Humanitarian Diplomacy Research Articles

Umbrella concept of diplomacy in international discourse

The article proposes a rationale to expand the concept of humanitarian diplomacy. Based on scientific research, the author proposes to escape from a narrow understanding of humanitarian diplomacy as providing humanitarian assistance and assistance to vulnerable groups of the population. An attempt is made to form a single umbrella concept of diplomacy, which would include all types of modern diplomacy that are aimed at protecting a person, his values of ideals.

PENGARUH BANTUAN KEMANUSIAAN ACEH BAGI PENGUNGSI ROHINGYA TERHADAP UPAYA DIPLOMASI KEMANUSIAAN

This paper moves from the welfare crisis that struck Rakhine Myanmar which has an impact on the difficulty of the flow of external refugees to various countries including Indonesia. Humanitarian assistance provided by the people of Aceh becomes important considering that many countries refuse to accept these Rohingya refugees. In addition, this paper attempts to review Aceh's assistance to Rohingya Refugees and its correlation to humanitarian diplomacy, the Government of Indonesia. This paper also describes the background of assistance provided by the people of Aceh for Rohingya refugees and the forms of assistance provided. The assistance provided by the Acehnese people to Rohingya refugees helped to influence diplomacy supported by the Indonesian government. The role of the Acehnese community in this context can be agreed upon as the responsible party given to Indonesia's ruling party at the regional and global level as a supporter of world peace. The Acehnese also positioned themselves as supporters of the peace who were ready to support Indonesia's foreign policy and who put forward diplomacy as a strategic step to create world peace.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an international independent organization, staff of which provides humanitarian aid to affected and needy people. The ICRC works in armed conflict zones, in areas of natural disasters, natural and technogenic accidents. In peacetime, the organization’s employees fight against physical violence, provide assistance with water supply and improving housing conditions, visit prisoners, monitor the conditions of detention and respect for their rights in addition to large-scale rescue operations. The ICRC's work includes family reunification, humanitarian diplomacy, health care, mine action, economic security and much more. The movement includes the International Committee of the Red Cross, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The management of the ICRC is represented by the Assembly, the Assembly Council, the Directorate. Peter Maurer, President of the ICRC, heads the Assembly Council and the Assembly of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Education policy as an element of “soft power” in Great Brittan

Usage of “soft power” as a foreign policy resource is currently present in majority of countries, but the effectiveness and response from the soft power strategy among leading countries is much higher than that of emerging centers of power. This article presents the analysis of the transition from “hard power” to “soft power”, examining the most competitive area – education policy, which represents the key vector of humanitarian diplomacy on advancement of national interests. In addition to assessment of the British education potential, the article also demonstrates how Brittan’s policy affects the foreign policy and country’s position in the port, defines the potential of influence upon other countries in the context attractiveness of British national culture and values, as well as sets the global trends for education policy. In the course of daily research of the resource of “soft power”, the research employs the data on measurement of “hard-soft power”, ratings of assessment of the index of “soft power” (The Soft Power 30), QS World University Ranking; utilizes the data on the number of foreign students in UK; conducts comparative analysis of the changes in the UK education policy in the conditions of Brexit. The relevance of this research is defined by the heightened interest towards soft-power component, which allows to not only be more flexible in the approach towards advancement of national interests, but also contributes to influence of other countries in the context of “soft power”.

The Role of International Non-governmental Organisations in International Politics

For centuries, international politics was considered as an arena of the states. However, with the rise of the free-market economy, globalisation, international institutions and technology, many non-state actors such as international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) started sharing the power corridors along with the states. Contemporary academic literature cites many examples where INGOs has played important roles in decision-making processes. The flow of development aid from developed countries to the developing countries through INGOs has enhanced their role in international development. Similarly, many developing countries started outsourcing social services such as health and education to INGOs. International laws, on one hand, protect INGOs to mobilise additional financial resources from developed states. INGOs contributed to humanitarian diplomacy especially in climate change and banning landmines. INGOs also face some criticism in terms of poor accountability and legitimacy. Southern countries sometimes perceive INGOs as carriers and promoters of western liberal agenda.

Strategi Diplomasi Kemanusiaan Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Kasus Krisis Kemanusiaan Yang Dialami Etnis Rohingya Di Myanmar Tahun 201

This research wants to look at the humanitarian diplomacy strategy by the Indonesian government to provide humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya ethnic groups (especially those still in Myanmar in 2017). Myanmar's military and also the majority of people in Rakhine who are Buddhists have committed acts of violence and seized the human rights of the Rohingya ethnic group which is an ethnic minority in Rakhine who are Muslim. The issue attracted the attention of the international community, including Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative method, with a descriptive analytic approach, where data are collected by literature study. The findings of this study are: the Indonesian government has used several humanitarian diplomacy strategies, including: conducting a diplomatic approach between the Indonesian government and the Myanmar government (with due regard to the ASEAN Way), collaborating with the United Nations (offering formula 4+1 as a form of implementation of the recommendations from Advisory Commission Report for Rakhine), involved civilians to channel aid to the Rohingya ethnic group in Myanmar (forming AKIM consisting of 11 humanitarian agencies). The strategy succeeded in breaking through the blockade carried out by the Myanmar government as an effort to block humanitarian assistance provided by the international community.

İnsani Diplomasi Faaliyetlerinin Türkiye’nin Yumuşak Gücüne Etkisi

The humanitarian diplomacy that emerged due to the diversification of diplomatic activities has started to play an important role as a complementary tool in the foreign policies of the states. However, using of the activities carried out in this field as a complementary foreign policy tool by Turkey has been realized since the early of 2000s. Especially, after the events that started in Syria in 2011, Turkey has experienced a significant increase in humanitarian diplomacy activities. In this study, the impact of humanitarian activities carried out between the years 2011-2018 and intensified after the civil war in Syria on Turkey’s soft power has been made the subject of the research. The study puts specifically emphasise on the effect of Turkey's foreign aids and asylum seekers on Turkey's soft power. Elcano Global Presence Index has been used for evaluation. As it is related to foreign aid and asylum seeker elements, data on migration and development cooperation headings of the index have been taken into consideration. When the index data have been analyzed, it is reached the conclusion that humanitarian diplomacy activities carried out between 2011-2018 have a positive effect on Turkey’s soft power and these activities are an important complementary foreign policy instrument for Turkey.

Examining Determinants of Turkey Export to OIC Member Countries

Using the traditional gravity model, this paper aims to analyze the determinants of Turkish exports to 41 OIC (Organization of Islamic cooperation) countries for the period from 2000 to 2017. Specifically, the paper analyzed the historical links, humanitarian diplomacy, economic diplomacy, trade costs and economic sizes as the main explanatory factors of the export of Turkey to Islamic countries. After implementing various robustness checks, results indicate that the economic size of OIC member countries and Turkish official development assistance have statistically significant effect on Turkish volume of export to OIC, however the GDP of Turkey was negative but not significant, which is contrary to the general assumption of Gravity model. The other factors such as common language, trade agreements, and Turkish business consulates are also found positive impacts on export of Turkey to OIC but not statistically significant. Key words Gravity model, volume of export, OIC DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-2-18

Humanitarian Diplomacy: The ICRC's Neutral and Impartial Advocacy in Armed Conflicts

AbstractAs part of a roundtable on “Balancing Legal Norms, Moral Values, and National Interests,” this essay describes the humanitarian diplomacy of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) by comparing it conceptually with other forms of advocacy and illustrating it with the ICRC's recent experience in the Yemen crisis. Humanitarian diplomacy is examined as one particular way of balancing legal norms, moral values, and national interests in the pursuit of greater respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) and principled humanitarian action in armed conflicts. The essay looks back to ancient history for archetypal forms of humanitarian advocacy in various cultural traditions. It then describes humanitarian diplomacy's practice of discreet diplomacy and confidential dialogue with all parties to a conflict, and compares its relatively “quiet” approach with the “loud” approach of outrage activism focused on “naming and shaming,” which tends to be the norm today. The essay argues that there is an important and complementary place for the ICRC's style of humanitarian diplomacy alongside other forms of advocacy even in the face of criticism that the ICRC is sometimes publicly silent about what it knows of atrocities and avoids naming and shaming.

Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Menyelesaikan Krisis Pengungsi Rohingya Tahun 2017

The armed conflict in Rakhine in 2017 caused a humanitarian crisis for the Rohingyas. This crisis resulted in the emergence of criticism towards Myanmar government for its refusal to offer humanitarian assistance to the victims of conflict. In spite of that, the Myanmar government has closed access for foreigners, including humanitarian aid. However, Indonesia have accepted to discuss the settlement of the case. This research will examine how Indonesia's diplomacy to resolve the crisis due to the conflict in Rakhine in 2017. This research uses research literature method to collect secondary data coming from reliable source. This research is using qualitative descriptive technique and analyzed to described or interpreted to obtain a complete picture of the answer to the problem under study. The results show that in resolving the crisis for Rohingya ethnic in 2017, Indonesia conducts humanitarian diplomacy, which includes communicating with the Myanmar and Bangladesh governments and foreign parties, acting as a liaison between the Myanmar government and the international community, and negotiating with Myanmar and Bangladesh governments regarding the settlement of the Rohingya refugee crisis.

Humanitarian Diplomacy

The article describes humanitarian diplomacy that has to break a potential ideological ice between belligerent parties, establish a network of diplomatic connections in a skillful way, and use every opportunity available to support victims of war. An indisputable fact is that the higher the reputation and the stronger the trust to those using humanitarian diplomacy strategies, the better results will be achieved. The combination of diplomacy and humanitarian activities may lead to the emergence of unexpected interactions. The International Federation of Red Cross mentions that the goal humanitarian diplomacy seeks to achieve is the provision of better care for socially disadvantaged groups of society from governments; establishment of closer ties with decision-makers to generate opportunities to influence them; maintenance of a permanent dialogue at both national and international levels; engagement to a discussion of those who work in the field of humanitarian diplomacy; increase in transparency of such discussion; enhancement of the ability to govern all the useful resources; cooperation with other actors pursuing the same humanitarian goals. Humanitarian diplomacy has to direct its actions at all crises and to both governmental and non-governmental entities of international law; take into account that its aim is to open borders and establish humanitarian corridors ensuring the provision of direct assistance to refugees. The main task is to guarantee long-term actions, while avoiding temporary and fragile alternatives. That is the basis for humanitarian diplomacy of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta with all its peculiarities. Keywords: the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Red Cross, international law, humanitarian diplomacy, crises.

Гуманитарная дипломатия Европейского Союза в XXI веке

Гуманитарная дипломатия Европейского Союза в XXI веке

Traditional Judiya Leaders in Sudan as Actors of Humanitarian Diplomacy: Are They Eligible to Fulfill These Roles in the Darfur Humanitarian Crisis?

Traditional Judiya Leaders in Sudan as Actors of Humanitarian Diplomacy: Are They Eligible to Fulfill These Roles in the Darfur Humanitarian Crisis?

Soft Power as the Instrument of Political Communications and Humanitarian Diplomacy

Soft Power as the Instrument of Political Communications and Humanitarian Diplomacy

Negotiating Romania's Destiny During the First World War: An Analysis of Joe Boyle’s Diplomatic Strategies

The Northern Review 44 (2017): 119–138By investigating formal and particularly informal aspects of Colonel Joe Boyle’s diplomatic work during the First World War, this paper argues that his actions form an integral part of a parallel, silent, people-to-people, humanitarian diplomacy, and that they stand for his moral imagination. The analysis focuses on Boyle’s decisive contribution to Romania’s political configuration through his relationship with the Romanian government, the members of the Romanian royal family, and the representatives of European diplomacy; his numerous negotiations with the Bolshevik government leading to the return of the Romanian national archives and its currency, and to the mediation of the Bucharest Peace Treaty in March 1918; and his role in ensuring the availability of food, medicine, and agricultural equipment and in obtaining a loan from the Canadian state for Romania’s reconstruction. This article is part of a special collection of papers originally presented at a conference on “The North and the First World War,” held May 2016 in Whitehorse, Yukon.https://doi.org/10.22584/nr44.2017.007

Australia and the promise and the perils of humanitarian diplomacy

ABSTRACTHumanitarian diplomacy has always been a crucial element of humanitarianism, however it is now becoming a more prominent element of states’ foreign policies. It holds many attractions and much promise. It provides states with a way of expressing important qualities of international empathy and solidarity and can also enhance a state’s international reputation and provide valuable means for building relationship of trust and cooperation. This can in turn can be conducive to a state’s broader foreign policy objectives. However, there are also perils to the incorporation of humanitarian diplomacy into a state’s foreign policy. It can generate ambiguity and even conflict within a state’s diplomatic endeavours due to tensions between humanitarian and broader national interests. In exploring these issues it is useful to distinguish between humanitarian diplomacy and humanitarianism as diplomacy. This article explores these issues in relations to Australia’s diplomacy. It argues that Australia has actively engaged in humanitarian diplomacy and humanitarianism as diplomacy. Whilst the two are often complementary, there are areas in which they have been in tension and even at odds. This has implications for Australia’s international reputation but also for its capacity to undertake genuine and effective humanitarian action.

Turkey and Iran: The Two Modes of Engagement in the Middle East

A series of breakthroughs in Iran's contentious affairs with the West necessitate a new way of thinking on Turkey–Iran relations. Hassan Rouhani's victory in the 2013 Iranian presidential elections and the signing of the interim Geneva nuclear agreement between Iran and the ‘P5+1’ shortly thereafter warrant an overhaul of the conventional policies concerning the Islamic Republic. Coupled with the Arab uprisings, recent developments will significantly impact not only the way Turkey and Iran approach each other but also their regional policies. This paper seeks to shed light on the two different modes of engagement that Turkey and Iran have employed vis-à-vis their approach to their shared neighbourhood. That is, while Turkey is positioned to utilize this breakthrough on a global scale to improve its relations with Iran and other countries through ‘humanitarian diplomacy’; on the regional level, Tehran's hegemonic and interest-based ambitions will stoke the subtle rivalry with Ankara. This paper provides a background for the origins of these two different modes of engagement and discusses how they have influenced the dynamics in the region. After pointing out how the recent developments concerning Iran's nuclear programme and engagement in certain regional conflicts shape the Ankara–Tehran dialogue, it concludes with the implications of these competitive approaches for the greater Middle East.

Philosophical Ideas of Arne Næss in the Humanitarian Diplomacy of Norway

Næss A. became in his lifetime the most prominent Norwegian philosopher. Over thirty years of his life he taught at the University of Oslo and approximately the same number of years he devoted to pure science. During his long life as a scientist, he studied various fields of philosophy, however he is mostly known for his research in the field of deep ecology. The scale of his personality and prestige in Norwegian philosophy can only be compared to that of one of the most outstanding figure of Norway in politics - E.Gerhardsen. He united two of his basic interests - philosophy and ecology, and formulated eight principles, which in general terms characterise the notion of «deep ecology». These eight principles, according to philosopher, are based on the concept that every living being has his own value. The author of the arcticle makes it a point to show on separate examples to what extend the ideas of Næss A. are compatible with the basic principles of Norway's contemporary humanitarian diplomacy - humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence, - as well as with the aims put forward by Norway in this respect which are to encure the needed with the necessery security and assistance; to finance humanitarian actions based on the international principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence; to prepare international community to responses to global humanitarian challenges of the future; to prevent and respond to humanitarian crises and participate in eleminating their aftermath. Norway - one of the few countries in the world allocating 1 % of their GNP for the aims of the UN Millennium Programme - works actively in such directions of humanitarian diplomacy as combating climate change, protecting the environment, facilitating international cooperation in the field of development, peace-building and humanitarian assistance. Having assessed the potential ofapplicability of the principles of deep ecology in practical implementation of the humanitarian diplomacy of Norway, the author also tries to explain concisely by what material means such diplomacy is procured.

THE EFFORTS TO TERMINATE THE SITUATION WITH NO-CITIZENSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION OF ROHINGYA ETHNIC

The refusal to recognize citizenship of Rohingnya ethnic by Myanmar government caused this ethnic without national and international protection. Statelessness situation is also became the entry point of other violation of human right such as ethnic cleansing and genocide which caused this ethnic became refugee. Some solutions offered to end this situation are: cooperate with UNHCR provide temporary shelter for those people; urge UNHCR granted refugee status for Rohingya; urge ASEAN conducted humanitarian diplomacy pursued Myanmar recognized citizenship of Rohingnya ; applied R to P to end the gross violation on human right toward Rohingnya if the threshold were fulfilled. Keywords: Rohingnya, citizenship; human right

Humanitarian Aid or Private Diplomacy? Norman Cousins and the Treatment of Atomic Bomb Victims

Individual citizens can often wield considerable influence in international affairs. In 1955, prominent American journalist Norman Cousins launched an initiative to bring 25 Japanese victims of the atomic bomb to the United States to receive treatment. The U.S. State Department made concerted efforts to stop the project, fearing that it would generate negative publicity and conflict with government policy to de-emphasize the dangers of nuclear weapons. Refusing to accept official policies that he believed to be wrong, while at the same time working to “shame” the United States into providing treatment for atomic bomb victims, Cousins used his international contacts, prestige, and the reputation he had built in Japan as a humanitarian, to overcome the U.S. State Department’s attempts to stop the project.