Humid Climate Regions Research Articles

How realistic are multi-decadal reconstructions of GRACE-like total water storage anomalies?

Reconstructions allow us to extend the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) data record into the past and bridge the one-year gap between GRACE and its successor, GRACE-FO (Follow on). Reconstructed total water storage anomalies (TWSA) are obtained by identifying relations between GRACE-derived TWSA and climate variables via statistical and machine learning techniques. However, a comparative analysis of the characteristics and realism of reconstructions is missing.In this contribution, we close this gap by comparing three global reconstructions by Humphrey and Gudmundsson (2019), Li et al. (2021) and Chandanpurkar et al. (2022) mutually and against output from the Water Global Analysis and Prognosis (WaterGAP) hydrological model from 1979 onwards, against large-scale mass-change derived from geodetic satellite laser ranging (SLR) from 1992 onwards, and finally against differing GRACE and GRACE-FO solutions from 2002 onwards. The reconstructions vary regarding design and trained GRACE solution.Reconstructions recover the TWSA signal for humid climate regions but disagree for arid climate regions, which is evident on the inter-annual timescales. At seasonal and sub-seasonal timescales, the reconstructions agree surprisingly well in many regions. Our comparison against independent SLR data reveals that reconstructions (only) partially succeed in representing anomalous TWSA for areas that are influenced by significant climate modes such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Subjective evaluation of thermal comfort of tropically acclimatized subjects in air conditioned, naturally ventilated and radiant cooling environments

The thermal sensation of people is subjective. It depends on the external climatic condition and thermal history of a person. Thermal comfort standards suggest a narrow temperature range to assert an environment as comfortable or otherwise. It is important to evaluate people’s thermal perception in different climatic regions and set comfort limits based on their thermal perception. This study evaluates the thermal perception of subjects in hot and humid climatic regions at higher indoor temperatures and air velocities. Three different thermal environments chosen for the study are air conditioned (AC), naturally ventilated (NV), and radiant cooling (RC) thermal environments. The study shows that more than 80% of subjects voted as comfortable in AC and RC thermal environments for the measured Top and va range of 25.3 – 28.4℃/0.1 – 0.3m/s and 25.9 – 29.1℃/0.1 – 0.9m/s respectively. The findings gathered from the study in NV environment indicate that 68% of subjects opt for the use of table fans over ceiling fans. The subjects' free control of air movement improves their thermal sensation over no control of air movement, indicating that they prefer table fans and free control of air movement. In AC, NV, and RC thermal environments, humidity and air quality remain uncontrolled. In AC and RC thermal environments, less than 20% of subjects voted unacceptable for the humidity sensation and Perceived air quality (PAQ) scales in nearly all the studied experimental conditions. In NV thermal environment, the percentage of subjects voting dissatisfied on the humidity sensation scale and PAQ scale is 30-52% and 26-37%, respectively. This outcome shows that a thermally comfortable environment with air movement improves subjects' humidity sensation and PAQ even when humidity and air quality are unaltered. The study points out that air velocity played a vital role in influencing the thermal sensation, humidity sensation and perceived air quality of subjects in the three studied thermal environments. Further the study shows that with free control of air movement will significantly aid in rising the comfort temperature band of tropically acclimatized subjects. Practical application The study shows the variation in limits of thermal comfort indices such as operative temperature and air velocity for tropically acclimatized subjects in three thermal environments. The same group of subjects participated in the subject study conducted in air conditioned, naturally ventilated and radiant cooling thermal environments. The outcomes indicate that subjects are comfortable at higher indoor temperature and air velocity. Further the outcomes showed that the humidity and air quality sensation of subjects is influenced by the subjects’ thermal sensation and air velocity.

A simulation-based performance evaluation of new generation dynamic shading devices with multi-objective optimization

Shading devices are the integrated components of building envelopes, which are designed to protect interiors from the excessive amount of direct and indirect solar radiation. Blocking the sunlight, these devices reduce the operational cost of cooling systems, which implies an inverse proportionality between the cooling energy consumption and desired thermal comfort. Therefore, in this study, a unique design for dynamic shading devices of an office building, located in the hot and humid climatic region, is proposed and presented from the early stages of the architectural design process. Above all, an innovative parametric model is created using the Grasshopper algorithmic modeling environment with the Honeybee and Ladybug plug-ins to overcome all difficulties of the manual design process. By employing the optimization plug-in of the Grasshopper software named Octopus, a performance evaluation based multi-objective optimization (MOO) method is introduced to find different cell dimensions of the devices for various orientations, south, east and west, of the office building. This research also investigates the potential of the proposed shading devices based on two major performance aspects, reducing the cooling load while increasing the thermal comfort of the office building, located at Bayrakli, Izmir, Turkey, latitude: 38° 27′ 44.00″ N and longitude: 27° 10′ 0.00″ E. The lowest cooling energy consumption is estimated as 8.35 kWh for 22nd of July 12:00 a.m. for the west orientation with the dimension of 100 × 100 cm, among other cell dimensions, which are 50 × 200 cm and 200 × 50 cm. The novelty lies behind the optimization of the conflicting performance features and the design of the new generation dynamic shading devices which would shed light on new shading device era.

Drought stress and its characteristics in China from 2001 to 2020 considering vegetation response and drought creep effect

Study areaChina Study focusDrought is an extremely serious disaster, typically characterized by slow onset, long duration, and cumulative impacts on multifaceted aspects. Developing a combined index that integrates its various characteristics can help deepen our understanding of drought evolution and provide accurate references for farmers to take drought mitigation measures. In this study, we proposed a Modified version of the Type Response-Aided Drought Index (MTRADI), simultaneously considering the various responses of different vegetation and the slow-varying properties of drought development. New hydrological insights for the regionsThe suitability of MTRADI was evaluated through correlation analysis with Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and qualitative comparison with Meteorological Drought Composite Index (MCI) maps. The MTRADI achieved significantly higher correlation coefficients with the PDSI, outperforming other combined drought indices. Based on the run theory, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, and Sen’s slope, drought characteristics and trends in mainland China during 2001–2020 were analyzed and the results show that drought frequency and severity are relatively higher in eastern Inner Mongolia, North China Plain, and Northeast of China. Furthermore, areas with significant wetting trends are observed to be mainly distributed near the Hu line, indicating that the water conditions in China are gradually improving at the transition zone of arid and humid climate regions.

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations of terrestrial water storage changes and their potential influencing factors in a humid subtropical climate region of Southeast China

Identifying the changes in terrestrial water storage is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the regional hydrological mass balance under global climate change. This study used a partial least square regression model to fill the observation gaps between GRACE and GRACE-FO and obtained a complete series of terrestrial water storage anomaly data from April 2002 to December 2020 from southeast China. We investigated the variations in terrestrial water storage anomalies in the region and the influencing factors. The study revealed that terrestrial water storage (TWS) anomalies have been increasing in the region, with an average increase of 0.33 cm/yr (p < 0.01). The intra-annual variation showed a positive anomaly from March to September and a negative anomaly in other months. Terrestrial water storage anomalies increased in most regions (especially in the central and northern parts), whereas they decreased in the southern parts. In terms of the components, the soil moisture storage (SMS) contributes 58.3 % and the surface water storage (SWS, especially reservoirs water storage) contributes 41.4 % to the TWS. The study also found that changes in the precipitation explain approximately 71.7 % of the terrestrial water storage variation, and reservoirs contributes to the remaining 28.3 %. These results are essential for understanding the changes in the hydrological cycle and developing strategies for water management in Southeast China.

Effect of modified shelter arrangements on growth performance, stress and water usage of commercial broilers in hot and humid climate

The current research was conducted to study the effect of modified shelter arrangements on commercial broiler’s performance and water usage in hot and humid climatic regions. Ninety six commercial Vencobb broiler chicks of one week of age were segregated into four groups with three replicates having eight chicks per replicate, viz. TA (asbestos roof as control), TAG (asbestos roof with gunny bags screen), TH (modified asbestos with thatched roof), and THG (modified asbestos with thatched roof with gunny bags as the screen). The overall maximum temperature of the asbestos group’s experimental sheds throughout the trial period was substantially greater than that of the thatch group. Significantly, the highest THI was seen in the TAG shed. The cumulative body weight gain was significantly highest in TH shed. The cumulative FCR and performance indices of the thatched group were found to be significantly better than the asbestos group. The net profit/bird and net profit/kg were better in the TH group. According to behavioural studies, the panting rate rose with age in weeks but was much lower in the thatched group. Serum corticosterone levels were considerably lower in the TH and THG groups than in the asbestos roof groups. In hot and humid locations, modified asbestos with a thatched roof may be suitable for commercial broiler poultry.

Olive-tree physiological response to biotic and abiotic stress fruit yield, oil quality and tolerance to Anthracnose: Doctoral thesis abstract

The olive tree is highly tolerant to water deficit and in humid climate regions, such as Uruguay, the need to irrigation is questioned. However, Uruguay's climate is characterized by high interannual variability, resulting in periods of water deficit. In the event of a water deficit, plants trigger a series of defense mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis, including increased antioxidant enzyme activity and cuticle thickening to prevent transpiration. These responses are common during abiotic stress and biotic stress caused by pathogen infections. Anthracnose, caused by the Colletotrichum complex, is a major disease in olive trees, leading to reduced fruit yield and oil quality. Mild drought stress has been found to activate the basal defense response, enhancing plant tolerance to pathogen infections. Therefore, the hypothesis was that exposing olive plants to moderate water deficit during the lipogenesis stage would trigger the basal defense response, increasing fruit tolerance to biotic stress caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. The study also examined whether this response was sustained under moderate water deficit. Results showed that water deficit induced anatomical and biochemical changes in olive fruits, promoting anthracnose tolerance with reduced incidence and severity of C. acutatum infection both in vitro and in vivo. Fruit weight and pulp/pit ratio decreased in response to water deficit, while cuticle thickness and fruit polyphenol content increased. An induction of enzymes related to hydrogen peroxide scavenging were observed, in particular PER and CAT. This enzymatic activity was induced by the pathogen inoculation treatment and was higher in the non-irrigated treatment. Severe water deficit resulted in significant reductions in fruit weight and oil content, but the fruits exhibited enhanced tolerance to anthracnose infection.

Molecular detection of Paracoccidioides spp. in environmental samples from the Southwestern Amazon.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is an infection with the potential for environmental dissemination, especially in regions of hot and humid climate, where human cases have been recorded in the Southwestern Amazon of Brazil, specifically in the state of Acre. Despite studies providing information about the presence of these fungi in soil and animal samples, such as armadillos, further investigations are still needed to determine the epidemiological distribution of the genus Paracoccidioides. The aim of this study was to detect the occurrence of Paracoccidioides fungi in the Southwestern Amazon. To achieve this, 60 soil samples were collected from armadillo burrows on rural properties in the in the municipalities of Acrelândia, Bujari, Plácido de Castro, Rio Branco, Sena Madureira, and Senador Guiomard, located in the state of Acre, Brazil. Fungal DNA was extracted from these samples using the DNEASY® PowerSoil kit-Quiagen, followed by Nested PCR technique with ITS4 and ITS5 as external primers, and PBITS-E and PBITS-R as internal primers. DNA amplification products of about 380 bp compatible with Paracoccidioides spp. were detected in six samples (10%), being sequenced and identified as P. brasiliensis. These findings indicate that the soils of the Acre state could be considered a potential source for Paracoccidioides spp., suggesting that local infections are likely.

Climate variability impacts on methane recovery in a municipal solid waste landfill: A case study in a humid tropical climate region

Climate variability impacts on methane recovery in a municipal solid waste landfill: A case study in a humid tropical climate region

Numerical study on heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling double skin façade

Using spray cooling technology to solve the overheating issue in double skin façade (DSF) is an important attempt to reduce building energy consumption. While, the thermal performance of the spray cooling double skin façade (SC-DSF) is not very clear, especially the complicated heat transfer characteristics. In this study, a comprehensive numerical model of SC-DSF system including solar radiation and two-phase flow problem is established by using three-dimensional steady Euler-Lagrange method to analyze the heat transfer characteristics from a microscopic perspective. And the CFD model is validated by the experiment. Meanwhile, a quantitative analysis is conducted to investigate the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of the SC-DSF in hot humid climate region in China. The influences of outdoor air relative humidity, solar radiation intensity, and outdoor wind speed on the water spray cooling effect of the DSF are analyzed. The cooling efficiency of SC-DSF system is sensitive to the outdoor relative humidity. In a sufficiently cooled condition, the minimum temperature in the cavity is close to the outdoor wet-bulb temperature. The spray cooling efficiency reaches 28.2 % with the outdoor relative humidity of 20 %, but decreases to only 9.3 % as relative humidity rises to 80 %. Outdoor wind speed also has some impact on the spray cooling system, an optimal outdoor wind speed of 1.5 m/s can enhance cooling efficiency by 6.6 %, but it has adverse effect on the cooling efficiency when wind speed exceeds 3 m/s. However, in addition to increasing surface temperature of the DSF, solar radiation has little influence on the cooling performance. Excessive humidity exceeding 80 % and wind speed surpassing 3 m/s may render the spray system ineffective. Therefore, the effects of environmental conditions should be fully considered and utilized in the design and application of spray cooling systems.

Improving Thermo-Energetic Consumption of Medical Center in Mexican Hot–Humid Climate Region: Case Study of San Francisco de Campeche, Mexico

An assessment of the thermal refurbishment of an outpatient medical center in a tropical location, such as the City of San Francisco de Campeche, was presented with the aim to diminish its energy consumption. A year-long energy audit of the facility was conducted to formulate and validate a numerical simulation model while scrutinizing enhancement strategies. The examined improvement alternatives encompass passive adjustments to the roof (utilizing insulating materials, applying reflective coatings, and installing a green roof), modifications to active systems incorporating inverter technology, and alterations to the walls via reflective paint. The outcomes of the simulated enhancement scenarios were assessed utilizing energy, environmental, and economic metrics: key performance index (KPI), equivalent CO2 emission index (CEI), and net savings (NS). These results were subsequently juxtaposed against TOPSIS decision-making algorithms to ascertain the alternative that optimally balances the three options. It was identified that using reflective paint on the roof provides the best energy benefits and contributes to mitigating emissions from electricity use. Furthermore, combining this passive technology with the integration of inverter air conditioning systems offers the best economic return at the end of 15 years. For its part, the TOPSIS method indicated that by prioritizing the financial aspect, the reflective coating on the roof combined with inverter air conditioning is enough. However, adding a wall with insulating paint brings environmental and energy benefits. The results of this work serve as a starting point for the analysis of other post-occupied buildings in the region and others under tropical climatic conditions.

Empirical investigation of occupant-centric thermal comfort in hotel guestrooms

Given the importance of occupant satisfaction with thermal comfort in hotel accommodations, previous studies have assessed thermal comfort using either local or global standards. In a hotel catering to diverse guests, a single standard may constrain the formulation of an optimal strategy for improving occupant satisfaction. To address this challenge, this study empirically investigates occupant-centric thermal comfort in hotel guestrooms located in a hot and humid climatic region. To this end, a living-lab-based case study was conducted on a hotel guestroom in Hong Kong, wherein two types of thermal comfort improvement strategies were devised from both local and global perspectives. First, to improve thermal comfort in line with the local standard, it was determined that an ancillary fan coil unit (FCU) energy consumption of 6.0 kW h (approximately 34 % of the existing energy consumption) was required. Second, to improve thermal comfort in line with the global standard, an ancillary FCU energy consumption of 9.4 kW h (approximately 53 % of the existing energy consumption) was necessary. Consequently, in a hot and humid climatic region, the distribution of thermal comfort may vary depending on the type of guest (e.g., domestic or foreign), and ancillary cooling energy expenditure may be incurred to enhance a guest's thermal comfort. The proposed approach is expected to contribute to the creation of occupant-tailored thermal comfort by considering an individual's thermal acclimation to a specific climatic region from both local and global perspectives.

Effect of temperature fluctuations in cold seasons on acute myocardial infarction hospitalisations in northeast China: a retrospective observational cohort study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the potential influence of ambient temperature on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).DesignA retrospective observational cohort study.SettingChangchun, a northeastern city in China, has a...

Genetic variability of the honey bee mite, Varroa destructor, from a humid continental climatic region of Canada, and temperate and tropical climatic regions of Mexico.

Varroa destructor is a damaging mite of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera). Genetic variability of the mite in different regions of the world could be related to the movement of infested bees or other factors, such as climate. In this study, V. destructor samples were collected from tropical and temperate climate regions of Mexico, and a humid continental climate region of Canada. COX-1 AFLPs showed that all the mites were the Korean haplotype. Four microsatellites revealed nine haplogroups from the continental climate region of Canada, compared to three haplogroups from the tropical and temperate climate regions of Mexico. CytII-ATP sequences showed seven haplogroups from the humid continental climate region vs. two haplogroups from the temperate region and one haplogroup from the tropical region. CytB sequences revealed seven haplogroups from Canada vs. three from Mexico. A comparison of the cytB sequences of the samples from Canada and Mexico to those from a worldwide collection showed that one sequence, designated the cytB1 type, predominated, comprising 57% of the 86 sequences; it clustered with similar sequences that comprised 80% of the sequences, designated family A. CytB1 was predominant in Mexico, but not in Canada. The other 20% of sequences were in families B and C, and all those samples originated from East and Southeast Asia. The microsatellite, cytII-ATP, and cytB markers, all showed higher variability in mites collected in Canada than in Mexico, which could be related to the cooler climate or an earlier invasion and/or multiple mite invasions in Canada.

Adaptive thermal comfort in naturally ventilated hostels of warm and humid climatic region, Tiruchirappalli, India

• Comfort range for hostel building was found between 26.1 and 32.8 °C. • The desired temperature was found to be 27.8 °C, while neutral temperature was 29.5 °C. • The comfort limit extended by 2.8 °C if air velocity rises from 0.1 to 1.1 m/s. • Sweating Acceptability extended the thermal acceptability limit from 31.8 to 32.4 °C. • At 26.6 °C temperature about 50% of the fans were found switched on. Thermal comfort is an important factor in hostel buildings when the aim is to maximize the productivity of the students. Due to the extreme weather conditions, achieving thermal comfort in a hostel building in a hot and humid climate is even more difficult. Studies conducted in naturally ventilated hostel buildings in warm-humid climates involved the influence of outdoor air temperature only up to 34.4 °C and have been conducted in a specific season. In contrast, the Tiruchirappalli climate is characterized by a higher range of environmental variables. Therefore, to understand the thermal comfort conditions and usage of the environmental controls in naturally ventilated hostel buildings at the higher range of the environmental variables, a thermal comfort field study spread over one year was carried out at the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India, in twenty-seven hostel buildings. This study relies on field observation and thermal comfort responses from 2028 questionnaires collected from the students between September 2019 to August 2020. The analysis revealed a neutral temperature of 29.5 °C and a comfort range from 26.1 °C to 32.8 °C, indicating a wide range of thermal adaptation than suggested by the National Building Code of India and ASHRAE standard 55. The preferred temperature was 27.8 °C, indicating that students preferred a cooler environment. Acceptability with sweating conditions extended the upper limit of thermal acceptability from 31.8 °C to 32.4 °C. The use of a mosquito net can increase the probability of opening a window. Results indicated that overall behavioral adjustment could extend the comfort limits. The study results would be helpful to develop guidelines and designs for naturally ventilated hostel buildings in warm and humid climates that will contribute to reducing energy demand.

Thermal and economical performances analyses of a desiccant wheels-assisted atmospheric water harvesting system used in humid climate regions

The thermal and economic performance of an atmospheric water harvesting system that uses four-stage desiccant wheels to pre-humidify processed air was analyzed. A vapor-compression refrigerator was used as the cold source. Two types of heat sources, i.e., heat pump and solar water heater, were considered, and their performance was evaluated. First, thermal performance of the system using different heat sources was analyzed under humid ambient conditions (relative humidity was 40–90 %, dry bulb temperature was 15–35 °C). The results showed that the water harvesting rate was 25.1–94.1 kg/h under these ambient conditions. When a heat pump was used, the water harvesting efficiency with heat recovery was 0.97–2.48 kg/kWh, and 2.41–4.59 kg/kWh when the solar water heater was used. The economic performance of the system was investigated by using diesel generators as the power source. To provide drinking water for 100 people, who consume 3–8 kg/day/person, as compared with bottled water sold in the market, the recovery period of the systems with heat recovery were 0.97–2.58 years and 0.34–0.91 years when the heat pump and solar water heater were used, respectively.

Effects of ambient temperature and wind speed on icing characteristics and anti-icing energy demand of a blade airfoil for wind turbine

The icing on wind turbines causes liability issues in cold and humid climate regions with extreme climatic conditions. Accordingly, in this study, numerical simulation is employed to investigate the icing characteristics and anti-icing energy demand of a blade airfoil for wind turbines under various icing conditions. The findings indicate that the distribution range of ice accretion at 268 K is broader than that at 253 K. The maximum water film thickness experiences a significant increase at 6–8 m/s, while exhibiting a slight change at 8–14 m/s for an ambient temperature of 268 K. As the wind speed rises (6–14 m/s), the maximum heat flux demanded for anti-icing increases by 2717 W/m2 and 745 W/m2 for 253 K and 268 K, respectively. The heat flux demanded for anti-icing on the positions (0–0.02 m) of the blade airfoil declines sharply, as the latent heat released by solidification elevates the blade surface temperature. The heat flux demanded for anti-icing on the positions (0.06–0.18 m) of the blade airfoil rises at 6–8 m/s and diminishes at 14 m/s due to the change in growth rate of water film caused by airflow. This research contributes to the development of anti-icing method design for wind turbines.

Holistic Approach to Ecological Design Parameters of Building and Landscape Design on Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Hot, Humid Climate

In this study, academic staff residential buildings were studied as part of a university campus located in a hot and humid climate zone in Türkiye. Within the scope of the study, the energy efficient architectural and landscape design decisions of the buildings built in 1976 were examined. The aim was to determine the energy performance of buildings built about 50 years ago and to quantify the effect of changing landscape conditions on thermal comfort. In this aim, the outdoor thermal comfort level was determined by creating microclimate simulations for the hottest day and time of the year. Microclimatic analyses were performed with ENVI-met software and thermal comfort was evaluated with two metrics, average PMV and ASHRAE scale. The energy performance of the buildings was determined using ecological design parameters. An approach to global environmental problems is the use of ecological design principles, including architectural and landscape design principles. It is important to consider both architectural design criteria and landscape design criteria when discussing ecological design in the built environment. Architectural and landscape design decisions for hot and humid climate regions together increased energy efficiency by 51.1% to 75.5%. It was found that although the plant design improves energy performance in buildings by that range value, it improved outdoor thermal comfort by 15% to 22%. As a result, the study evaluated climate-balanced plant design with building energy performance in order to improve outdoor thermal comfort.

Organic amendment effects on cropland soil organic carbon and its implications: A global synthesis

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) content can promote soil health and crop yield. Organic amendment application is a common practice to accelerate soil carbon sequestration in cropland. The effects of different organic amendments (e.g., compost, slurry) on SOC are uncertain. Previous studies have investigated SOC response to environmental factors but not well addressed the effect of organic amendment characteristics (e.g., source, liquid/solid form, pH). Depending on 1,972 comparisons from 424 articles, we undertook a meta-analysis approach to explore organic amendment effects on SOC content and the related influence factors. The results show that organic amendment addition increased SOC by an average of 26.9% (or 5.1 Mg C ha−1). Specifically, organic amendments can enhance SOC over the long term (>20 years) or within 1.0 m depth. Organic-residue inputs increased more SOC in regions with an arid climate, alkaline soils, or no-mineral nitrogen application soils than the humid climate regions, acidic soils, and nitrogen application soils, respectively. Sewage sludge and municipal solid waste as organic amendments led to high SOC. The organic amendments' pH and liquid/solid form caused significant differences in SOC accumulation. Amendments with a relatively low carbon content or rich nitrogen content have great potential to increase SOC storage. Our results illustrate the importance of amendment characteristics when estimating the potential of organic amendment addition to soil carbon accumulation. This study highlights that amendment application might be a sustainable strategy to increase soil carbon storage while promoting organic waste utilization.

Performance of the WRF model in simulating convective rainfall events in the humid subtropical monsoon climate region—Poyang Lake basin

Performance of the WRF model in simulating convective rainfall events in the humid subtropical monsoon climate region—Poyang Lake basin