Humanistic Aspects Research Articles

Current status and prospect of future internet-oriented wisdom manufacturing

<p indent="0mm">Contemporary integrated manufacturing has become a large complex system that integrates social, economic, and humanistic aspects. The integration of social, cyber, and physical systems is the development trend of today’s manufacturing industry. As the fused result of the four future internet pillars or networks (i.e., Internet by and for people, Internet of things, Internet of services, and Internet of contents and knowledge) and manufacturing technologies, wisdom manufacturing has become an emerging smart manufacturing model of the humans-computers-things collaboration, a social-cyber-physical production system that has gained widespread attention. Accordingly, the review of such an emerging smart manufacturing model is necessary for sorting out its research context and providing a useful reference for the future development of intelligent manufacturing. This paper comprehensively reviews the future internet-oriented wisdom manufacturing. To do this, the relationship between industrial internet and future internet is first analyzed, and the basic concepts of wisdom manufacturing integrating the four networks and the advanced manufacturing technology are expounded. Subsequently, the research progress of wisdom manufacturing and the inevitability of manufacturing toward wisdom are discussed along with the difference between and relevance of wisdom manufacturing and other smart manufacturing models, as well as future research on wisdom manufacturing. From the perspectives of artificial intelligence, internet, industrial revolution, and evolution of manufacturing paradigms, wisdom manufacturing is described as the inheritance and innovative development of intelligent manufacturing, which will progress with the advancement of new-generation artificial intelligence and future internet, eventually moving toward an inclusive and sustainable development in harmony with mankind.

Network marketing in network society: humanistic and psychological aspects of the problem

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The article carries out both theoretical and empirical analysis of some humanistic and psychological aspects of the functioning of network marketing in modern network society. In fact, the humanistic vector of research is represented in the importance of formulating and understanding of the problem of human search for a harmonious individual identity and ways of effective self-realization in a globalized and informatized society, in a massive environment of consumption and services; psychological and socio-psychological vectors consist of the study of individual characteristics of the Ukrainian population’s attitude to their own material status and some potential opportunities for its improvement. In particular, the analysis touches the phenomenon of «social psychology of poverty» as a lifestyle, which is often justified by the relevant philosophy of life and morality. The ambivalent components of the image of network marketing in modern society, as well as social and personal factors of attitude formation and personal involvement in this type of employment are revealed. According to the results of a pilot empirical study, it was stated that the dominant majority of online Ukrainian respondents (it was used the methods of «convenient sampling» and «snowball») has been self-identified as «average in their material status». At the same time, almost half consider wealth as mainly the result of their own persistence and activity. The dominant majority of respondents are at least partially informed about the network business, and a little over a third – «tried themselves» in this type of business. The most frequently identified associations with «network marketing» were «sale / sales» and «Internet», fit into his general denotative interpretations. However, about one in five respondents has some distrust of this method of earning, associated with «pyramidal» connotations and fear of «being deceived». And the same number of people trust network marketing instills concrete success and results of relevant activities.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

ОСВІТА ДОРОСЛИХ У КОНТЕКСТІ ІСТОРІЇ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СОЦІУМУ (ІІ ПОЛ. ХІХ – 20-ТІ РР. ХХ СТ.)

The article focuses on the important issue concerning the development of non-formal&nbsp;education in connection with self-realization of Ukrainian society from the latter part of the&nbsp;19th century to the 1920s. It is underlined that in this period lots of educational institutionswere opened (lyceums, gymnasiums, universities), as well as scientific organizations and&nbsp;public libraries and that was a significant contribution to the development of education&nbsp;since this was followed by the enriching of educational resources, increasing the numberof educational opportunities and public interest in education.&nbsp;The article reveals the main direction that the adult education of that time was led by – it&nbsp;strove to find correlation between the maintenance and innovative learning. The&nbsp;connection of different aspects (state formation, socio-political, national, moral and&nbsp;religious life of Ukraine) with the education of that time is described in the article.&nbsp;On the basis of the study and analysis of archival sources, documents, scholarly literature&nbsp;and periodicals it is found out the priority of trends in adult ducation, the gradual&nbsp;determination of their nature and focus on sociocultural conditions, philosophy of&nbsp;education as characteristics of society self-realization, organizational and pedagogical&nbsp;peculiarities of the problem.&nbsp;The history of adult education is investigated in the article, as well as its influence on&nbsp;pedagogical, psychological, social, cultural, historical problems of our time. The study of&nbsp;the adult education history makes contribution to scholarly and theoretical research, the&nbsp;development of education. It is highlighted that the genesis of the problem reveals the&nbsp;democratic, humanistic indicators of the education basics of the Ukrainian mentality.&nbsp;Humanistic aspect of the matter is singled out and it is intensified in connection with the&nbsp;study of experience aimed at defining man as the highest value.&nbsp;It is determined that the principles of non-formal education should focus on the current&nbsp;state of society, its national and cultural characteristics. The important task of the adult&nbsp;educational process is to take into account the trends of domestic education instead of&nbsp;adopting foreign ideas, because during the learning process it will help to take into account&nbsp;certain features within our mentality.

HUMANISTIC ASPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL VALUES IN BUDDHISM AND TAOISM AND THEIR SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

The tendency to seek the harmonization of the relationship between nature and man is as relevant as ever. In the social value discourse, increase in the role of religion and religions in public space encourages religions themselves to become useful to society with their environmental narratives, and society – to be more attentive to their potential. After all, now the answers to the question of how to save humanity without global losses and how to move from a destructive type of development to a regulated one are as relevant as ever. How to mobilize moral and intellectual potential? It is obvious that global problems affect absolutely all segments of the population: Christians and Buddhists, agnostics and atheists. Undoubtedly, these issues concern churches and their spiritual leaders. In the article, the author reveals humanistic aspects of ecological ideas of the East (on the example of Buddhism and Taoism), explains the resource of Buddhist and Taoist environmental wisdom in its heuristic possibilities for today. Relevant guidelines are important for analysis and reflection, at least because they have mentally shaped the ecological culture of its adherents. And as is known, the ecological construct of a number of Eastern countries is recognized in the West as worthy of approval and imitation for the formation of a model of sustainable development and potential establishment of environmentally friendly society. The author focuses not so much on the dogmatic features of the substantiation of Buddhist and Taoist ideas (in tendencies and directions), as on the identification of their common humanistic logic, which can be understood and accepted by Western people (they do not have to become the followers of relevant Eastern doctrines). The researcher also considers the value potential of the worldview cultures in the aspect of sacralization of the rhythms of nature, reverence for its beauty as an image of wise cosmic “industry”. The article implements the disciplinary interaction of religious studies, applied ethics, aesthetic hermeneutics.

Has the Metaverse caused the rupture of humanity?

&lt;p&gt;In 2021, the rapid rise of the Metaverse caused a lot of cultural and humanistic concerns. Some people believe that the Metaverse challenged the humanistic connotation of existing culture and caused humanistic rupture. This concern is not unreasonable, but there are also misunderstandings. The connotation of humanity should be defined as various aspects of humanity, that is, humanity should not be regarded as a whole, but as various aspects with both fluidity and imbalance. From the existing technology-based culture to the meta cosmic culture, the humanities have changed successively, forming a form of topological change. All aspects of humanity always present themselves in challenges and changes, and there is no rigid solidification of the whole of humanity. The Metaverse will shape new humanistic values and connotations. It is not an involution of human self&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;consumption. Therefore, the “rupture” of the humanistic aspects of the Metaverse is not a fact, but an idea imagination. The “Reconstruction” of the humanistic aspects is a form of the combination of fact promotion and the elimination of misleading ideas, and its mechanism is a topological migration&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Has the Metaverse caused the rupture of humanity?

&lt;p&gt;In 2021, the rapid rise of the Metaverse caused a lot of cultural and humanistic concerns. Some people believe that the Metaverse challenged the humanistic connotation of existing culture and caused humanistic rupture. This concern is not unreasonable, but there are also misunderstandings. The connotation of humanity should be defined as various aspects of humanity, that is, humanity should not be regarded as a whole, but as various aspects with both fluidity and imbalance. From the existing technology-based culture to the meta cosmic culture, the humanities have changed successively, forming a form of topological change. All aspects of humanity always present themselves in challenges and changes, and there is no rigid solidification of the whole of humanity. The Metaverse will shape new humanistic values and connotations. It is not an involution of human self&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;consumption. Therefore, the “rupture” of the humanistic aspects of the Metaverse is not a fact, but an idea imagination. The “Reconstruction” of the humanistic aspects is a form of the combination of fact promotion and the elimination of misleading ideas, and its mechanism is a topological migration&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A Proposed Islamic Performance Measurement Model

Performance Management (PM) system available nowadays mostly measures and appraises performance solely on outcomes of material aspects, while ignoring humanistic aspects leading to unfair employees’ performance appraisal. This concept paper aims to propose a PM model embedded with Islamic values which emphasizes that measuring and appraising performance should not only focus on outcomes, but also on effort exerted by the employees. Such measurement is seen as necessary as it will self-regulate employees to view work as an ‘ibadah’ which promotes self-supervision on the concept of ‘ihsan’ leading to highly ethical workforce. Previous literature, focusing on PM articles, especially those related to Islamic views, Islamic management, and related parts of al-Quran and Sunnah were reviewed. Combination of different viewpoints gives a rich source of knowledge to achieve the paper’s objective. Findings from the review are used to argue and propose an Islamic PM model believed to produce satisfied employees that is grounded on the tenet that PM should combine both materials and spiritual aspects. It should start with the selection of a right leader who ensures Islamic work culture (which are universally accepted) to first be created and embraced and to apply Maqasid al-Syariah in designing its PMS based on both materiality and spirituality aspects. This study contributes to new knowledge as it tries to extend limited available literature on this topic, especially on integrating effort together with outcomes in measuring and appraising employees’ performance, thus contribute to productive workers with better quality of work life.

Preferences in a Group of Patients with Cancer: A Grounded Theory.

PurposeThis study was conducted to understand the preferences of patients with cancer in Medellin, Colombia.MethodsA qualitative approach based on the theoretical and methodological resources of the grounded theory was conducted. Between June 2020 and March 2021, patients over 18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of cancer within the past 2 years treated in Medellin, Colombia, were selected. Theoretical saturation sampling was performed. Each participant was interviewed between 2 and 3 times in accordance with the open, axial, and selective coding of the grounded theory.ResultsA common preference set emerged in all patients related to the attributes of healthcare professionals and is a category that unites their scientific and humanistic aspects. On the other hand, very heterogeneous preferences were presented that were associated with the doctor–patient relationship and the therapeutic objectives. In the doctor–patient relationship, there are those who adhere to a paternalistic model and those who opt for an informative model. In therapeutic objectives, two subcategories emerged: those who are inclined to preserve life and those who accord more value to the quality of life.ConclusionThe categories that emerged illustrate the complexity and challenges of the preferences of patients with cancer in theoretical and experiential terms for social studies of medicine, philosophy, and bioethics. From medical social studies, it’s emphasized that the experiences of dehumanization are constant, which generates shared preferences in the patients related to the ideal of the medical professional. From the philosophical perspective, the care received by patients coincides with what was called medicine for slaves in ancient Greece, insofar as patients are not assumed to be free subjects. With respect to bioethics, some ideas are raised contrary to the support of individual autonomy; relational autonomy and the respect for the person above the autonomy itself are advocated.

Modern Confucianism and the concept of sustainable development

This article examines interrelation between the concept of Confucianism and sustainable development, as well as their theoretical mutual influence in the context of the development of China&amp;rsquo;s modern social-humanistic thought. The research employs the methods of comparative analysis, system and structural approaches. The subject of this study is mostly modern scientific articles from the publication &amp;ldquo;Confucianism and Sustainable Development of Mankind&amp;rdquo; of November 16-19, 2019 based on the VI Congress of the International Confucian Association in Beijing, as well as the research of the Chinese authors on the topic. Special attention is given to the impact of the traditional spiritual heritage upon substantiation of the modern concept. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the ideas of Confucianism are widely used for the theoretical justification of the concept of sustainable development, namely from the ethical perspective, which proves rather declarative-propagandistic nature of these works. Similar focus on the humanistic and ethical aspects of Confucianism as a reputable evidence of the modern concept of sustainable development on the level of scientific abstraction and theorization levels out the systemic problem of economic and sociopolitical structure as the key source of the all-round crisis. Namely this structure reproduces the consumer type of personality as the foundation of capitalistic system, which in many ways contradicts the traditional spiritual values. This may lead to humanization of the traditional spiritual doctrines, including Confucianism, which is oriented towards humanistic values of individualism and primacy of a human. Such influence of the liberal-humanist ideology on Confucianism distorts its basic worldview attitudes as a conservative patriarchal ideology, and turns it into the instrument of ethical manipulation.

Bibliography and the doctrine of bibliosphere: the state and prospects of development

The article is devoted to the analysis of the methodological potential of the main provisions of the Doctrine of Bibliosphere, developed by A. V. Sokolov. It is noted that its source is the concept of Noosphere by V. I. Vernadsky, which has been developed in the works of N. N. Moiseev. The basis of the Doctrine is a number of provisions. The first one concerns the nature of bibliosphere. However, in different works by A. V. Sokolov, it is defined in different ways, e.g. as part of a social space, as a national system of infrastructural book and communication systems that have developed at the industrial stage of man-made civilization, as a part of the document sphere, as a supersystem of book and communication systems that ensure the reproduction, preservation and further development of the national book culture. The second proposition concerns Bibliologos, or Book Mind, as the governing principle of Bibliosphere. The content of the third provision is devoted to the identification of the conflict between book and digital culture. The fourth and final statement is aimed at revealing the humanistic nature of Bibliosphere. It is based on ideas on the humanistic nature of book. The existing contradictions are analyzed. Theу include, first of all, the impossibility of the direct transfer of terminology and basic provisions of the theory of Noosphere to library and bibliographic concepts due to the difference in the scale of these theories (Noosphere and Bibliosphere), as well as the applied nature of the latter. Secondly, the contradiction highlighted by A. V. Sokolov is considered as a local problem caused by the transition to new technologies. Its resolution is not of a key nature and does not determine the vector of development of librarianship and bibliography. Third, the author questions the validity of identifying Bibliologos as a governing principle within the framework of a theory based on the principles of scientific rationality, which excludes the appeal to mysticism. Fourth, it is noted that the humanistic nature of librarianship and bibliography is given not by the nature of the book, which is indifferent, but by library and library and bibliographic activities aimed at the humanistic development of society. As a result of the analysis of Doctrine, the author comes to the conclusion that the idea of creating a theory, the main provisions and methodology of which allow us comprehensive consideration of social, information, technological and ethical (humanistic) aspects of librarianship and bibliography is relevant for modern library and bibliographic science in the context of the transition to a new model of organizing librarianship and bibliography. The analysis of the Doctrine on Bibliosphere has shown that it can potentially become such a theory, provided that the contradictions and unresolved issues identified by us are successfully resolved. At the same time, from a methodological point of view, it is fundamental to return to the positions of materialism and dialectics.

Navigating (and Disrupting) the Digital Divide: Urban Teachers' Perspectives on Secondary Mathematics Instruction During COVID-19.

This study examines the perspectives and lived experiences of 10 urban secondary mathematics teachers from two epicenters of COVID-19 in the United States regarding their transition to digital learning during the 2019–2020 academic year. We use case study methodology with phenomenological interviews to gather insights into the teachers’ efforts to modify their mathematics instruction and curriculum while navigating observed digital inequities and new digital tools for mathematics teaching. We also report on the teachers’ targeted attempts to bridge home and school while problematizing the threatened humanistic aspect of remote teaching and learning. These frontline experiences recognize technology-associated systemic inequities in marginalized, urban communities and the need to strategize ways to implement equity-oriented technology integration that benefits all learners, especially urban youth. By critically examining digital education in the urban context, crucial conversations can transpire that critique (and disrupt) the digital divide in mathematics education and open doors for other stakeholders to broadly discuss the logistics and implications of digital education to enhance new ways of teaching and learning.

Drug Shortage: Causes, Impact, and Mitigation Strategies.

Drug shortage is a global issue affecting low, middle, and high-income countries. Many countries have developed various strategies to overcome the problem, while the problem is accelerating, affecting the whole world. All types of drugs, such as essential life-saving drugs, oncology medicines, antimicrobial drugs, analgesics, opioids, cardiovascular drugs, radiopharmaceutical, and parenteral products, are liable to the shortage. Among all pharmaceutical dosage forms, sterile injectable products have a higher risk of shortage than other forms. The causes of shortage are multifactorial, including supply issues, demand issues, and regulatory issues. Supply issues consist of manufacturing problems, unavailability of raw materials, logistic problems, and business problems. In contrast, demand issues include just-in-time inventory, higher demand for a product, seasonal demand, and unpredictable demand. For regulatory issues, one important factor is the lack of a unified definition of drug shortage. Drug shortage affects all stakeholders from economic, clinical, and humanistic aspects. WHO established global mitigation strategies from four levels to overcome drug shortages globally. It includes a workaround to tackle the current shortage, operational improvements to reduce the shortage risk and achieve early warning, changes in governmental policies, and education and training of all health professionals about managing shortages.

Структурування біоетичної освіти: нарощування біоетичного потенціалу, досвід, практики

The article is divided into the following main blocks: initiatives of bioethics` capacity building; practices and experiences in the bioethicist`s work. The article aims to investigate the structuring possibilities of bioethical education, and the model of integrative bioethics is seen in this context as a promising device/tool. The figure-scheme, created by the author, shows 2 bioethics' growth lines - educational, as a formal (institutional) line and societal, as informal (cultural) one. In describing the lines, the author has identified the main aspects of influence: the cultural aspect (a); the political aspect (c); the humanistic aspect / human capital (c). In the educational (formal) sphere the following areas of activity were described - school, education, interdisciplinary programs in bioethics. In societal (informal) - experience of participation of community organizations in the creation of projects and grant activities of bioethicists. Hereof the following blocks were discussed - Bioethicist as an activist; Role of bioethicist as a translator, agent of change. Education through bioethics and public discussion of bioethical issues is what can be called a «circle of integrity». Bioethics education prepares community members to deal with ethically challenging issues by providing them with the skills to address ethical challenges in the everyday routine of one community.&#x0D; Bioethics capacity building was reviewed through the creation of a professional network of bioethics experts and their educational programmes - the Integrative Platform of Bioethics (InPlatBio). A network of bioethicists and stakeholders provides a learning-friendly environment. Both - networks and the development of links with different informal organisations and associations are important for essential communicative skills. The use of online courses, webinars is a modern source of information on the development of bioethics in Ukraine as well as in European countries.

The Ethical Conundrums of “Precision Psychiatry”

The Ethical Conundrums of “Precision Psychiatry”

Cancer Treatment During COVID-19: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient-Perceived Risks and Experiences with Virtual Care.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most cancer centers shifted from in-person to virtual cancer care to curb community spread and ensure care continuity. This qualitative descriptive study aimed to understand cancer patient-perceived risks related to COVID-19 and cancer treatment, as well as the patient-perceived and experienced value of virtual care. From June to August 2020, focus groups were conducted with patients under active management or observation for a diagnosed malignancy in Toronto, Canada. A thematic analysis of six focus groups found that most participants worried more about treatment delays than they did about COVID-19 infection. Despite some concern about COVID-19 exposure in the hospital, care delays contributed to increased anxiety among participants who already subscribed to strict safety measures in their everyday lives. Most participants accepted virtual care for some appointment types; however, preference for in-person care was found to sustain the humanistic and therapeutic aspects of cancer care that many participants valued. Nuances in the appropriateness and adequacy of virtual cancer care still need exploration. Preserving the humanistic aspects of care is of paramount importance.

A Community Pharmacy-Based Intervention in the Matrix of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outcomes (CPBI-T2DM): A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction:Egypt has the ninth highest diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence in the world. There is a growing interest in community involvement in DM management.Aim of the study:The aim of the study was to evaluate the tailored diabetes care model (DCM) implementation in Alexandria governorate by community pharmacy-based intervention (CPBI) from a clinical, humanistic, and economic aspect.Methods:This is a 6-month period cross-over cluster randomized control trial conducted in Alexandria. Ten clusters owing 10 community pharmacies (CPs) recruited 100 health insurance-deprived T2DM patients with >7% HbA1c in 6-months. The study was divided into 2 phases (3 months for each period) with a 1-month washout period in between. After CPs training on DCM, the interventional group received pictorial training for 45 minutes in first visit, and 15 minutes in weekly visits, whereas the control group patients received the usual care (UC). At baseline and end of each phase (3 months), patients had clinical and physical activity assessments, filled all forms of study questionnaire (knowledge, self-management, satisfaction, and adherence) and did all laboratory investigations (Fasting Blood Glucose [FBG]), HbA1c, protein-creatinine clearance (PCR), creatine clearance (GFR), and lipid profile.Results:There was no significant difference in the basal systolic and diastolic blood pressure between patients in the CBPI and UC groups, but the CBPI had significantly decreased the mean SBP and DBP by (P = .008, .040, respectively). Also, significant waist circumference and BMI reductions (−5.82 cm and −1.86 kg/m2, P = .001) were observed in the CBPI. The CBPI patients achieved a greater reduction in FBG and HbA1C than the UC patients (102 mg/dL and 1.9%, respectively P < .001). Also, significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride (−6.4, −15.4, and −6.3 mg/dL respectively, P = .001) were achieved in the CBPI group. No significant differences were found in HDL, GFR, and PCR. Moreover, significant improvements of behavior, score of knowledge, self-management, satisfaction, and adherence were observed in CBPI patients. After multivariate analysis, HbA1C readings were significantly influenced by baseline HbA1C and eating habits. The cost saving for CPBI was −1581 LE per 1% HbA1c reduction.Conclusion:This is the first study in Egypt that illustrated the positive impact of pictorial DCM delivered by CPBI collaborative care on clinical, humanistic, laboratory, and economic outcomes to local T2DM patients.

Historia w życiu i twórczości Bogdana Nawroczyńskiego (1882–1974)

History as a Theme in Bogdan Nawroczyński’s (1882–1974) Life and Work History in Bogdan Nawroczyński’s life and work manifested itself in three ways: 1. in his personal life, when he made history as a participant in the 1905 school strikes, 2. in his works serving as a research source in the fields of history and education, and – most importantly – 3. in his own research on the history of pedagogical thought. By highlighting the humanistic aspect of pedagogy as, first and foremost, a broadly defined study of humanity, Nawroczyński called attention to the need to place pedagogical research in the historical and sociological context. He saw it as necessary for pedagogy to become a fully-fledged academic field.

Предательство человечности. Красный террор большевиков в Крыму во время гражданской войны 1918–1920 гг. в повести Ивана Шмелева „Солнце мертвых”

[Betrayal of humanity. The red terror of the Bolsheviks in Crimea during the civil war in 1918–1920 in the light of Ivan Szmielev’s novel “The Sun of the Dead”] The article analyzes the novel by the Russian writer Ivan Szmielev “The Sun of the Dead” (1923). It was written on the basis of historical events. I analyze the composition of the work, which is based on two symbols – the sun and death. The sun symbolizes the rich and beautiful Crimea, and deathis a symbol of the new power – the power of the Bolsheviks who destroyed this wonderful land of Crimea. The author of the article emphasizes the autobiographical nature of the story “The Sun of the Dead”. Its narration is based on a firstperson story by Ivan Szmielev. This is a feature of lyrical prose. Describing the tragic events of total red terror, hunger and the struggle for survival, Ivan Szmielevs howsthat death affects everyone – people, animals, birds, trees, plants. The author of the article also emphasizes the philosophical and humanistic aspect of the work, which shows the history of humanity and human survival in an extreme situation, when very few are lucky enough to resist and not become victims of brutal murders of the Bolsheviks or starvation. In the process of the story, the image of the desert appears – a metaphor with which the writer emphasizes the scale of the destructive activity of the Bolsheviks.

Charles de Gaulle's Political Philosophy – a View from the 21st Century International Dimension

The historical and political visions of France's greatest statesman of the 20th century Charles de Gaulle resonate in present controversies over essential topics including prospects for nation states and civilizations in globalization era, the concept of European integration, structures and norms of the 21th century international order and more. The value of de Gaulle's political philosophy is not in the originality of underlying theoretical ideas, but in an uncommonly harmonious dualism of fundamental antithesis applied to the changing concrete realities and political action strategy. His foreign policy thinking combined recognition of the continuing role of nations with globally scaled and universalist approach, historicism – with attention to recent and upcoming shifts; realism – with values and principles; pragmatism in tactics – with strategic vision and political will. De Gaulle’s “national idea” is aware of the line that separates constructive national ambitions from destructive ones and is balanced by the European and global dimensions of his concerns and motivations. National interests, being the core priority for de Gaulle as head of state, were conceived not in a standard way but within the framework of rebuilding the Cold War bipolar system into a more plural and cooperative international order with a "true" Europe of Nations as an independent center of power. Of particular importance in today's context are the humanist aspect of de Gaulle's views on civilization and technological progress and his recognition of ideological pluralism in international relations.

A Blueprint for Productive Maintenance of Certification, But Is the American Board of Internal Medicine up to the Challenge?

The future of the American Board of Internal Medicine Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program is at a crossroads. The current MOC program lacks a clear visible mission, adds to modern health care's onerous bureaucracy, and thus pulls physicians from the most important humanistic aspects of their profession. The aim of the MOC program should be to promote the best patient care by ensuring certified physicians maintain core skills through continuous education and evaluation. The program should focus on education and be designed with the rigorous obligations of practicing physicians in mind. Moving forward, the American Board of Internal Medicine should cocreate MOC with the physician community and apply innovative adult education techniques. Over time, data-driven methods and member feedback should be used to provide continuous program improvement. This review describes the origins of the current state of MOC, explores its evidence base, provides examples of model programs for the maintenance of complex professional skills, and outlines guiding principles for the future of MOC.