Among the nitrogen sources KNO3 at 1.5% concentration showed maximum germination of 68.07%, least germination was recorded in NaNO3 at 0.5% with 18.07% germination.

Temperature affected the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas in Populus angustifolia seedlings more than a mild drought

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants and fungi associate with lower soil organic matter, higher pH, lower phosphorus and higher nitrogen than ectomycorrhizal (EM) ones. However, soil conditions correlate with climatic factors, and we suggest that temperature and humidity have also direct roles in the success of mycorrhiza types. The hypothesis here is that EM perform better at low temperatures than AM, and AM resist drought better than EM.Narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia E. James) forms both AM and EM. We grew seedlings in soil at 14, 20 and 26 °C in factorial combinations with adequate watering and a cyclic mild drought for 4 and 7 weeks.As hypothesized, the percent of EM root tips was largest at 14 °C, while the proportional root length with AM was largest at the two higher temperatures. However, unlike expectations, drought increased EM formation slightly, while the AM colonization was lower in the dry treatment. Plant growth was reduced more by low temperature than drought. Root branching was more prominent at low temperature and root length and mass growth at higher temperatures.Soil nutrient availability did not provide a direct explanation to the results, as both soluble soil N and P were the same in 14 and 20 °C, while the change in mycorrhiza colonization took place between these temperatures. Differences in root morphology (root branching vs length) may affect the proportions of the mycorrhiza types at different temperature regimes. The most likely explanation to the differential colonization is that temperature affects AM and EM fungi in a different way. In nature, temperature and humidity regimes are tightly correlated, and temperature as such may be a stronger determinant for the success of mycorrhiza types than has been previously considered. The poorer performance of AM in low-temperature and drought conditions may reflect stress avoidance rather than stress tolerance by AM fungi.

Effects of photoperiod and relative humidity on diapause termination and post-winter development of Rhagoletis cerasi pupae.

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a univoltine species that undergoes obligatory summer-winter diapause at pupal stage in the soil (2-5 cm) beneath host trees. To study the effects of photoperiod and relative humidity on diapause termination and post-winter developmental duration of R. cerasi, pupae collected from Dossenheim (Germany) were exposed to different photoperiod or relative humidity regimes during a chilling period ranging from 2 to 8.5 months. Specifically, pupae were exposed to four photoperiod regimes: (a) light conditions (24L:00D), (b) dark conditions (00L:24D), (c) short photoperiod (08L:16D) and (d) long photoperiod (16L:08D), as well as to three relative humidity regimes: (a) low (40% RH), (b) medium (60% RH) and (c) high (70-80% RH). Data revealed that relative humidity is not a significant predictor of diapause termination, but it affects the post-winter developmental period. Higher relative humidity promotes post-winter pupae development. On the other hand, photoperiod significantly affected both diapause termination and post-winter development of R. cerasi pupae. Light conditions (24L:00D) accelerate adult emergence, particularly for females. Regardless of the photoperiod (24L:00D, 00L:24D, 08L:16D), rates of adult emergence were high (>75%) for chilling intervals longer than 6.5 months. Nonetheless, exposure to a long day photoperiod (16L:08D), during chilling, dramatically reduced the proportion of adult emergence following 6 months exposure to chilling. Our findings broaden the understanding of factors regulating diapause responses in European cherry fruit fly, local adaptation and synchronization of adult emergence with the ripening period of major hosts.

The day-to-day co-variability between mineral dust and cloud glaciation: a proxy for heterogeneous freezing

Abstract. To estimate the global co-variability between mineral dust aerosol and cloud glaciation, we combined an aerosol model reanalysis with satellite retrievals of cloud thermodynamic phase. We used the CALIPSO-GOCCP product from the A-Train satellite constellation to assess whether clouds are composed of liquid or ice and the MACC reanalysis to estimate the dust mixing ratio in the atmosphere. Night-time retrievals within a temperature range from +3 to −42 ∘C for the period 2007–2010 were included. The results confirm that the cloud thermodynamic phase is highly dependent on temperature and latitude. However, at middle and high latitudes, at equal temperature and within narrow constraints for humidity and static stability, the average frequency of fully glaciated clouds increases by +5 to +10 % for higher mineral dust mixing ratios. The discrimination between humidity and stability regimes reduced the confounding influence of meteorology on the observed relationship between dust and cloud ice. Furthermore, for days with similar mixing ratios of mineral dust, the cloud ice occurrence frequency in the Northern Hemisphere was found to be higher than in the Southern Hemisphere at −30 ∘C but lower at −15 ∘C. This contrast may suggest a difference in the susceptibility of cloud glaciation to the presence of dust. Based on previous studies, the differences at −15 ∘C could be explained by higher feldspar fractions in the Southern Hemisphere, while the higher freezing efficiency of clay minerals in the Northern Hemisphere may explain the differences at −30 ∘C.

Impact of air born technogenic pollution on agricultural soils depending on prevailing winds in Polissya region (NW Ukraine)

The article presents the results of the research on air born technogenic pollution of agrolandscapes as a result of the receipt of non-localized inorganic dust from several industrial enterprises, which are concentrated in a small area (for example, the eastern industrial facilities in Zhytomyr). It has been stated that the activity of these enterprises involves the formation of dust containing high concentrations of Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu. Thus, the article shows the concentration levels of dust in the air at different distances from the source of emission. The role of wind characteristics in dissipation of pollutants within the limits of the given territory is determined. It is proved that dust pollution of the territory causes changes in soil texture. The increase in the fraction of the coarse dust is observed at the distance of up to 250 m, of the medium dust – up to 400 m, of the fine dust – up to 600 m, the content of the smallest fractions increases from 50 and is kept to a height of up to 750 m. Such soil composition near the eastern industrial site possesses a high soil permeability, poor water retention and absorption properties, low water resistance and buffering of pollutants, etc. Therefore, as a result of the redistribution of soil fractions, changes in the humidity regime and humus accumulation occur. It was revealed that the greatest danger in the immediate proximity to the industrial facilities is the formation of copper compounds that comes in coarse dust particles, its highest concentrations are noted in the 1-km zone, where the significant variability of pollution is noted – from 1 to 5 maximum permissible concentration, which determines by the role of wind streams in creating a general picture of pollution. All other investigated groups of pollutants – zinc, lead and manganese compounds – create a hazard in more distant areas, due to their receipt as a fine particle fraction of dust. The loss of these compounds is also marked by variability and heterogeneity within the studied area, which we also associate with variables of wind characteristics. It is these groups of compounds that create the greatest danger for the well-being of agroecosystems surrounding the area of the industrial facilities.