Humanitarian Intervention Research Articles

Analisis Legitimasi Campur Tangan Kemanusiaan: Sorotan Terhadap Prinsip-Prinsip Asas Undang-Undang Antarabangsa

This article discusses the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention as an international doctrine that has often provoked debate among international legal thinkers. It is a controversial concept in international relations because considered violated the basic provisions and principles of international law enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations (UN), namely the principle of sovereignty, the principle of non-intervention and the principle of non-use of force. However, the results of the analysis found that humanitarian intervention is in fact not contrary to those basic principles and even has a strong enough legitimacy to be implement. Thus, this article attempts to reveal and refute the arguments put forward by critics regarding the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention by bringing a qualitative descriptive analysis along with textual interpretation to evaluate and interpret the relevant legal text in detail.

Humanitarian Crisis and Intervention: Securitizing Environmental Challenges in Pakistan

The issue of environmental security has become a threat and gained momentum since the end of the cold war. Climate change leads to environmental crises such as water scarcity, droughts, food shortages, and economic loss. This paper seeks to evaluate the environmental crisis of Pakistan as well as provide insights for overcoming this issue. This paper is a theoretical study that uses the methodology of discourse analysis and implements the framework of RSCT in redefining security. Therefore, this research is an attempt to answer what are the challenges to the environmental security of Pakistan, how climate change is affecting the different sectors in Pakistan as well as highlights the measures to tackle Pakistan’s environmental security challenges. This paper broadens the definition of security from military aspects to humanitarian aspects. The security of the environment is essential for states because it can give rise to other issues such as economic loss for states and other violent conflicts. Environmental insecurity can badly influence the socio-economic conditions of Pakistan. The economy has also declined due to water scarcity agriculture sector is affected. Therefore, environmental insecurity poses a direct threat to Pakistan’s national security.

A Postmodernist Critique of the International Community’s Response to the Genocide in Rwanda: How the UN’s Rhetoric Contributed to Humanitarian Failure

"The gruesome savagery displayed during the events in Rwanda astounded the entire world. Even more outrageous is the fact that the international community did not have a strong response to the massacre and allowed millions of lives to be affected by the actions of Akazu. In this essay, I wish to propose that, drawing on the notion that postmodernist international theory's metanarratives can be created inside the framework of international politics, I look at a horrific incident that shocked the public. This study aims to address the issue, ""Why was the rhetoric of the United Nations potentially fueling the brutality of the Rwandan genocide?"" to demonstrate that the international community's rhetoric played a significant role in these sad events. All of them point to the fact that the way we classify and prioritise humanitarian situations can be considerably influenced by a international organisation with accepted authority in the international community. We saw the construction of a ""Rwanda Civil War"" metanarrative that only showed one side of the conflict before collapsing in the face of the terrible truth of what had actually occurred. Keywords: Rwandan Genocide, humanitarian intervention, discourse analysis, United Nations, postmodernism."

War or peace? – International legal issues concerning the use of force in the Russia–Ukraine conflict

AbstractThe Russian Federation launched an armed invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, resulting in an international armed conflict of a level unprecedented since the Second World War. This article attempts to clarify the main international legal issues concerning the use of force and the support to of the belligerent parties. In the first part, it evaluates the Russian claims that the use of force is in accordance with the rules of international law, i.e. whether self-defence, the protection of nationals or humanitarian intervention could justify the intervention. In the second part, it investigates whether supporting one of the belligerent parties, especially Ukraine, could amount to a violation of the rules of neutrality or even constitute participation in the Russia–Ukraine conflict.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN NATO TERHADAP PELANGGARAN KEWAJIBAN INTERNASIONAL MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

The accountability of subjects of international law has undergone rapid development, in particular to the accountability of international organizations. This study intends to analyse the legality of NATO’s humanitarian interventions in Libya and also analyse NATO’s accountability for violations of international law. The research method used is normative research with a statutory approach, a case approach, and a comparative approach. The results showed that violations committed by NATO member states can be attributed to NATO as an international organization. NATO has committed violations of international obligations under articles 3, 4 and 61 of the DARIO. NATO accountability as stipulated in articles 30-31 and 41-42 of the DARIO can be carried out by ceasing to commit violations and avoiding such acts in the future, as well as giving compensation for damages caused.

Dampak Kemenangan Taliban atas Afghanistan terhadap Kegiatan Terorisme di Indonesia

The Taliban won their victory back on August 15, 2021, after its reign in the American invasion after 9/11. Where at the time, the Taliban moved Osama bin Laden from Sudan to Afghanistan and refused to turn him over to US. It is certainly of concern to the world, especially Indonesia, which is predominantly Muslim, as the Taliban aim to establish an Islamic state. Indonesia, with its long history of terrorism, should be more concerned about what the Taliban's victory will do to terrorism in Indonesia. In this article, I am trying to examine the history of the Taliban and its connections to terrorist networks in Indonesia. The Taliban's victory is concerned that it will affect the long term with humanitarian intervention following an ideological shift and trying to change state systems. As for the short term, there is the recruitment of many members of terrorist networks by giving public opinion that a Taliban victory is an Islamic victory. Keywords: terrorism, Taliban, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Islam

Evaluation on Humanitarian Intervention in Myanmar: Is It a Placebo Effect?

Historically, humanitarian intervention has been used to support political and economic interests. As the globalization effect, humanitarian intervention was carried out sincerely to deal with a humanitarian crisis by providing assistance. Myanmar is a country that experienced a humanitarian crisis a long time ago. Various humanitarian intervention methods have been done in Myanmar to handle the humanitarian crisis. Since the military coup in February 2021, the crisis has escalated and the effectiveness of the humanitarian assistance is still questionable in dealing with the crisis. This article will evaluate the governance of humanitarian interventions provided by INGOs and how they resolve the humanitarian crisis. The analytical methods used were qualitative research that used theory of domestication policy. In evaluating the effectiveness of humanitarian intervention governance, the authors analyze it from the point of view of the international humanitarian agency and the Myanmar government. This study found that due to the domestic policy made by the junta, which seem not want to empower the people. Further evaluation is on the humanitarian assistance to Myanmar that is not covered the needs and only temporary or placebo effect.

Investigating Turkey’s Changing Narratives Regarding Interventions in Libya and Syria

Abstract This article investigates the role of intersubjective and situated meanings and norm contestation for militarised humanitarian interventions from a critical perspective. The International Relations (ir) literature on humanitarian interventions, the Responsibility to Protect doctrine, and emergence of norms is explained and critically evaluated. The case analysed here is Turkey and its foreign policy discourse regarding interventions in Libya and Syria. Based on the case and literature review, the author concludes that critical approaches particularly provide useful tools to understand the role of identity, changing foreign policy narratives, and power constellations in world politics.

LAW AND MORALITY IN HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION

ABSTRACTThis paper examines what prevents us from legally enforcing the moral imperative of protecting human rights during military operations carried out for distinctly humanitarian purposes. The answer, I argue, lies not in familiar objections to bringing the law into greater congruence with morality, but in international law's indeterminacy regarding the use of force. Preserving stability within the nascent international legal system comes at the cost of a law that eschews the protection of individual rights even in cases in which the protection of human rights is what justifies military action. The tension between state sovereignty and the protection of human rights thus not only generates well-known controversies about the lawfulness of military intervention. It also prevents us from devising laws to protect human rights during wars whose very purpose it is to stop human rights violations. Protecting human rights during humanitarian interventions may thus remain an undertaking as quixotic as it is morally urgent.

Humanitarian Intervention: Institutional Support from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia

Humanitarian intervention is an act of intervention using armed forces for humanitarian purposes. Indonesia as a country that has a role to participate in maintaining world security and order has the potential to carry out humanitarian interventions. The implementation of humanitarian intervention requires in-depth consideration and study. Therefore, this study tries to find out about the aspect of law and human rights institutions in the implementation of humanitarian intervention conducted by Indonesia. The method used is normative research, by reviewing existing regulations that are related to humanitarian intervention. The Ministry of Law and Human Rights based on its structure and function has a major role in the implementation of humanitarian interventions, both in the initial phase of initiation until the initiation of the intervention is approved for implementation. The role of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights needs to be encouraged to be fully involved in the implementation

Koruma sorumluğu Kapsamında Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı

The use of military intervention against Humanitarian Crises during the Cold War was a concept that was limited in world politics and international law. Today, despite the theoretical and legal debates, sometimes by UN Security Council resolutions and sometimes by exceeding the only legitimate authorized institution of the use of force, states implement their responsibility to protect against third-party countries. Studies on the responsibility to protect, covering the history and theory of international relations, call the Cyprus Peace Operation a controversial example of humanitarian intervention in terms of the international community's reaction and the operation's legitimacy. Therefore, it will be examined within the framework of the responsibility to protect (R2P) in international political theory. In the 1990s, the International Relations literature defined humanitarian intervention as limiting the sovereignty of states against global atrocities. After the 2005 Earth Summit, R2P, third-party action against humanitarian crises, becomes a normative order-forming phenomenon. The phenomenon will allow us to examine the 1974 peace movement within the context of its responsibility to protect it. Discussions on the Cyprus Peace Operation under the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs will be used as the study's research method in the Parliamentary Budget Discussions.

Reluctant to Protect? The Role of Moral Reputation in Joining Military Coalitions

ABSTRACT How states join coalitions affects the extent to which they are perceived as blameworthy – or praiseworthy – for the outcome of that coalition. By extension, states’ moral reputations can be a contributing factor that dissuades those states from volunteering to join humanitarian interventions, despite the ethical imperative to do so. To highlight this argument, this article considers the Australian and the United Kingdom (UK) governments’ initial reluctance to join yet another United States-led intervention in Iraq to combat the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

The Political-Humanitarian Borderwork of Ngos in Sicily: Between Migration Management and Repoliticisation

ABSTRACT The literature highlighted the depoliticising role of humanitarianism and its contribution to the perpetuation of migration control. Recent studies questioned the interpretation of humanitarianism as merely legitimising migration control, and reported on the capacity of grassroots actors to challenge the current European border regime. This paper focuses on the mainstream NGOs’ role in the making and unmaking of the southern European border. It further explores the relationship between NGOs’ humanitarian and political borderwork and investigates if and how NGOs’ humanitarianism opens up or closes down opportunity for their political interventions. This article analyses the interventions of Terre des Hommes, Medu and Oxfam within the southern Italian border management system during two recent re-bordering phases: the introduction of the hotspot approach in 2015 and the adoption of the restrictive migration policies of 2018. The fieldwork in Sicily covers a ten-months period between 2017 and 2018. The research methodology includes multi-sited ethnography, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The paper concludes by arguing that the line between NGOs’ humanitarian and political borderwork is blurred. The borderwork of these actors can be considered as a political-humanitarian borderwork: NGOs’ humanitarian interventions were intertwined with political interventions and the former also contributed to accomplishing the latter.

Russia as a Norm Entrepreneur: Crimea and Humanitarian Intervention

ABSTRACT Since 1991, Russia has attempted to maintain its hegemonic role in the region. Although it has primarily relied on military and economic means, Russia’s actions have also been accompanied by a normative agenda. Using the Crimean intervention, we outline the basic features of this agenda. Russia maintained that its actions were guided by humanitarian concerns, which was widely rejected as disingenuous. We contend that Russia used the humanitarian frame to circulate a regional alternative to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, a zombie norm it revived from the past to shape the rules of international conduct in its immediate neighborhood.

The ‘Un-revolutionary’ Figure

Abstract Since protest movements had swept the Middle East and North Africa regions in early 2011, new politics have emerged, creating unimagined spaces, ways of existence and knowing the world, and more importantly, new subcultures of othering. This article critically examines revolutionary subcultures of non-comradeship, figurations of ‘non-authentic revolutionaries’ and ways of revolutionary othering by focusing on the term ‘Ramadyeen’ as a reference coined by Syrian revolutionaries to describe individuals whose politics are ‘not revolutionary enough’. Written from the positionality of a scholar-activist who participated in the protest movement, this text employs anti-sectarian feminist politics to reflect on how ‘Ramadyeen’ was mobilized to erase and decrease voices of nuances and criticism of dominant revolutionary demands, specifically around humanitarian intervention, militarization and sanctions against Syria. Therefore, this article locates ‘Ramadayeen’ as a keyword of counter-cultures targeting ‘un-revolutionary’ people and political positions.

Contrasting Trajectories of Incorporation: Refugee Integration and the Global South

While the challenges of making a home in a foreign country are not unique to refugees in the Global South, their trajectories of integration in Southern host states often diverge from descriptions in the canonical literature on immigrant integration. What constitutes integration when newcomers share a language, cultural similarities, religious practices, and family ties with the receiving society? Drawing on ethnographic and interview data with Syrian refugees in Jordan, this article illustrates (a) the complexities that surface when refugees share similarities with members of the receiving community, (b) emerging axes of difference-making, and (c) distinct mechanisms linking humanitarian intervention with the facilitation and impediment of integration.

Determining Support for Humanitarian Interventions: Prospect Theory versus Cues

Abstract To what extent can prospect theory’s framing effects and elite and social group cues moderate public support for humanitarian interventions? This study extends the research on public support for humanitarian interventions by capturing the interaction between prospect theory’s framing effects and elite and social group cues on individuals’ willingness to support risky foreign policies. The study incorporates four novel prospect theory decision problems while framing the expected costs as nonequivalent intervals across interventions and US–China trade war scenarios. The results provide evidence that prospect theory framing effects outperform the elite and social group cues in their ability to induce preference shifts among respondents’ willingness to support risk-acceptant or risk-averse humanitarian intervention plans. It also suggests that humanitarian interventions, with US troops on the ground, in a region noncentral for America's national security, retain substantial levels of support among Americans despite their country's changing role in international security.

Conflict escalation during neutral and biased humanitarian military interventions

This article considers the effects of humanitarian military interventions (HMIs) on conflict in the countries in which they have been used. Theoretically, neutral HMIs, in which interveners target all violent actors, are expected to have a pacifying effect on conflict intensity by increasing the cost of violence for all parties—while biased HMIs can escalate conflict intensity, by reducing the cost of violence and so encouraging the supported parties to become more violent. The empirical results show that neutral HMIs do seem to lead to lower conflict intensity in the targeted countries, relative to other conflict-affected countries. Anti-rebels HMIs are, observed to escalate conflict both in the short and the long run, while the evidence for anti-government HMIs is mixed.

Pilot Testing a Planning Tool for Operative Care in Conflict: International Humanitarian Intervention for Ukraine

Pilot Testing a Planning Tool for Operative Care in Conflict: International Humanitarian Intervention for Ukraine

Inclusive Growth and Climate Change Mitigation Programs and Policies in the ASEAN: Fiscal Implications

Abstract Addressing urgent global climate change and inequality issues has been a major challenge for the ten AMS (ASEAN Member countries) given the diversity and local agendas with divergent political, economic, and social objectives. While regional policy frameworks prioritise harmonisation and inter-regional integration outcomes over national inequality and climate change policy goals, governments typically address the latter through discretionary policy add-ons that lead to policy fragmentation and competing fiscal goals that interfere with intermediate development plans. To achieve the aspired inequality outcomes (Regional Framework and Action Plan, ASEAN Declaration, 2013) and the ratified global climate targets (Paris Treaty 2015) simultaneously, such policy outcomes and commitments to collaborative policy action will need to be aligned within an integrated policy framework at the regional or global level, and externalities of economic activity internalised into a sustainable and inclusive fiscal model. Focusing on policy design, integration and evaluation aspects, this paper tests the hypothesis that, given the urgency of these issues, the ASEAN governments devised corrective and preventive measures to systematically mitigate these externalities through intervention at the policy level and multilateral coordination at the regional and global levels to achieve pro-green and pro-equity policy outcomes with a net social surplus. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this study conducts a structured literature search and subsequent document analysis, using advanced text mining techniques to extract, contextualise and map policy-relevant themes by geopolitical scope, policy intent and outcomes. Literature evidence confirmed that the ASEAN Member States have recognised and acknowledged the urgency of climate change and inequality challenges, and that these governments intervene at the local policy level and also engage in multilateral discussions, which lack formal commitment and transparency. This study could not produce literature evidence of a systematic approach by these governments internalising mitigation mechanisms into the fiscal policy frameworks to achieve the aspired inclusive and sustainable outcomes - by design, rather than discretionary policy add-ons - and thus, the hypothesis was rejected. Keywords: Sustainable fiscal policy, inclusive growth, climate change mitigation, policy integration, multilateral intervention, document analysis.