Humanitarian Aspect Research Articles

The International Legal Framework Governing the Protection of Cultural Heritage

The study delves deeply into the historical contexts of the countries involved, examining how the idea of cultural heritage and its protection under international law has changed through the years and in various social, economic, and political climates. When preserving cultural assets under public international law, we also consider the humanitarian aspect of this phenomenon. The study examines whether people and groups limit a state's power to act beyond limitations imposed by other states and international organizations. This research further examines the role of international human rights laws in this setting, the preservation of the individual's connection to cultural products, and whether or not an individual becomes a significant player in international law. The study's findings provide conclusive evidence of the pivotal catalytic role that UNESCO and similar international organizations play in the worldwide preservation of cultural heritage. UNESCO is the principal venue for monitoring whether or not states are adhering to international protection principles. Whether or not UNESCO can be effective without ratification processes for cultural preservation has to be investigated more deeply. The study's findings indicate that protecting cultural assets involves a wide range of aspects, including the rights and responsibilities of governments and the rights of cultures. In addition, our research suggests that the ever-evolving international legal system can improve its framework, which is relevant to preserving cultural treasures.

WHAT CHANGED IN PERSONAL DEBT ENFORCEMENT SINCE ANCIENT TIMES?

Debt default has various adverse effects on the parties of a loan transaction, namely the debtor, lender, market, and society. Many mechanisms have been developed for debt enforcement since ancient times. Unfortunately, the sanctions used in enforcement, especially for personal debts, have always been quite harsh. This paper evaluates the instruments used in personal debt enforcement. It presents that some sanctions used in ancient societies are still utilized in modern economies. While the traditional insolvency regulations focused only on protecting the lender by disregarding the humanitarian aspect, current laws also aim at the relief of defaulted individuals. Although there is no more death penalty and slavery, and are too few imprisonment practices today, the ancient instrument of seizing assets is still an essential sanction with some exemptions. Debt bondage is also not employed nowadays. However, confiscating the individuals’ future income may be considered a modern form of debt bondage.

Neo-Liberal Politikaların Hayat Boyu Öğrenme ve Yetişkin Eğitimi Odaklı Uzaktan Eğitime Etkisi

The humanitarian aspect of distance education focused on adult education and the quality of education is the most debated issue. The prevailing opinion on this issue is that this system aims to provide individuals with the job skills needed by the market through mass education in efforts to reduce people to a human resource as a result of neoliberal policies. However, the participation needs of adults and the level of satisfaction after getting diploma or certificate can reveal how adult education process is practiced. Reports on adult education practices tell us a different story when compared to some of the proposals put forward by neoliberal policies that put adult education at the center. The impact of neoliberalism on education, particularly in the domains of lifelong learning and adult education through distance education is a subject of significant concern and debate. Neoliberalism, often viewed as an economic doctrine, goes beyond mere economic principles and has broader implications for political, cultural, and social values in society. While it is often promoted as a path to economic growth and individual freedom, the effects of neoliberal policies on education, as discussed in this paper, needs a careful consideration. This study has shown that adult education and the distance education that seems to serve it are seemingly captive to the aims of neoliberalism.

FROM THE SEARCH FOR A NEW IDEOLOGY TO THE VALUES OF CULTURE, EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING

The article deals with the search for a new ideology or national idea as a superstructure to the values of culture, education and upbringing. The importance of sovereign thinking in culture and education is emphasized, the cor- relation of the concepts of «culture» and «intelligence» is considered. The humanitarian aspect of education related to the allocation of the ideological component as part of the national culture is presented. The essence of three inter- related concepts is revealed: identity, worldview, ideology. The present period is the renaissance of Russian society, reflected in the Decree on Values. Human capital is the main resource of the country, therefore, the education of a good person requires the search for a new methodology, pedagogical tools and technologies.

남북 그린데탕트 추진을 위한 국내법제 정비 방안

This paper raises the necessity and utility of environmental cooperation in the context of the climate change crisis caused by environmental pollution and the strained North-South relations influenced by the US-China rivalry. It presents a plan for the domestic legal revision needed to facilitate this. Particularly, in the case of North and South Korea, where land and sea are interconnected, a joint response to climate change is necessary, and such cooperation can be mutually beneficial. Additionally, environmental improvement projects in North Korea can enhance the quality of life of its residents, offering a humanitarian aspect and potentially not conflicting with international sanctions against North Korea. In this regard, efforts for environmental cooperation are necessary for both Koreas, and there is a considerable possibility that North Korea will respond to these efforts. According to reports submitted to the UN and others, environmental pollution in North Korea is at a serious level, and there is observed intent to seek international support for its resolution. This situation implies that the resolution of environmental issues between North and South Korea can at least be achieved within the framework of multilateral international cooperation. The South Korean government has proposed the “Green Detente” policy as part of its North Korea policy to address the problems arising from climate change in North and South Korea and East Asia. The Green Detente can be understood as a process that aims for unification through reconciliation and cooperation by enhancing mutual benefits through cooperation in the environmental sector, which is a non-political field. In a situation where political exchanges are difficult, environmental cooperation has the advantage of being less burdensome as it can be conducted through local governments, private sector, or so-called 1.5 track exchanges. However, when examining the current state of domestic legislation for promoting the Green Detente as part of this policy, several limitations and problems have been identified. Firstly, our laws do not anticipate the divided situation and are not formulated to be applicable to North Korean areas. Nor is there a special law for the promotion of Green Detente. Even if there were such a law, it would not be simple to pre-emptively legislate for various unpredictable situations. Therefore, the most useful approach currently available is to create a legislative environment for the implementation of the Green Detente policy by revising laws, particularly those governing North-South relations and laws addressing environmental pollution and disaster preparedness. A brief examination reveals that the Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act, which regulates all areas of inter-Korean exchange and cooperation, needs revision due to unnecessary and complex regulatory elements concerning environmental exchange and cooperation. Individual environmental laws lack the foundation for research and study on North Korean areas and nearly lack provisions considering the possibility of cooperation with North Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to legislate including plans for cooperation, investigation, and research on North Korean areas in the provisions for establishing basic plans in individual environmental laws. Additionally, provisions related to international cooperation may be difficult to apply to bilateral cooperation issues between North and South Korea. The revision of domestic laws should be done in a way that respects the basic principles of unification under the constitution, does not harm North-South relations, prepares for unification, and complies with international standards on environmental issues.

Культурные и лингвокультурные коды: теоретический обзор

The review paper aims to summarize scientific theoretical knowledge on the problem of codes presented in its humanitarian aspect. The paper provides various points of view on the essence, composition, structure and functioning of codes in general, culture and linguoculture codes in particular. The interaction of verbal and non-verbal codes is discussed. Special attention is paid to such a variety of linguoculture codes as figurative codes. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the authors of this review paper attempt to provide insight into the concept of culture and linguoculture codes, to demonstrate scholars’ diverse opinions, coinciding views and their disagreements on this issue, which gives a detailed idea of the current state of the issue. As a result of studying various points of view of Russian linguists, semiologists and scholars in culture studies on the essence, composition, structure and functioning of codes, the review demonstrates the high importance attached to the notion of code within the entire spectrum of the humanities and the great effectiveness of the theory of codes, which acts as a general scientific epistemology that makes it possible to consider society, culture and language in a single system of categories. In addition, by extracting and bringing together the disparate features presented in the works on the subject under consideration, the review paper presented a list of essential (categorical) features collectively forming the notion of ‘culture code’.

(Re)Wording War: Re-narration of a positive Sri Lanka in the 61<sup>st</sup> Independence Day Speech by President Mahinda Rajapaksa

In the field of politics, translation inherently connects with activism. When a government translates itself for local and international audiences, translation becomes an act of re-narration aimed to reconfigure a reality desired by the country. Taking Sinhala as the Source Language, and English as the Target language, this research uses the narrative theory of translation as re-narration to analyze the President’s address to the nation at the 61st Independence Day Celebrations of Sri Lanka in 2009. Both the inter-lingual translation from Sinhala to English, and the inter-semiotic translation from spoken to printed text are analyzed. The context of Sri Lanka in 2009 is critical in terms of the ‘victory’ for the Sri Lankan forces in the fight against the LTTE, as well as the international attention for the war and the allegations made against human rights violations by the army. It can be argued that then President Mahinda Rajapaksa uses the Independence Day Celebrations as a platform to narrate a positive image of Sri Lanka by referring to the humanitarian aspect of the war and the governmental forces. The findings imply how activism via translation operates from administrative levels to outside (i.e., those who are not involved in administrative work), how certain ideas are omitted, added, and at times deliberately mistranslated to manipulate a positive reconfiguration of Sri Lanka, and how communicative equivalence may render certain nuanced use of language untranslatable. Further, it shows the lapses that occur in inter-semiotic translation, especially when a speech is accompanied by supporting oratory, visual elements.

Postmortem Computed Tomography: A Supplant Technique to Autopsy for Firearm Injuries in the Head

Background: Autopsy is more time-consuming if the bullet/bullets are lodged at the difficult-to-access sites of the head, especially maxillofacial regions. The procedure of suturing the deceased becomes even more difficult after the retrieval of bullets post-dissection of facial tissues. The altered aesthetics psychologically and emotionally disturb the already bereaved next of kin. The authors explored the utility of PMCT and propose a methodology of targeted dissection/minimally invasive approach to retrieve the bullet. The authors discussed the feasibility to conclude the cause of death in cases of single/multiple firearm injuries to the head using PMCT alone. Methods: The authors evaluated three cases of firearm deaths at a distance lesser than close range to the head. The deceased was subjected to PMCT scanning using a 16-slice Multi-Slice CT spiral scanner and findings were analyzed using the Vitrea software v.6.9.1 with the slice thickness ranging from 0.5mm to 5mm. A routine conventional autopsy was conducted post-scanning. Two of the three cases were suicide and succumbed to a single firearm injury while the third case was a homicide due to multiple firearm injuries. Conclusion: PMCT alone can be utilized and relied upon in deaths due to a single shot to the head and suggests a combined methodology of PMCT evaluation and minimally invasive approach in cases of multiple firearm injuries for better correlation of wound track. Lastly, PMCT helped in a targeted approach to reach the in situ bullets more precisely than any other radiological technique which upholds the humanitarian forensic aspect.

Eksistensi Polisi Cepek Sebagai Representasi Pahlawan Jalanan Di Daerah Kampus Kota Jember

Eksistensi Polisi Cepek Sebagai Representasi Pahlawan Jalanan Di Daerah Kampus Kota Jember

Vision for Teaching Communication Skills through Literary Texts in BBS Second Year

The article discusses the rationale and process of teaching Vision: A thematic anthology of literary and cultural texts in BBS second year in Tribhuvan University, Nepal. This book is a collection of multicultural literary readings that consist of poetry, fiction, prose and play. Based on the ideas that literary readings and their creative discussions in a classroom helps the learners to develop their creative, critical and language skills to be used in their professional life, the article has discussed how the texts incorporated in this textbook are appropriate to achieve these objectives of the course. The readings on the logics of using literature in the university classes form the theoretical background of this study. The study has concluded that the use of literary texts in management classes in the university helps the learners develop the basic communicative skills keeping the humanitarian aspect at focus. The article also incorporates a practical process of teaching a poem from this textbook in the real classroom and discusses how it could help students develop the expected skills.

Enhancing E-Grocery-Delivery-Network Resilience with Autonomous Delivery Robots

This paper examines the challenges associated with the efficient planning and operation of an E-grocery delivery system using Autonomous Delivery Robots (ADR) during unforeseen events. The primary objective is to minimize unfulfilled customer demands rather than focusing solely on cost reduction, considering the humanitarian aspect. To address this, a two-echelon vehicle routing problem is formulated, taking into account stochastic service times and demands. Two models, namely a deterministic model and a chance-constraint model, are employed to solve this problem. The results demonstrate that the chance-constraint model significantly reduces unmet demands compared to the deterministic model, particularly when the delivery deadline has a broad time window and the ADR/van speed ratio is moderate.

Educational potential of Russia as a guarantee of preservation of socio-cultural identity

Introduction. The article examines the education system as a basis for understanding socio-cultural identity. The authors show that globalization levels the socio-cultural identity of people, so its revival should begin with the educational system. The way out of the crisis of the modern educational system is directly related to the preservation of the socio-cultural identity of a particular society. Purpose setting. The chaotization of the social space of recent decades has caused serious problems in the relationship between various social institutions, including education. The authors highlight the ways of preserving the identity not only of an individual, but also of the whole society. They also show the problems faced by the subjects of the educational process under the influence of the digitalization of the social space. Methodology and methods of the study. The authors investigate the factors that create the appropriate basis for structural changes in the educational sphere. According to the authors, in the information society, the conditions for the preservation of sociocultural identity should be formed at the level of a specific educational system. Results. As shown in the article, modern education is not always able to fulfill its ideological function. The lack of a holistic worldview among students does not contribute to the awareness of their socio-cultural identity. Education is a social institution, so it is actively involved in the socio-cultural movements of our time. Building a new social system on the European model involves the complete destruction of the traditional system of values, including education. Of particular importance is the humanitarian aspect of the problem of continuity of generations, which lies in the urgent need to preserve in Russian society its traditional spiritual values, patriotism and a sense of responsibility for the fate of the country. The system of education and upbringing can ensure the transfer of the value system to the younger generation of Russian citizens, using the best examples of Russian culture. Conclusion. According to the authors, the loss of identity is perceived as a crisis of the values of Russian spiritual culture, which can be seen at the level of the educational system. The system of «universal values» carries with it the destruction of the socio-cultural identity of individual peoples, therefore, the preservation of socio-cultural identity in a multipolar world is possible only through the revival of local and regional values.

Offerings Matter: Revisiting the Sabbath Transgression in Nehemiah 13 and the So-Called Sabbath Reform

Recent interpretations of the Sabbath rest concept in the Hebrew Bible tend to highlight its humanitarian aspect. However, in this paper, I aim to nuance this claim by attending to a rarely discussed Sabbath text in Nehemiah 13. I will argue that the Sabbath rest motif in Nehemiah is less concerned about the humanitarian aspect than the temple’s maintenance while at the same time fulfilling the imperial tax obligation. The Sabbath rest motif supports Nehemiah’s demand for the temple’s communal funding through tithes and offerings. To support this argument, I begin by reviewing the discussion about the Achaemenid imperial rule over the Jerusalem temple and its tax obligation. Scholars differ on how significant the Jerusalem temple was for the imperial administration, but some sort of obligation to the empire is generally accepted. After that, I analyze how the Sabbath concept is manifested in Neh. 13.15–22 in relation to its literary contexts. Along with clearing the temple storeroom, maintaining temple resources, and restricting exogamy, the Sabbath concept facilitates the temple’s maintenance and the meeting of the imperial tax obligation.

Investigating the Mediating Role of Leadership Style in the Relationship Between Personality Type and the Performance of the Staff, Captains, Supervisors, and Medics in Tehran’s Soccer Clubs

Background: Football has surpassed the borders of countries and established an integral relationship with national pride. Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between leadership style and the personality type of Tehran club pro members, first, second, and third leagues, and their performance. Methods: This descriptive, analytic, inferential, and cross-sectional study was conducted on three hundred and sixty-two members of Tehran Football Leagues’ staff, captains, supervisors, and medics. The data were collected by five questionnaires with tested validity and reliability. Results: Based on the leadership style, the majority of members had the training and exercising style. Considering the personality type, many of the members were inclined towards type B and types one, two, five, and seven of the Enneagram. A significant relationship was observed between the personality type and performance of the football teams in arenas of maintenance, knowing the team, financial issues, and team performance (P < 0.05). Besides, there was a significant relationship between the leadership style of training and exercising, and the personality types one, two, five, and seven (P = 0.039). Finally, the social support style and personality types one, two, five, and seven showed a significant relationship (P = 0.04). Conclusions: The staff, captains, supervisors, and medics preferred the leadership style of training and exercising as well as the humanitarian aspect. They mostly had personality types B, one, two, five, and seven of the Enneagram. Therefore, it is emphasized to pay attention to personality type A and other types of Enneagram for different professions.

Pernan Advokat Dalam Memberikan Bantuan Hukum Kepada Masyarakat Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia


 Legal aid has an important position in every criminal, civil and state administrative justice system, including in Indonesia. The concept of legal aid relates to a person's rights to exercise these rights, therefore legal aid is carried out by legal experts and experienced people in order to carry out their profession. Legal aid is carried out by legal aid providers who are oriented towards noble values, namely the humanitarian aspect to fight for human rights to live in prosperity and justice. This paper aims to find out the role of advocates in law enforcement and to find out the obstacles they face in upholding the law, especially in defending their clients in the Pemko Medan area. Advocates in Pemko Medan, especially those who are members of the Indonesian Advocates Association Organization (AAI).
 Keywords:: Advocate, Legal Aid, Human Rights

THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF MIGRANTS REMITTANCE IN ERITREA

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognizes the positive role of migrants in sustainable economic development and precisely include migration in three targets, and it’s linked indirectly to many more [1], [2]. Many experts of economic development also agree that remittances are perhaps the most highly visible and tangible benefit of emigration to the origin countries, especially for developing countries like Eritrea [3]. There is an emerging consensus in the literature that migration and remittance are part and parcel of an overall livelihood strategy through which households try to cope with shocks [4]. In the case of Eritrea, although the political and humanitarian aspect of emigration is highly investigated, its economic impact is hardly researched. This article tries to investigate the economic impact of emigration by giving more emphasis on the positive role of economic remittance. Thus this article aimed at providing an overview of general migration trends of Eritrea which primarily focus on remittances and their role on the home country. Using data triangulation analysis, diverse sources such as literature review, interviews of individual and family migrants in Sudan, as well as discussions with Eritrean students of higher institution and informants from host countries of Eritrean diaspora, this paper presents relevant findings that can help to realize the positive role of remittance to the Eritrean economy and adds to the literature which so far is very negligible. For Eritrea a low income country remittance constitute an important part of the economy. Economic remittance supplement the domestic incomes of millions of poor families mostly used for consumption rather than investment and are vital source of foreign exchange for Eritrea. Remittance to Eritrea is mostly sent to families and relatives through various means and the informal channel is the most predominant. This study finds that although the views towards the role of remittance is mixed for the long run, given the current economic and political situation, remittance is considered the life blood of the economy. Although migration has undeniable negative economic impact, this paper is limited only on the positive economic impact of migration.

Peacekeeping Mission UNIFIL: “Blue Helmets” in the South of Lebanon

The article focuses on the activities of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). The authors outline the conditions and prerequisites for the UN Security Council decision on deployment of a peacekeeping contingent in the south of Lebanon. They also consider the specifics of fulfilling the mission’s mandate and the tasks assigned to the peacekeepers. The authors come to the conclusion that the UN peacekeeping mission in Lebanon acts as a deterrent in the confrontation between Israel and the Lebanese Hezbollah, and it also undertakes mediation efforts in the negotiation process between Tel Aviv and Beirut. And although the results of the peacekeeping mission over the past almost four and a half decades cannot be called particularly effective, the absence of peacekeepers in the Southern Lebanon could increase the likelihood of a direct clash between the warring parties. The causes of the conflict have not yet been eliminated. Consequently, the UNIFIL mandate could be extended for years to come. The authors also pay attention to the humanitarian aspect of the peacekeeping mission, whose personnel have made significant efforts to help the local population and carried out the demining of the territory.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГУМАНИТАРНОГО АСПЕКТА ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ТУРЦИИ

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГУМАНИТАРНОГО АСПЕКТА ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ТУРЦИИ

Wawasan Al-Qur’an dan Alkitab Tentang Term Kafir: Sebuah Studi Komparatif

The term of kafir is one of the most sensitive and controversial terms in religious texts. In religious texts such as the Qur'an and the Bible, the term kafir is discussed or mentioned. However, the discussion of the term kafir in the framework of a comparative study between the two holy books is still rare, especially those that relate it to the Indonesian context. This study aimed to fill that gap. By doing so, it gained a better understanding of the term kafir from the perspective of religious scriptures. This study was a literature study of the Qur'an and Bible, supplemented by various relevant secondary sources. As a result, this study found that the term kafir in the Qur'an is very diverse and dynamic. The term kafir in the Bible is quite a few and is not as dynamic as the Qur'an. Generally, the Qur'an explains the term kafir as a certain attitude or act of disbelief, while the Bible is more about the information on certain things that are not related to certain attitudes or actions. In general, the term kafir from the perspective of the two holy books is seen as a term that is negatively charged. That is why the term kafir is generally sensitive and controversial, especially in Indonesia, so using this term in the Indonesian context needs to be based on considerations that prioritize common interests. The humanitarian aspect is one of the common interests that need to be prioritized or prioritized to avoid various negative impacts that can be triggered by this term on the state of a country with rich diversity like Indonesia.

Central Asia and China: Main Aspects and Directions of Interaction in Modern Realities

The article attempts to determine the significance for China of intensifying its relations with the countries of the Central Asian region, primarily those bordering it – with Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. For the countries of Central Asia, cooperation with China is essential for their development. The author comes to the conclusion that the priorities of China’s policy in Central Asia are the support of stability, security, as well as the access on a mutually beneficial basis to Central Asian energy resources and the further development of economic ties. In the sphere of economic cooperation, the investment activity of China in the region is considered. The cultural and humanitarian aspect of cooperation between the countries of Central Asia and China is also highlighted: this is the cooperation of regions, educational institutions, the media, art groups, interaction in the field of science, technology, medicine, tourism, etc.