Human Vein Research Articles

Calcium isotope fractionation by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, across endothelial and epithelial cell barriers, and with binding to proteins.

Timely and accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis is essential for adequate therapy. Calcium isotope ratio (δ44/42Ca) determination has been suggested as a sensitive, noninvasive, and radiation-free biomarker for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, reflecting bone calcium balance. The quantitative diagnostic is based on the calculation of the δ44/42Ca difference between blood, urine, and bone. The underlying cellular processes, however, have not been studied systematically. We quantified calcium transport and δ44/42Ca fractionation during in vitro bone formation and resorption by osteoblasts and osteoclasts and across renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2), human vein umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs), and enterocytes (Caco-2) in transwell systems and determined transepithelial electrical resistance characteristics. δ44/42Ca fractionation was furthermore quantified with calcium binding to albumin and collagen. Calcified matrix formed by osteoblasts was isotopically lighter than culture medium by -0.27 ± 0.03‰ within 5 days, while a consistent effect of activated osteoclasts on δ44/42Ca could not be demonstrated. A transient increase in δ44/42Ca in the apical compartment by 0.26‰ occured across HK-2 cells, while δ44/42Ca fractionation was small across the HUVEC barrier and absent with Caco-2 enterocytes, and with binding of calcium to albumin and collagen. In conclusion, δ44/42Ca fractionation follows similar universal principles as during inorganic mineral precipitation; osteoblast activity results in δ44/42Ca fractionation. δ44/42Ca fractionation also occurs across the proximal tubular cell barrier and needs to be considered for in vivo bone mineralization modeling. In contrast, the effect of calcium transport across endothelial and enterocyte barriers on blood δ44/42Ca should be low and is absent with physiochemical binding of calcium to proteins.

In Vitro Investigation of Vascular Permeability in Endothelial Cells from Human Artery, Vein and Lung Microvessels at Steady-State and Anaphylactic Conditions.

Human anaphylactic reactions largely involve an increase in vascular permeability, which is mainly controlled by endothelial cells (ECs). Due to the acute and serious nature of human anaphylaxis, in vivo studies of blood vessels must be replaced or supplemented with in vitro models. Therefore, we used a macromolecular tracer assay (MMTA) to investigate the EC permeability of three phenotypes of human ECs: artery (HAECs), vein (HSVECs) and microvessels from lung (HMLECs). ECs were stimulated with two fast-acting anaphylactic mediators (histamine and platelet-activating factor (PAF)) and one longer-lasting mediator (thrombin). At steady-state conditions, HSVEC monolayers were the most permeable and HMLEC the least (15.8% and 8.3% after 60 min, respectively). No response was found in ECs from artery or vein to any stimuli. ECs from microvessels reacted to stimulation with thrombin and also demonstrated a tendency of increased permeability for PAF. There was no reaction for histamine. This was not caused by missing receptor expression, as all three EC phenotypes expressed receptors for both PAF and histamine. The scarce response to fast-acting mediators illustrates that the MMTA is not suitable for investigating EC permeability to anaphylactic mediators.

Evaluation of the efficacy of foam sclerosant after addition of glycerine on human great saphenous vein: histological and immunohistochemical study.

Several treatment modalities have been postulated to improve the efficacy of varicose vein treatment. Addition of glycerine to the sclerosing material has been documented to increase its viscosity and subsequently prolong the duration of stability, in addition to the direct sclerosing effect of glycerine. This histological and immunohistochemical study investigated the efficacy of addition of glycerine 72% to sclerotherapy on the human varicose vein. After surgical stripping of great saphenous veins, three equal segments were resected between two clamps. Specimen 1 was injected with saline only, specimen 2 was exposed to foam sclerosant 2%, and specimen 3 was exposed to a mixture of foam sclerosant 2% and glycerine 72%. All segments were left for 5min. Vein segments were then processed for histological and immunohistochemical study. Microscopically, haematoxylin and eosin-stained specimen 1 showed endothelial swelling, cytoplasmic eosinophilia and pyknotic nuclei. The media showed sarcoplasm vacuolisation and necrosis. Specimen 3 showed hypereosinophilic sarcoplasm of the smooth muscle fibres. Oedema was less evident, with a relative decrease in the thickness of the wall compared with specimen 2. Immunohistochemically, the expression of smooth muscle actin was weak in specimen 3 compared with specimens 1 and 2. Expression of CD31 antibody was much reduced in specimen 2 which showed conserved islands of endothelial cells. By contrast, there was a complete loss of endothelial cells in specimen 3. Addition of glycerine 72% to foam sclerosant has a more damaging effect on human vein wall.

The Nucleolar Protein Nucleophosmin Is Physiologically Secreted by Endothelial Cells in Response to Stress Exerting Proangiogenic Activity Both In Vitro and In Vivo.

Nucleophosmin (NPM), a nucleolar multifunctional phosphoprotein, acts as a stress sensor in different cell types. NPM can be actively secreted by inflammatory cells, however its biology on endothelium remains unexplored. In this study, we show for the first time that NPM is secreted by human vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the early response to serum deprivation and that NPM acts as a pro-inflammatory and angiogenic molecule both in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, 24 h of serum starvation condition induced NPM relocalization from the nucleus to cytoplasm. Interestingly, NPM was increasingly excreted in HUVEC-derived conditioned media in a time dependent fashion upon stress conditions up to 24 h. The secretion of NPM was unrelated to cell necrosis within 24 h. The treatment with exogenous and recombinant NPM (rNPM) enhanced migration as well as the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) but not Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) expression and it did not affect cell proliferation. Notably, in vitro tube formation by Matrigel assay was significantly increased in HUVEC treated with rNPM compared to controls. This result was confirmed by the in vivo injection of Matrigel plug assay upon stimulation with rNPM, displaying significant enhanced number of functional capillaries in the plugs. The stimulation with rNPM in HUVEC was also associated to the increased expression of master genes regulating angiogenesis and migration, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), Platelet Derived Growth Factor-B (PDGF-B), and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9). Our study demonstrates for the first time that NPM is physiologically secreted by somatic cells under stress condition and in the absence of cell necrosis. The analysis of the biological effects induced by NPM mainly related to a pro-angiogenic and inflammatory activity might suggest an important autocrine/paracrine role for NPM in the regulation of both phenomena.

Small Chain Fatty Acid Phenylbutyric Acid Alleviated Inflammation-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells (EC) have dynamic properties and high plasticity in response to microenvironmental change. A proinflammatory cytokine such as tumor necrotizing factor-α (TNF-α) can induce EC phenotype shift to osteoinduction properties by releasing a potent osteogenic cytokine, namely bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Normally BMP2 acts as an osteoblast stimulating factor in bone and cartilage tissue. BMP2 activation in vascular tissue will invite osteoblast recruitment and mineralization and generated pathological vascular stiffening and calcification. Recently, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been emerging as a new target therapy in many vascular diseases such as vascular stiffening and calcification. Some short-chain fatty acid like 4-phenyl butyric acid has been shown had anti-ERS properties. However, the role of 4-phenyl butyric acid in BMP2 inhibition in endothelial cells is still poorly understood. Hence, we investigated the role of 4-phenyl butyric acid in inflammation-induced BMP2 expression in human vein derived endothelial cells. Endothelial cells obtained from a baby born umbilical vein were cultured and pre-treated with TNF-α (5 ng/ml) as inflammation precondition. Multiple doses of 4-phenyl butyrate acid (4- PBA) 1 nM/mL, 2 nM/mL, and 3 nM/m were used as ERS inhibitors. The expression of two ERS biomarkers, glucose-related protein-8 (GRP78) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), were measured. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests, and P<0.01 considered as significant. 4- PBA decrease luminal BMP2 at dose one nM/L, GRP78 at dose 1 nM/L, and translocated ATF6 expression at dose 1 nM/L in endothelial culture dose-dependently. Short-chain fatty acid 4-phenylbutyrate acid decreases luminal ERS marker GRP78 and translocated ATF6 expression in endothelial culture. ERS has a role in osteoinductive phenotype shifting in inflammation endothelial cells, which was the novelty of this research. Further research needs to elucidate ERS inhibition in in vivo experiment.

Microfluidic System to Analyze the Effects of Interleukin 6 on Lymphatic Breast Cancer Metastasis.

Metastasis is the primary cause of a large number of cancer-associated deaths. By portraying the precise environment of the metastasis process in vitro, the microfluidic system provides useful insights on the mechanisms underlying cancer cell migration, invasion, colonization, and the procurement of supplemental nutrients. However, current in vitro metastasis models are biased in studying blood vessel-based metastasis pathways and thus the understanding of lymphatic metastasis is limited which is also closely related to the inflammatory system. To understand the effects of inflammatory cytokines in lymphatic metastasis, we developed a three-channel microfluidic system by mimicking the lymph vessel-tissue-blood vessel (LTB) structure. Based on the LTB chip, we successfully confirmed the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6), -mediated intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment during lymphatic metastasis. The IL-6 exposure to different subtypes of breast cancer cells was induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and improved tissue invasion property (8-fold). And the growth of human vein endothelial cells toward the lymph vessel channel was observed by VEGF secretion from human lymphatic endothelial cells with IL-6 treatment. The proposed LTB chip can be applied to analyze the intercellular communication during the lymphatic metastasis process and be a unique tool to understand the intercellular communication in the cancer microenvironment under various extracellular stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, stromal reactions, hypoxia, and nutrient deficiency.

Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidase with β-aminopropionitrile Improves Venous Adaptation after Arteriovenous Fistula Creation.

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred hemodialysis access for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Yet, establishment of a functional AVF presents a challenge, even for the most experienced surgeons, since postoperative stenosis frequently occludes the AVF. Stenosis results from the loss of compliance in fibrotic areas of the fistula which turns intimal hyperplasia into an occlusive feature. Fibrotic remodeling depends on deposition and crosslinking of collagen by lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues, facilitating intra/intermolecular covalent bonds. We postulate that pharmacological inhibition of lysyl oxidase (LOX) increases postoperative venous compliance and prevents stenosis in a rat AVF model. LOX gene expression and vascular localization were assayed in rat AVFs and human pre-access veins, respectively. Collagen crosslinking was measured in humans AVFs that matured or failed, and in rat AVFs treated with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an irreversible LOX inhibitor. BAPN was either injected systemically or delivered locally around rat AVFs using nanofiber scaffolds. The major endpoints were AVF blood flow, wall fibrosis, collagen crosslinking, and vascular distensibility. Non-maturation of human AVFs was associated with higher LOX deposition in pre-access veins (N=20, P=0.029), and increased trivalent crosslinks (N=18, P=0.027) in human AVF tissues. Systemic and local inhibition of LOX increased AVF distensibility, while reducing wall fibrosis and collagen crosslinking in rat fistulas. Our results demonstrate that BAPN-mediated inhibition of LOX significantly improves vascular remodeling in experimental fistulas.

Doubly derivatized poly(lactide)\u2013albumin nanoparticles as blood vessel-targeted transport device for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Molecular imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is expected to play a crucial future role in oncological diagnosis and in monitoring of therapeutic progress. Targeted nanoparticle contrast media (CM) with high relaxivities are required in order to obtain adequate signal-to-noise ratios as well as visualization of a desired pathologic area of the human body. The aims of this study were to synthesize and define certain physicochemical and enhancement properties of new doubly derivatized polylactic acid–bovine serum albumin (PLA-BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified by the covalent coupling of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. An additional functionalization with endothelial cells (ECs) targeting groups (tomato lectins; LEA) and signal-emitting moieties (DTPA-Gd) enables its use as a macromolecular, biodegradable contrast agent for MRI. The NPs were characterized by different spectroscopies, size exclusion chromatography, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a human vein model, the dynamics of the nanoparticle interactions with the vein wall were examined in MRI, with correlative imaging in electron microscopy. In vitro studies were conducted to show endothelial binding and persistent enhancement at the apical EC surface. NPs with a diameter between 55 and 75 nm, able to carry simultaneous signal emitting, and targeting motifs on a single construct were successfully prepared. A high Gd payload and endothelial binding to blood vessel walls were observed. The binding affinity and specificity of LEA was preserved, and a strong enhancement at the endothelium was achieved. The stabilized core–shell structure of PLA-NP might allow for further encapsulation of lipophilic drugs or for attachment of other targeting molecules, such as antibodies.Graphical abstract

Performance Evaluation of Dorsal Vein Network of Hand Imaging Using Relative Total Variation-Based Regularization for Smoothing Technique in a Miniaturized Vein Imaging System: A Pilot Study.

Vein puncture is commonly used for blood sampling, and accurately locating the blood vessel is an important challenge in the field of diagnostic tests. Imaging systems based on near-infrared (NIR) light are widely used for accurate human vein puncture. In particular, segmentation of a region of interest using the obtained NIR image is an important field, and research for improving the image quality by removing noise and enhancing the image contrast is being widely conducted. In this paper, we propose an effective model in which the relative total variation (RTV) regularization algorithm and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) are combined, whereby some major edge information can be better preserved. In our previous study, we developed a miniaturized NIR imaging system using light with a wavelength of 720–1100 nm. We evaluated the usefulness of the proposed algorithm by applying it to images acquired by the developed NIR imaging system. Compared with the conventional algorithm, when the proposed method was applied to the NIR image, the visual evaluation performance and quantitative evaluation performance were enhanced. In particular, when the proposed algorithm was applied, the coefficient of variation was improved by a factor of 15.77 compared with the basic image. The main advantages of our algorithm are the high noise reduction efficiency, which is beneficial for reducing the amount of undesirable information, and better contrast. In conclusion, the applicability and usefulness of the algorithm combining the RTV approach and CLAHE for NIR images were demonstrated, and the proposed model can achieve a high image quality.

The role of AMP-activated protein kinase α1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in alleviating the toxic effect of uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate on vascular endothelial cells by Klotho.

Recently, the Klotho protein (Klotho) has received substantial attention as protective factor against cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the direct effect and mechanism of Klotho on endothelial cells injury are not well‐known. In this study, we incubated human vein umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) with uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) to mimic CKD internal environment and investigated the direct effect of Klotho on the HUVECs injury induced by IS and to explore the mechanism in this process. We found IS inhibited cell viability, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mediated apoptosis of HUVECs. Treatment with Klotho significantly attenuated IS‐induced above effects. Furthermore, Klotho alleviated the IS toxic effect on HUVECs via promoting AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1 phosphorylation instead of directly upregulating AMPKα1, which could be partly blocked by AMPK pathway inhibitor‐Compound C. In addition, Klotho also inhibited intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) expression induced by IS. Altogether, these results indicated that Klotho can protect HUVECs from IS‐induced injury by alleviating AMPKα1‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Experimental clinical study on the using of adhesive in the obliteration of varicose veins in humans

Introduction. In order to perform endovasal vein lining, the American Rodney D.Raabe developed a system for varicose veins obliteration, consisting of a glue gun and two catheters, called “VenaSeal”. As an occlusant for varicose veins in this system, “Medtronic” company today proposes to use an adhesive compound synthesized on the basis of butyl ether of α-cyanacrylic acid.Materials and methods. Endovasal catheter obliteration of tributaries and main trunks of the great saphenous vein on the tibia was performed in 15 patients with varicose disease (C2 to CEAR) in order to substantiate the possibility of using the adhesive compound Sulfacrylate. Severity of pain, presence or absence of phlebitis and thrombophlebitis, hyper pigmentation, neurological disorders, allergic reaction were clinically evaluated.Results and discussion. All patients after the introduction of the glue Sulfakrilat had a clinic of moderate phlebitis, without the formation of blood clots in the lumen of the vein. No local or general allergic reaction was observed. From day 7 occluded venous segments were palpated in the form of moderate density bands, without infiltration to surrounding tissues. In the absence of blood flow ultrasound examination showed gradual biodegradation of the adhesive strip inside the vein with the development of complete obliteration of the lumen starting from the 4th month. Starting with the 7th day gradually stopped aseptic inflammation in the wall of the vein was observed on histological examination. Monocytic infiltration of the venous wall with the formation of multinucleated cells of foreign bodies was present until the time of complete biodegradation of the glue. The process of diffuse growth of connective tissue with the presence of fibroblasts from the subendothelium and in the middle shell was most actively observed in histological material from 90 to 120 days after occlusion. Within 180 days, the lumen of the veins occluded by “Sulfacrylate” was completely obliterated by mature connective tissue, in the absence of glue particles, which indicated its complete biodegradation.Conclusion. The experimental studies conducted with the assessment of clinical symptoms, ultrasound examination and histological study of morphogenesis in the lumen of blood vessels in different periods up to 6 months allow us to conclude the potential use of the adhesive compound “Sulfacrylate” (produced in Russia) for endovasal obliteration of varicose veins in humans.

Naoxintong restores ischemia injury and inhibits thrombosis via COX2-VEGF/ NFκB signaling

Ethnopharmacological relevanceNaoxintong (NXT) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation that is often used in combination with aspirin in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). One of the main symptoms of CVD is hypoxic-ischemia (HI). The purpose of this study is to find out the molecular nodes targeted by NXT and its related molecular pathways in vascular repair. Materials and methodsFirst, human vein umbilical endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were utilized to set up the Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Reoxygenation (OGD/R) model and treated with NXT. Cell proliferation, damage and apoptosis were detected by MTT, LDH, and flow cytometry assays. Second, transcriptional responses of OGD/R cells to NXT treatment were investigated. qRT-PCR, western blotting and inhibitor assays were performed. Third, the anti-thrombotic effect of NXT was evaluated by the zebrafish thrombosis model. Morphological observation, histological staining and qRT-PCR assays were implemented on zebrafish model to further observe in vivo the therapeutic effects of NXT on ischemia and thrombosis. ResultsIn OGD/R EA.hy926 cells, NXT treatment could reduce ischemic vascular injury, increase cell viability and decrease the proportion of apoptosis. Through RNA-seq analysis, 183 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened with 110 up-regulated genes and 73 down-regulated genes between OGD/R and OGD/R + NXT treated EA.hy926 cells. VEGF and NFκB pathways were enriched. Among these genes, COX2 was identified as one of important targets via which NXT could restore vascular injury. COX2 inhibitor (NS-398), and aspirin, a drug that prevents the development of CVD by targeting COX2, exhibited similar effects to NXT in the treatment of OGD/R EA.hy926 cells. In zebrafish thrombosis model, NXT could attenuate tail venous thrombus and recover the quantity of heart red blood cells. Furthermore, NXT could prevent the formulation of thrombosis and eliminate inflammation in zebrafish by COX2-VEGF/NFκB signaling. ConclusionOur studies implicated that NXT could restore HI injury and inhibit thrombosis through COX2-VEGF/NFκB signaling, which is consistent with the molecular target of aspirin. This finding might explain the principle of NXT combined with aspirin in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Comparative Study of Morphology and Distribution of Valves in Human Retromandibular Vein.

The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution and morphology of the valves in the human retromandibular vein. The retromandibular, internal thoracic, azygos, femoral, and brachial veins were harvested from 46 cadavers donated to the Department of Anatomy at Tokyo Dental College for dissection. The frequency of the valves in each vein, the length of the cusps, and the thickness of the vein itself were measured. Valves were present at high frequency (92.1%) in the veins of the limbs and had cusps at least twice as long as the internal diameter of the vein. Veins in the trunk contained a lower frequency of valves, with cusps that tended to be shorter (1.60±0.77) than those of the venous valves in the limbs (2.12±0.60). The valves of the retromandibular vein tended to resemble venous valves in the trunk in terms of both frequency and morphology. The main function of venous valves in the limbs is to prevent retrograde flow. Conversely, valves in the veins of the trunk and retromandibular vein play a role in retaining blood in the veins, and their relationship to other veins means that they can cause major hemorrhage.

Mechanotransduction-on-chip: vessel-chip model of endothelial YAP mechanobiology reveals matrix stiffness impedes shear response.

Endothelial mechanobiology is a key consideration in the progression of vascular dysfunction, including atherosclerosis. However mechanistic connections between the clinically associated physical stimuli, vessel stiffness and shear stress, and how they interact to modulate plaque progression remain incompletely characterized. Vessel-chip systems are excellent candidates for modeling vascular mechanobiology as they may be engineered from the ground up, guided by the mechanical parameters present in human arteries and veins, to recapitulate key features of the vasculature. Here, we report extensive validation of a vessel-chip model of endothelial yes-associated protein (YAP) mechanobiology, a protein sensitive to both matrix stiffness and shearing forces and, importantly, implicated in atherosclerotic progression. Our model captures the established endothelial mechanoresponse, with endothelial alignment, elongation, reduction of adhesion molecules, and YAP cytoplasmic retention under high laminar shear. Conversely, we observed disturbed morphology, inflammation, and nuclear partitioning under low, high, and high oscillatory shear. Examining targets of YAP transcriptional co-activation, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is strongly downregulated by high laminar shear, whereas it is strongly upregulated by low shear or oscillatory flow. Ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1) is only upregulated by high oscillatory shear. Verteporfin inhibition of YAP reduced the expression of CTGF but did not affect ANKRD1. Lastly, substrate stiffness modulated the endothelial shear mechanoresponse. Under high shear, softer substrates showed the lowest nuclear localization of YAP whereas stiffer substrates increased nuclear localization. Low shear strongly increased nuclear localization of YAP across stiffnesses. Together, we have validated a model of endothelial mechanobiology and describe a clinically relevant biological connection between matrix stiffness, shear stress, and endothelial activation via YAP mechanobiology.

Evaluation method of the degree of red blood cell aggregation considering ultrasonic propagation attenuation by analyzing ultrasonic backscattering properties

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation is one of the main factors that determines blood viscosity and an important indicator for evaluating blood properties. As a noninvasive and quantitative method for diagnosing blood properties, our research group estimated the size of RBC aggregates by fitting the scattered power spectrum from the blood vessel lumen with the theoretical scattering characteristics to evaluate the degree of RBC aggregation. However, it was assumed that the propagation attenuation of ultrasound in the vascular lumen was the same regardless of whether RBCs were aggregated or not, which caused systematic errors in the estimated size. To improve the size estimation accuracy, we calculated and corrected the attenuation of the blood vessel lumen during RBC aggregation and non-aggregation. The attenuation in the blood vessel lumen was calculated with the spectra acquired from two different depths. In the basic experiments using microparticles, the estimation accuracy decreased as the concentration increased in the case of the conventional method, but the estimated size tended to approach the true size irrespective of the concentration, removing the propagation attenuation component with the proposed method. In the in vivo experiment on the human hand dorsal vein, the size was estimated to be larger during RBC aggregation and smaller during non-aggregation using the proposed method. These results suggest that the proposed method can provide precise size estimation by considering the propagation attenuation component regardless of differences in blood conditions such as RBC concentration and degree of aggregation.

Вариантная анатомия бассейна нижней брыжеечной вены

Aim of study. The inferior mesenteric vein has three variants of the ostium. Each variant of the inferior mesenteric vein ostium has its morphological peculiarities. According to literatures, the occurrence is different between the variants of the confluence. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics of veins forming different variants of the inferior mesenteric vein ostium and the occurrence of the two formation types of this vein (the magistral one and the transitional one). Material and methods. Vessels (inferior mesenteric veins) of 53 male patients undergoing treatment in surgery departments of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Hospital No.1 were enhanced with contrasting agents, studied and analysed. The work was performed using 3D-models of the vascular bed of the portal system (GE Advantage Workstations, Siemens singo.via) based on MSCT of the abdominal cavity with bolus contrast enhancement using the Ultravist-370 agent. We applied an original method for manufacturing of corrosion preparations of vessels (RF Patent for an invention “method of manufacturing models of human rectal veins” No.2545921 dated 26.02.15) and studied morphological parameters using 85 vein models of the colon, the sigmoid colon and the rectum. Results. The occurrence rates are different for the variants of the inferior mesenteric vein confluence (serving as the root for the portal vein in 5.5%, as the tributary of the splenic vein in 17.5% and draining into the superior mesenteric vein in 77% of the cases). The length of the inferior mesenteric vein differs for its confluence variants and varies from 54.5mm to 108.5mm; the diameter varies from 4.0 to 7.2mm. The magistral formation type of the inferior mesenteric vein is revealed in 23% of the cases and is characteristic to its drainage into the splenic vein or to its immediate junction with the portal artery trunk. In 77% of the cases, its formation type is transitional. Conclusion. The knowledge on ostium formation variants of the inferior mesenteric vein, inflow of its roots, characteristics of branches of the studied vessel is necessary for surgeons performing operations on the upper part of the abdominal cavity and for radiologists interpreting the images obtained at the stage before the operative intervention

Heat Transfer and Simulated Coronary Circulation System Optimization Algorithms for Real Power Loss Reduction

In this paper, the heat transfer optimization (HTO) algorithm and simulated coronary circulation system (SCCS) optimization algorithm has been designed for Real power loss reduction. In the projected HTO algorithm, every agent is measured as a cooling entity and surrounded by another agent, like where heat transfer will occur. Newton’s law of cooling temperature will be updated in the proposed HTO algorithm. Each value of the object is computed through the objective function. Then the objects are arranged in increasing order concerning the objective function value. This projected algorithm time “t” is linked with iteration number, and the value of “t” for every agent is computed. Then SCCS optimization algorithm is projected to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. Actions of human heart veins or coronary artery development have been imitated to design the algorithm. In the projected algorithm candidate solution is made by considering the capillaries. Then the coronary development factor (CDF) will appraise the solution, and population space has been initiated arbitrarily. Then in the whole population, the most excellent solution will be taken as stem, and it will be the minimum value of the Coronary development factor. Then the stem crown production is called the divergence phase, and the other capillaries’ growth is known as the clip phase. Based on the arteries leader’s coronary development factor (CDF), the most excellent capillary leader’s (BCL) growth will be there. With and without L-index (voltage stability), HTO and SCCS algorithm’s validity are verified in IEEE 30 bus system. Power loss minimized, voltage deviation also reduced, and voltage stability index augmented.

Thromboprophylaxis Measures to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication in hospitalized patients and is the most frequent cause of preventable death in these patients, in addition to being the third cause of death of cardiovascular origin. Even though the loss of recent or continued mobility represents an important predisposition related to the onset of VTE, there are no clear and uniform criteria for defining the concept of immobility. Despite this, it is currently known that the early mobilization and other non-pharmacological thromboprophylactic measures of the patient in the medical or surgical clinic is an essential measure for his full recovery and satisfactory prognosis. Therefore, it is always important to prescribe preventive multiprofessional care, such as lateral decubitus variation, bed positioning, passive continuous movements apparatus as use of a cycle ergometer (CE), compressive socks, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), electric stimulation, sitting position, orthostatism, transfer from bed to chair, walking, and insertion of a filtering device in the lower portion of the main human vein in order to guarantee recovery quickly, safely and free from the risk of developing fatal complications such as pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Our objective in this article is to briefly summarize the main non-pharmacological thromboprophylaxis measures that help prevent venous embolism, in addition to addressing other mechanical resources used to prevent complications of thromboembolic events described in the literature on this topic.

Synthesis, Photoisomerization, Antioxidant Activity, and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Ferulic Acid and Feruloyl Amides

The Ugi four-component reaction employing naturally occurred ferulic acid (FA) is proposed as a convenient method to synthesize feruloyl tertiary amides. Applying this strategy, a peptoid-like derivative of ferulic acid (FEF77) containing 2 additional hydroxy-substituted aryl groups, has been synthesized. The influence of the configuration of the double bond of ferulic acid and feruloyl amide on the antioxidant activity has been investigated thanks to light-mediated isomerization studies. At the cellular level, both FA, trans and cis isomers of FEF77 were able to protect human endothelial cord vein (HECV) cells from the oxidative damage induced by exposure to hydrogen peroxide, as measured by cell viability and ROS production assays. Moreover, in steatotic FaO rat hepatoma cells, an in vitro model resembling non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the molecules exhibited a lipid-lowering effect, which, along with the antioxidant properties, points to consider feruloyl amides for further investigations in a therapeutic perspective.

An Overview of Phytochemical and Biological Activities: Ficus deltoidea Jack and Other Ficus spp.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.