Use Of Human Technology Research Articles

Arazi Örtüsü Üzerindeki Beşeri Etkinin Belirlenmesi: Ankara İli Örneği

The particular characteristics of populations combined with human use of technology is having an increasing impact on land cover with each passing day. These land cover changes have caused many economic and ecological problems as the use of off-purpose land becomes more widespread . Indeed, the problems caused by these changes are often irreversible. In this study, which aims to determine the human impact on land cover in the case of the province of Ankara we used the method of determining human impact index developed by Sanderson et al., and the criteria applied by SEDAC constituted the basis of the research. In this context, population density, transportation network, nighttime lights, land cover, and urban areas were re-classified and overlapped using GIS software. The spatial analysis results showed that the human impact index distribution, the 2018 CORINE land cover, and the 2006-2012-2018 land cover change data were correlated. The results also showed which type of land cover was located in the human impact area in Ankara Province. The study concluded that Ankara metropolitan areas, which expand towards the west and partly towards the south, have landforms, which have an important effect on agriculture, forests and semi-natural areas.

From manual to automated driving: how does trust evolve?

Technological innovations have made driving automation closer and closer to reality. Despite this, the adoption of highly automated driving by the public is not guaranteed yet, and trust in vehicle automation seems to play an important role in drivers’ behaviour and acceptance. The goal of the current paper is to (1) present general concepts related to trust and trust in automation, (2) summarize and compare theoretical models concerning trust in automation proposed in recent years, (3) present a systematic review of studies dealing with trust in automated driving from the driver point of view, and organize these trust-influencing factors following an already established classification, and finally (4) synthetize and discuss the previously presented findings and their practical implications. Relevance Statement Driving automation brings its share of promises in terms of road safety and comfort increase. Yet, these benefits cannot be gained if automated driving systems remain unused by drivers. Trust in automation was shown to have a decisive influence on human use of technology. This paper aims to present a literature review of factors influencing trust in automated driving, in order to improve knowledge and better understand their impact on drivers’ trust. It also aims to propose future research directions in order to address highlighted gaps.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Will it change pharmacy practice?

The industrial world is at the beginning of a Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). This era will radically change the human use of technology, with major implications for the ways people live and work. This commentary asks: will 4IR change pharmacy practice? The first three revolutions created the pharmaceutical industry and gave pharmacists a near-monopoly over drug supply. 4IR could do the opposite and create alternative, non-pharmaceutical means of treating patients as well reducing the involvement in medicines supply. If the pharmacy sector becomes stuck in traditional, linear thinking that assumes the future will be an extension of the past, then the fourth revolution may be less of an opportunity and more of a threat. The sector faces the "innovator's dilemma" when responding to 4IR. Should the pharmacy profession disrupt their current activities in order to: (i) do things better, (ii) do new things, and (iii) deter competition? To maintain its position in the medical marketplace, pharmacy needs to discover how to work with AI, robotics, IoT, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing. If the new game is understood, pharmacists may become the playmaster of tomorrow. If not, then the practice of pharmacy may be replaced by innovative new ways of meeting patient pharmaceutical needs.

ФЕНОМЕН ЗЕМЛІ В УМОВАХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ

ФЕНОМЕН ЗЕМЛІ В УМОВАХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ

A Study on Sandel’s Ethical Thoughts of Technology from the Philosophy of Lao Zi

While acknowledging the benefits of technological progress to mankind, Sandel has also made a careful reflection on the human attempt to use technology (especially genetic technology) to change natural attributes. In his view, Muscle enhancement, memory enhancement, height enhancement and gender selection: those four bio-engineering examples have revealed their importance for the first time, In the increasingly advanced technology, people are showing an unprecedented fanatical worship and pursuit of technology. From the transformation of the objective world, to the transformation of the cognitive world, and then to the transformation of people themselves, In human use of technology to seek perfection, is hidden a deep ethical crisis. On Sandel's Ethical Thoughts of Technology from the perspective of Lao Zi's philosophy, these results suggest that there are lots of mutual echoes between Lao Zi's philosophy and Sandel's Ethical Thoughts of Technology, which make the two sides could inspire and learn from each other.

Interactive technology and human–animal encounters at the zoo

In this paper we investigate social dimensions of technology use in human–animal interactions, through a study of interactive systems at the zoo. Zoos are a familiar place for encounters between humans and non-domesticated animals. Accordingly, we examine zoos as a significant site to extend research into animal–computer interaction (ACI). We present a case study that examines the deployment and use of new digital technologies that intervene in, and influence, human–animal relationships. The paper reports on interactive systems in use at Melbourne Zoo. The study investigates the use and impact of technology in the course of human–animal encounters, including how human use of technology in this setting shapes encounters in subtle ways. We examine five interactive systems used by visitors (Digital Signs and the Zoopermarket), by zoo personnel with visitors (Educator Screens and Volunteer iPads), and by zoo personnel with animals (Apps for Apes). Our work draws broad insights for the design and understanding of animal–human–computer interaction at the zoo, as a catalyst for further research into this site of considerable significance to animal-computer interaction. We identified four key themes in the ways that interactive systems are intervening in human–animal encounters at the zoo. Firstly, interactive technology at the zoo risks distracting from visitors' encounters with animals. Secondly, the appearance and use of technology moreover runs counter to expectations of naturalistic zoo landscapes. Thirdly, interactive systems however offer opportunities to enhance important aspects of visitors' experience of animal encounters, and to widen the temporal and spatial dimensions of the encounter. Finally, we interpret these insights by examining how technology is used in the context of interactions between numerous human and animal actors, and in a setting impacted by complex social and organisational forces. From this, we identify the need for ACI to consider technology use by diverse people and animals; that multiple interactions may occur at once; the diverse social activities that may surround human–animal interactions; the distributed form of interactions between multiple participants; and the performative nature of some human–animal encounters.

Social implications of technology: Introductory words

This special issue of Health and Technology is a tribute to the life and work of Lodewijk Bos. Dr. Bos was especially interested in this topic and served as Co-Editor-in-Chief of this Journal together with Luis Kun. The importance of technology’s impact on society has previously been considered (see for exampleMarcuse [1]). At the center of the social implications of technology are humans – it is humans who make the technology and humans who benefit, or are harmed, by it. That is not to say that other species do, or do not, benefit from, or are harmed by, human technologies, just that they are not contributors to what we term technology. Technology, per se, is amoral, apolitical and irreligious. It is neither capable of doing good nor doing evil. Only human use of technology for good or evil is possible. Human use of technology for good is laudable. The capacity, however, for humans to use technology for evil is frightening; and yet it appears daily on our information delivery systems. Perhaps by looking at one technology that has been developed over time we can see the possible ramifications of the social impact of technology on human behavior. Let us take the simple remote control as an example. In 1950, the Zenith Radio Corporation introduced the BLazy Bones^ remote to control the television by wire. This was an attempt by humans to control a device without having to stand up, walk over to the set to change the channel and then walk back to the comfort of a nice chair or sofa. I imagine the wire could be annoying and served as impetus for the invention of the wireless remote by Eugene Polley in 1955 [2]. The development of the modern remote involved many turns and twists of technologies – mechanical, electrical, ultrasound, light, infrared, and now Bluetooth. The desire of humans to control objects at a distance wirelessly is satisfied by this technology. To the average person, however, the mechanisms of this action-at-adistance is no more understood than the wand action by Harry Potter or his magical friends and enemies. In fact, understanding the myriad complexities of modern devices can be daunting even for many highly educated people, including those in the sciences and engineering. Interacting with modern technology can be a mystical and magical affair. It is cliche for parents to need to ask their children to program their remotes. Indeed, televisions are not the only objects we wish to control. Consider garage doors, gas fireplaces, fans, video games, computers, robots, drones, etc.; all need to be controlled remotely. We do not even need to be located physically near the controlled devices; now we can control our home appliances, lights and locks far from our home from the other side of the world with our smart phones. These are the toys of our modern society. It is not too difficult to go from the modern remote control to driverless automobiles and the goal of eliminating many of the estimated 1.24 million deaths worldwide in the year due to road accidents (data from 2010) [3]. All of us reading this are affected by technology every day, and yet about 2.4 billion people on Earth do not have access to toilets [4]. In which of C.P. Snow’s two cultures do these folks belong [5]? Snow referred to the growing gap emerging between the culture of Science and the culture of the Humanities. Although both groups are considered highly educated, those in the humanities would scoff at scientists who did not know about Shakespeare and scientists would scorn humanists who did not understand the laws of thermodynamics. I do not think This article is part of the Topical Collection on Social Implications of Technologies

Becoming Cyborgian

This article explores new frameworks with which we can engage novel intimate relationships that develop between humans and emerging technology. Specifically, this article begins to examine developing cybernetic engagements, and suggests ways we might inform anthropological and bioethical debate on cyborgs in society. I will examine some brief ethnographic case studies on researchers who create manipulations of human sensory perception through cybernetic implants such as the ability to ‘hear’ colours, ‘see’ sonar, or perceive infrared heat signatures. While current bioethical and political debate on cybernetics often centres on a dualism between therapy and enhancement, I argue that these categories might belie the act of becoming cyborgian. Instead, I propose a framework that explores cyborgian becoming through lived experience, focusing on ‘technique’ rather than ‘technology’. It proposes that the human use of technology in and on the body is often a way of feeling the world. In these cases, crossing cyborgian boundaries becomes less a manipulation of the body, or transgression of sacred bodily space, and more of visceral aesthetic experiment, a creative way to attempt emotional perspective through shifting scales.

Telecare for Older People

Drawing on interviews with 76 older people (aged 60 years and older) receiving telecare services at home and in housing with care and 16 family caregivers in West Lothian, Scotland, the authors consider how far telecare can support older people’s citizenship goals of independence, participation, and identity. They conclude that although these goals are to some extent supported by telecare, they are also supported by the model of care being applied and limited by aspects of the wider environment, such as ageism. The authors argue that in every case, contextual factors beyond the intrinsic capacities of a technological system and beyond the models of care developed and promoted by a service delivery organization must be explored if the impact of telecare is to be fully understood. Thus, the human use of technology and its moral context are critical to its success or limitation.

TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTION.

TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTION.

Property, Kinship and Cultural Capital: The Ethics of Modelling Kinship in Sustainable Resource Management

Keywords: kinship, law, social capital, resource management Introduction(1)Painstaking and prolonged fieldwork provides many anthropologists with an understanding of both the centrality of and the flexibility in kinship rules for distributing rights in and for managing use of resources. However, conceptualizing and communicating that importance across disciplinary boundaries is often very difficult. The specialized language of kinship, taken together with the myriad and highly complex, non-Western tenure arrangements, often makes for a difficult process of translating what we know into language that is understandable to those without anthropological background. And yet, translation of that specialized knowledge takes on increasing urgency in a world where resource sustainability has become the elusive Holy Grail. Some recent publications that explore the role of cultural capital in ecological resilience without adequate cognizance of the basic building blocks of social life are but one outcome of that translation difficulty.(2) When kinship systems are considered in relation to rights in resources, simple, ahistorical, linear arguments and functionalist assumptions are common (Aswani, 1999: 418).(3)The dangers in this type of thinking are exacerbated when new technical methods of modelling relations between the human and physical landscapes are brought to bear. Kinship software (Widlock, 2000), GIS mapping (Aldenderfer and Maschner, 1996), and recent three-dimensional tree software (Card, MacKinlay and Shneiderman, 1999) offer significant opportunities to translate and make more visible non-Western social organization, especially when used in combination.(4)The mutual compatibility of these developments is apparent. Any anthropologist who views the fisheye cone trees in the Card et alii volume will be immediately reminded of what McKinnon (2000: 43) calls the elegantly abstract skeleton of kinship diagrams. What concerns us here are the many questions about the relationship between such abstractions and the actual on-the-ground kin-based behavior and resource management. This paper began with an exploration of such developments. We quickly realized, however, that the possibilities inherent in such software raise salient theoretical and ethical questions about kinship theory, about the adaptive functions of various kinship forms, and about the dangers of the increased legibility of such local adaptations (Scott, 1998). The original and quite simple question we asked was can we make complex, kin-based rights structures and their impact on resource use more visible? But this simple question rapidly generated a host of more complex questions, and at the head of the list was the question: should we?There seemed several compelling reasons to pursue increased visibility for kinship and its possible connection to resource management and use. First, we were interested in the possibility of exploring the role of kinship in cultural capital, as the term is used by Berkes (1996), Berkes and Folke (1998), Hanna, Folke and Maler (1996) and other scholars exploring traditional ecological knowledge and its possible role in livelihood resilience and sustainable ecological adaptations. Capital is defined by Berkes (1996: 91) as a stock resource with a value embedded in its ability to produce a flow of benefits (see also Ostrom and Schlager, 1996: 129). The sustainability literature defines three types including natural capital (assets from the ecosystem), cultural capital (assets from cultural organization and values)(5) and human-made capital (assets created through use of human technology). These three types of capital are said to be interconnected such that the characteristics of the group and the technology they utilize are the key to understanding their relationship with the ecosystem, as are the property rights that organize the interface with natural resources (Berkes and Folke, 1998: 16-17). …

Transactionism in Person-Environment Theory

Environmental psychology is described as a sub-field of psychology which busies itself with the analysis of relationships between human activity and the external contexts in which it takes place. A brief overview of personologist, interactionist and situationist positions in person-environment theorizing is provided. The recent development of transactionism as an offshoot from interactionist views is illuminated by providing a synopsis of the basic assumptions of a transactional approach to person-environment relations. In conclusion it is suggested that this approach also emphasizes the role of change, human use of technology and the psychological nature of artifacts as central to the study of human-environment relations.