Humanitarian Dimension Research Articles

Public attitudes toward immigration policies in South Korea

ABSTRACTThis paper examines whether economic or socio-psychological concerns determine anti-immigration attitudes in South Korea, in an effort to address regional asymmetries in existing immigration studies. An analysis reveals that labour market competition and fiscal burden concerns do not affect anti-immigration attitudes, but xenophobia, the conceptual views of citizenship, and the expectation of the impact of immigration on the national economy determine anti-immigration attitudes, a result in keeping with existing studies of anti-immigration attitudes in European or North American countries. However, when policies have humanitarian dimensions, the ethno-cultural views of Korean identity tend to reduce anti-immigration attitudes, a finding that runs counter to the empirical results from studies in the Western context. In addition, multiculturalism appears to affect anti-immigration attitudes when measured in terms of general immigration policies, but not when specific immigration groups are referenced. I conclude by discussing the implications of these new findings.

The Versailles Peace Treaty Before the Permanent Court of International Justice: Tracing the Legalism of the Paris Settlement

Abstract: The concept of international law underlying the Versailles Peace Treaty is marked by a complex and ambivalent combination of references to just peace and the use of the legal form. This article analyses the concept of law and the use of legal techniques and institutions in the Paris settlement, and connects it to various contemporaneous strands of ‘legalism' and to the transformation from (classical) nineteenth-century to (modern) twentieth-century international law. In a second step, the article turns to how the ambivalent legalism in the Versailles Peace Treaty impacted on the respective case law of the Permanent Court and how this case law connects to ‘modern' approaches to international law. While, in substance, the cases involving the Versailles Peace Treaty raised issues of both post-war settlement and international organisation, in doctrinal terms, the Court tentatively developed a concept of international law that squares with modern approaches. This can be demonstrated by examination of the case law, which contributed to the law of international organisations, redefined sovereignty, and developed the humanitarian dimension of international law.

Humanitarian Rationality and the Possibilities of Rational Humanism

The article discusses the relations between humanism and humanitarianism through the prism of rationality, which allows to identify the significant contradictions between their essences and methods of implementation as well as to reveal the subtleties and differences in the relationship between them. The author demonstrates the interrelation of the idea of rationality as reasonability with the theory of humanism and its practices; it is shown that the charges of inhumanity against rationality can be addressed mainly to instrumental reasonability, which occupies a dominant position in the society of Modernity. The inconsistency of the development of humanism in recent years is examined. On the one hand, first organizationally formed humanistic movements emerged in the 20th century and humanism gradually became a common social practice. On the other hand, starting from the second half of the 20th century, representatives of the postmodern and religious-conservative traditions more and more clearly pronounce statements about the crisis of humanistic ideology. It is determined that the classical concept of secular humanism has lost its representativeness to social realities because its model of a person becomes outdated and requires rethinking and renewal. It is emphasized that the role of humanitarian technologies is increasing under the new conditions of the science functioning in modern society, in which any knowledge, including natural and technical, acquires a humanitarian dimension. Therefore, the humanitarian component is a necessary part of any science today since the humanitarian component offers a pragmatical and axiological comparison of the scientific achievements with the life-world of men and their needs. The author concludes that rational strategies for overcoming the crisis of humanism (transhumanism and posthumanism) are associated with new ontologies and represent attempts to understand the transformations of humanistic values in the technoscientific world.

Fragile Future: The Human Cost of Conflict in Afghanistan

This context analysis examines the humanitarian, political, societal, and economic dimensions that make the protracted conflict in Afghanistan intractable and precarious for civilian populations. The report is based on field visits to numerous regions in Afghanistan in July 2018 — which included interviews and consultations with a variety of actors, including political stakeholders, humanitarian agencies, and populations affected by conflict — as well as a review of recent and relevant literature. The purpose of this analysis is to (1) provide a current assessment of the conflict, drawing from field interviews and an in- depth assemblage of various reports and resources, (2) examine the interconnected and interdependent interests fueling the conflict, and (3) suggest that if these dynamics persist in the way they have for decades, recent elections and peace talks will represent yet another setback for Afghan communities and a peaceful future for the country.

A Commentary on H C Colles’s ‘The Red Cross in the War.’

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has played a central role in highlighting and responding to the humanitarian dimensions of conflict since its founding in 1863. The first Geneva ...

Reasoning and Moderation as Principles of International Humanitarian Law (Part 1)

Myślenie o wojnie oznacza stawianie czoła ideom i teoriom znacznie odmiennym od tych, które napotykamy w codziennym życiu. Nawet dobrze znane koncepcje wymagają redefinicji. Pośród idei, które możemy uznać za intelektualne narzędzia wojny, należy wskazać dwie zasadnicze, towarzyszące każdemu rozważaniu o wojnie jako takiej. Są to umiar i rozsądek. Obie powinny być obecne w myśleniu o wojnie, niezależnie od tego, czy analizie poddawany jest jej polityczny, prawny, etyczny czy ludzki wymiar; i z drugiej strony niezależnie od tego, czy rozważamy jej znaczenie dla całej wspólnoty czy dla życia/losu jednostki. Przedłożona tu pierwsza część artykułu skupia się na teoretycznych rozważaniach, podczas gdy dalsze analizy będą wskazywały na konsekwencje, jakie myślenie w duchu umiaru i rozsądku wnosi do prawa dotyczącego konfliktów zbrojnych.

Las intervenciones humanitarias desde la doctrina de la Responsabilidad de Proteger

The morally correct political response given by the international community in the face of the commission of atrocious crimes rises a debate on the use of force as a reaction strategy against humanitarian calamities. The authorization on the part of the UN Security Council for the deployment of peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Rwanda and Kosovo, while it obeyed the legal and political dynamics pertaining the post-cold war period, called into question the humanitarian dimension of these armed interventions and gave way to the need of unifying their mandate from a political compromise establishing the course of action of the Security Council. Under such requirement it is set up in 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, which issues a report titled “Responsibility to Protect”, thus giving origin to a doctrine that delineates the study of military interventions with purposes of protection comprehending three key elements: prevention, reaction and reconstruction. In this regard, it is pertinent to inquire into the evolution that this doctrine has had as well as into its normative content starting from its legal and political scope.

Гуманитарное измерение армяно-российских отношений

Гуманитарное измерение армяно-российских отношений

Огляд всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції “Гуманітарні виміри трансформації сучасної вищої медичної освіти”

Огляд всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції “Гуманітарні виміри трансформації сучасної вищої медичної освіти”

Social and economic issues facing seniors: Humanitarian dimensions of aging and social support in old age

The article considers different ways to provide social services to seniors and addresses government social spending on old age.

Role of Professional Management in Improving Job Performance

Management is a special career requiring special skills. To define management as a task with economic, humanitarian and temporal dimensions, it must be emphasized that management is a profession that differs from specialized professions. It is different from the profession of the engineer, the doctor, the accountant, the seller and the teacher. An individual's success in a job does not necessarily make him a successful individual as a manager. Dealing with people as subordinates, bosses, colleagues and clients, taking into account individual differences, requires the manager to have human skill as well as the technical skill associated with the nature of his work. Thinking about the future and preparing for it, and thinking about the particles and their relationship to the colleges requires intellectual skill, and that the appropriate mix of these skills varies according to the administrative level of the manager. While the technical and intellectual skills vary according to management levels, the common denominator among all these levels is human skill as management is the execution of business through other individuals.

The International Humanitarian Response to the Refugee Crisis Along the Balkan Route in the View of Strategies of International Organizations

Abstract Being one of the largest movements of displaced people through European borders since World War Two, the Syrian refugee crisis of 2015 and 2016, tested the coordination of the states and international organizations, and as well as the strategies for response of the latter to such enormous fluxes of displaced people along the Balkan corridor. The quick on-time reaction of the specialized humanitarian international organizations made significant achievements by the international organizations in terms of humanitarian assistance for the refugees and support for the governments of the region. Their approach mainly sought to create a partnership with the governments of the Balkan route in handling the serious humanitarian challenges (with a different strategy compared to other experiences, mainly this time through providing assistance and protection to the refugees throughout the corridor of the refugee crisis), it showed how important is such coordination at the end, with an aim to avoid further human catastrophes along refugee routes, and to avoid major security repercussions for the countries of the region. With a comparative approach, the paper analyzes the response of the international organizations in terms of the strategies they have applied along the Balkan human corridor and their new innovative approaches used in terms of the coordination with the local authorities and governments of the Balkan route. Different to previous forms of humanitarian interventions and dynamics of the refugee crisis (dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1990s), the roles of the international organizations along the Balkan human corridor following the Syrian war of 2015 and 2016 have shaped many innovative dimensions, including firstly their advising orientation and support for refugees and local authorities (mainly through providing help on legal issues). Apart from humanitarian activities for delivering direct aid, the major intergovernmental organizations (most of them operating under the umbrella of the UN) following the implementation of border controls from very beginning of the refugee crisis have been focused in supporting the local authorities as well as on regulating the flow of migrants. The strategies of response by the international organizations in the latest case of the Balkan human corridor notably shifted from the classical humanitarian dimension of their reactions. These strategies have played as well an important role in advising, and especially in developing a partnership with the local authorities capacity building and legal support for both local institutions and refugees. However, through the comparative approaches the paper identifies that there are different models of management roles played by the specialized international organizations in various countries of the Balkan route and its frontiers.

The OSCEs of Central Asia

ABSTRACTCentral Asia is the ‘best customer’ of the OSCE. It is the area of five post-Soviet OSCE participating states that are in significant need of support by the organization that prides itself on cooperative security and that have many shortcomings primarily in the humanitarian dimension, which the organization should foster to change. Central Asia has demonstrated less political and socio-economic transformation since its independence than it could have. While it receives reduced interest due to the declining importance of those two matters that contributed to it (rich natural resources and energy bearers and the vicinity of Afghanistan), the OSCE is the organization where Central Asia is ‘at home’. Central Asian states would like to face less soft persuasion (and even less hard pressure), but they would like to benefit from the assistance of the organization and its participating states. It is for this reason that there is more than one OSCE in Central Asia trying to meet the different needs of the area.

Geoengineering: A humanitarian concern

AbstractThe humanitarian sector is active at the global frontline of climate impacts, and has a track record in influencing the climate change policy agenda. Geoengineering is a humanitarian concern: the potential for deliberate large‐scale intervention in the Earth's climate system has major implications in terms of impacts on the most vulnerable. Yet, so far the humanitarian community has largely been absent from geoengineering deliberations. Geoengineering may be perceived as too theoretical, too complex, and not imminent enough to merit attention. However, early engagement by the sector is imperative to ensure that humanitarian considerations are integrated into policy decisions. Those who can suffer the worst outcomes need to be involved; especially given the plausibility of “predatory geoengineering” where recklessly self‐concerned actions may result in harmful consequences to others. This paper explores the humanitarian dimensions of geoengineering, specifically relating to solar radiation management (SRM). Drawing from the engagement of the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre in SRM discussions, we discuss how to improve linkages between science, policy and humanitarian practice. We further propose the creation of a geoengineering risk management framework to ensure that the interests of the most vulnerable are considered and addressed ‐ including the voices of all stakeholders.

Providing an operational model for the development and assessment of companies’ social responsibility

The present study aims to provide a practical model for the development and assessment of the attitude of private sector industrial manufacturing companies of Semnan province toward social responsibility of organizations. After reviewing the literature, a mixed model, which is a combination of the pattern of the Carroll pyramid, the pattern of social reporting, corporate governance issues, organizational excellence model, and ISO 26000, is proposed, where Carroll’s pattern plays a central role. In this study, four economic, legal, ethical, and humanitarian dimensions are used to meet economic responsibilities, respond to legal responsibilities, implement ethical necessities, and undertake leadership in social institutes, respectively. Accordingly, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the population that turned out to be 93 companies from among companies with more than 6 months activity in 2015 in Semnan province that were selected based on Morgan method. Data are analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. Based on the results, utility of the model is reported to be high in four parts.

Social and humanitarian dimensions of technoscience

Social and humanitarian dimensions of technoscience

Evaluation of Maintenance Management in Iraqi Governmental Buildings

Impact of buildings in Iraq and other countries on the environment is obvious; this problem began to take scientific and humanitarian dimensions in order to reduce and eliminate this problem. This impact can be seen through the energy, water and raw materials consumed for the establishment, operation and maintenance of these buildings, as well as the emissions of hazardous gases and generations of solid wastes.
 This work was conducted to assess the current maintenance managerial practice for the governmental buildings to stand on the main obstacle and extrapolation of measures by means of interviews with experts to determine the effective factors and closed questionnaire to state the features and the need for new building maintenance management system which may assist for modeling new building maintenance management system which may help to reduce the deterioration levels of governmental buildings and the emission of hazardous gases and solid waste with cost efficient approach.
 

Nalar Teosofis sebagai Basis Epistemologis Kajian Agama dan Pengetahuan

<p>This article is an attempt to study the development of epistemology that combines religion and science reasoning in the form of “theosophical sense”. The goal is to provide the opportunity for religious reason and philosophy of reason to move, to walk, to work according to their capacities and freely without having to specify the amount of the portion in between. But at some point, they interact and complement each other. This study is expected to resolve the problem of the conflict between religion—which is based on religious arguments—and knowledge—which is based on human reason—, because each can meet in a single point of wisdom (meeting between aspects of divinity and humanity). Therefore, it has a humanitarian dimension of religion, as well as the knowledge which has dimensions of divinity.</p>

US foreign aid

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of similarities and distinctions between development and educational assistance in the USA as compared with other countries, this paper provides a general review of relevant materials on US foreign aid. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews published books and articles as well as US government budget and Congressional reporting materials and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development statistics. Findings – Beginning with the Marshall Plan following Second World War, the USA has always been a leader in foreign aid. In many ways, US development agencies resemble counterparts in other countries – foreign aid is part of larger network of bilateral relationships, funding requests must compete with requests from other sectors, etc. In other ways, the US stands apart. Because of US Congressional reporting requirements and for philosophical reasons, the US has been reluctant to join other countries in provision of budgetary support. The US coordinates its work with host country governments, but generally organizes its activities in project mode, relying largely on US contractors. The US Agency for International Development and the Department of State are the largest US government development agencies. Still, unlike other donors, development funding and technical assistance is provided by up to 25 agencies with relatively little coordination. US foreign aid has always included a security as well as humanitarian and development dimensions. In recent years, as development assistance is increasingly coordinated with diplomacy and defense, the military dimension has been heightened. Perhaps the most original finding is the notion that public and government support of US foreign aid has required both security and development/humanitarian rationales to remain viable. Originality/value – The paper brings together information from a range of existing sources, but provides a unique perspective on US foreign aid in education.

The humanitarian dimension in the politics of the Assyrian kings

For more than four thousand years there is still news of the Assyrian royal campaigns against the neighboring kingdoms and peoples. It occupies a large part of the writings of Jewish rabbis and modern researchers, with different points of view, sometimes biased, and full of grudges and hatred against the Assyrians. This is what we notice on the books of the Old Testament (the Torah), and on the writings of a number of Western researchers who described the Assyrians with bad qualities that indicate a hardness of heart and looseness of the soul. Therefore, we worked to memorize the humanitarian dimension in the policy of the Assyrian kings by reviewing a number of related cuneiform texts, which contradicted what Jewish researchers and others worked to show on the Assyrians.