Victims Of Human Trafficking Research Articles

Human Trafficking: Problems of Counteraction in Kazakhstan

Background: This paper assesses the current circumstances regarding the protection and rights of victims of human trafficking in Kazakhstan. The study aims to evaluate Kazakhstan’s main national instruments and laws adopted to combat human trafficking. Methods: The study employed several key methodological approaches, including a systematic approach, which involves the study of combating human trafficking in conjunction with the provision of guarantees of human rights; an integrated approach that consists of the study of objective and subjective factors, as well as an analysis of internal and external (socio-economic, demographic, geopolitical, etc.) factors that are the causes of illegal migration and human traf- ficking; an empirical approach involving research, taking into account the application of relevant experience available in Kazakhstan and abroad; a formal-legal approach to analyse the existing regulatory framework for combating human trafficking and ways to improve it. Results and Conclusions: Based on the study’s results, several practical proposals are put for- ward to eliminate the identified shortcomings and gaps in the legal framework of Kazakhstan and law enforcement practice. This paper concludes that Kazakhstan’s response to its interna- tional obligations to prevent human trafficking has some shortcomings. However, we conclude that significant improvements are possible through the adoption of a special law, as well as in cases of implementation of special organisational measures, strengthening legal responsibility.

인신매매방지법상 피해자 보호의 한계와 개선방향

Today, slavery is prohibited in most countries. However, human trafficking is acting as a transformation that continues the legacy of slavery. Accordingly, the international community has continued various efforts to eradicate human trafficking. Efforts to prevent human trafficking have been diversified in Korea, and some legislative results can be found. Representatively, the revision of the criminal law(April 5, 2013) can be cited as an example, and the Trafficking Prevention Act enacted on April 20, 2021 and enforced on January 1, 2023 is expected to be a full-fledged starting point for the protection of human trafficking victims.
 The purpose of this article is to review the Human Trafficking Prevention Act, which was enacted relatively recently for the purpose of preventing human trafficking and protecting and supporting victims of human trafficking, which has not been discussed in earnest. To this end, ① current status of human trafficking in Korea(II), ② problems of the recently enacted and enforced Human Trafficking Prevention Act(Ⅲ), and ③ ways to improve these problems(IV) were presented. Accordingly, ① the lack of data that can accurately grasp the current status of human trafficking, ② the problem of the main concept of the Human Trafficking Prevention Act, the problem of the human trafficking punishment regulation, and the problem of the victim protection procedure, The procedure for issuing a confirmation letter for victims of human trafficking, etc. was reviewed. ③ As a way to improve upon these problems, the interpretation of ‘human trafficking, etc.’ in the law, the necessity of deleting ‘crimes such as human trafficking, etc.’, and human trafficking in the criminal law The need for revision of regulations and other system improvements for early identification of victims were suggested.

Social support and rights protection of disabled women in anti-trafficking in China

In China, women with disabilities are one of the main victims of human trafficking against women. The victims of abducting crimes and the buyers are both concentrated in rural areas, which implicit profound social and cultural causes. Demographic and social-culture factors under the influence of patriarchal ideology and marriage squeeze have jointly caused the crimes, while China’s urbanization and poverty in rural areas deeply affected the lives of women with disabilities and protection against trafficking and other crimes. This study examines the influencing factors of trafficking in women in China and the inadequacies of social support and care for disabled women in anti-trafficking. Furthermore, this study recommends a set of countermeasures and suggestions on the aspects of social support and assistance for the prevention, timely rescue, and elimination of crimes.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of survivors of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a qualitative study in Spain

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to explore the health of trafficking survivors in Spain, which is relatively unstudied (Sweileh, 2018). Therefore, the objectives of this study are to describe the health conditions, access to health-care facilities, COVID-19 protection and health challenges in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic reported by women survivors of human trafficking in Spain.Design/methodology/approachDue to the pandemic situation, limited research and the complexity of the issue, the authors took a qualitative approach. A cross-sectional study was carried out through interviews with women survivors of human trafficking for sexual exploitation in Spain. Prior to the interviews, the researchers conducted written interviews with social workers to understand the most important challenges that the women survivors were experiencing during confinement. As a result of these written interviews, the interview script for the survivors was modified.FindingsTo sum up, the COVID-19 situation poses several challenges, including social difficulties (food insecurity; violence; terrible housing conditions; working pressure; poor sleeping habits; and cultural, linguistic and religious challenges), medical insecurity (due to lockdowns, negative experiences in care, lack of official documents, collapse of hospitals, telephone monitoring and fear of contagion), great emotional distress reported by women (anxiety, fear, sadness, post-traumatic stress disorder, stigma and substance use) and physical health problems (serious weight loss, muscle pains, dental problems and sexual and reproductive health-care limitations).Research limitations/implicationsAs is usual in qualitative research, rather than obtain generalizable results, the main objective was to delve deeper into under-researched or complex issues (Polit and Beck, 2010). While this report provides a timely overview marked by COVID-19 of an important population, there are some limitations. The major limitation of this research was the sample representativity, because the sample was conducted with only one non-governmental organization and only individuals who voluntarily agreed to make the interview; as such, other victim profiles may not be represented.Practical implicationsThe findings can provide information for detecting victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation and contribute to understanding the pandemic’s impact. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the need to adopt measures for the recovery of victims, such as medical and psychological assistance, in accordance with the Palermo Protocol. As people transition out of the pandemic, it is crucial for Spain, along with other European countries, to guarantee that all residents, particularly the victims of human trafficking, have access to social and health-care protections during times of crisis.Social implicationsAs already mentioned, further investigation should be done to fill the gaps on health of human trafficking (Sweileh, 2018) and improve the recovery of victims of trafficking (García-Vázquez and Meneses-Falcón, 2023 0; Sweileh, 2018). The paper acknowledges the existing research gap in the field and emphasizes the importance of future studies to delve deeper into the challenges faced by victims, calling for a more nuanced understanding of health.Originality/valueThe Coronavirus pandemic has increased and reinforced the vulnerability of sex-trafficked victims, especially creating different mental health problems. One of the biggest concerns for this group has been the difficulty of access to basic goods such as food. Furthermore, psychological distress impacted the well-being of trafficking victims, and many suffered from eating disorders. Less than half of the women who were forced to continue in prostitution did not have the means to protect themselves against COVID-19 and did not have easy situations to overcome illness.

Türkiye'de İnsan Ticaretini Anlamak: İnsan Ticaretiyle Mücadeleye Katılan Kamu Profesyonelleri İle Saha Araştırması

Human trafficking, which is deemed a type of modern slavery, has been discussed in many studies under international law or transnational crimes. However, it has not been discussed in Türkiye so far from the perspective of victims. This study investigates into the effectiveness of public services such as voluntary repatriation and support programs for victims intended for human trafficking victims in Türkiye. Finally the effectiveness of these practices is evaluated through qualitative research conducted with 14 Immigration Experts working in the Presidency of Migration Management by applying the participatory method. The study results have shown that the laws and regulations written on the desk have difficulty going beyond theory and there are a set of troubles in practice.

KARAKTERISTIK KONDISI KESEHATAN PADA PASIEN KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN ORANG: TINJAUAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS

Background: Human trafficking is a crime that degrades human dignity, involving hundreds or even thousands of victims per year both on a global and local scale. In the human trafficking, various types of violence often occur. It is important to identify that the patient is a victim of human trafficking when a doctor encounter a patient due to sexual violence. Doctor must pay more attention to collect evidence through anamnesis, physical examination, and advance examination. Thus, the next strategy to help victims of human trafficking can be carried out. Aim: To identify the characteristics of physical, mental, and sexual health conditions in patients victims of TPPO as well as medical measures taken. Method: This is a systematic literature review of the literature obtained from four databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Sage Journal, and Semantic Scholar. A literature search using the SPIDER method is initial screening and screening before downloading. Selected literatures then put for further selection with criteria of inclusion and exclusion to obtain eligible literature. The next step is ecstraction by conducting a critical review using a checklist according to the design of literature research. Result: Five literatures are eligibile with 2 literature conduct medical examinations, 4 literature discussing physical health issues, 3 literature discussing reproductive health issues, and 4 literature discussing mental health issues. Some of the literatures show the most common physical health problems are tired, memory impairment, and headaches or dizziness. Sexual health problems are sexually transmitted infections, urination pain in women and the risk of pregnancy. Mental health problems are PTSD, anxiety, and depression, desire and even suicide attempts, substance or alcohol use. Conclusion: Victims of human trafficking (men, women, and children) experience physical, sexual, and mental health problems.

Health care professionals' self-efficacy in identifying and treating human trafficking victims

BackgroundHuman trafficking is characterized as a violation of human rights that exploits males and females of any age for personal or financial gain. Recently, health care professionals have been identified as feasible change agents in this global issue. However, many health care professionals are not trained in identifying and treating human trafficking victims. Through human trafficking education, health care professionals have the potential to be better equipped to recognize and assist trafficking victims and guide them to the specialized care they need. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to measure the effect of a trauma-informed human trafficking education intervention and the impact of this training on the self-efficacy of health care professionals in identifying and recognizing human trafficking victims in healthcare settings. DesignThe study was a quasi-experimental research design with snowball and convenience recruitment Setting100 % virtual, online. ParticipantsHealth care professionals (N = 30) including Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, Certified Medical Assistants, Certified Nursing Assistants, Emergency Medical Technicians, and Paramedics from a variety of healthcare settings. Methods30 min total program to include Qualtrics pre-intervention Violence Against Women Health Care Provider survey, 20 min educational intervention on YouTube©, and an identical Qualtrics post-intervention survey. ResultsTotal of 30 sets of paired data. The results showed statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy in all survey questions pre- and post-human trafficking educational intervention (p < .001). ConclusionsAn increase in health care professionals' self-efficacy in identifying and treating human trafficking victims yields better patient and health care system outcomes. Trauma-informed human trafficking education for all health care professionals is recommended.

Fragile agency: the lived religion of human trafficking victims in East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

ABSTRACT This article aims to describe the role of religion in the experiences of human trafficking victims from the migrant labourer sector. The research conducted in East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia in 2020 interviewed 19 participants consisting of victims and their families. Working as a migrant labourer is a consequence of poverty intersecting with religious meaning. Workers' limited agency is fragile due to exploitation and violence. Participants are commonly alienated from their families, themselves, and society. Religion plays a significant role in alienation because experience shapes religious meaning, and religious meaning mediates an individual's actions.

Through the lens of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's (AACN) new Essentials: Integration of human trafficking education and simulation within baccalaureate nursing curricula.

With an increase in human trafficking in the United States, there is a need for nursing curricula to provide education and engagement in recognizing and appropriately caring for victims. The purpose of this article is to describe an undergraduate nursing simulation involving a human trafficking victim with a discussion of how the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's (AACN) Essentials were addressed by the simulation. The results of the course evaluation indicated that providing an opportunity for baccalaureate nursing students to engage in a simulation involving a victim of human trafficking allowed them to solidify classroom theory and education. Students reported increased confidence in recognizing victims after participating in the education and simulation. In addition, the simulation met many of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's new Essentials further highlighting the importance of this clinical activity within the nursing curriculum. Nursing education is obligated to empower students to identify social determinants of health and advocate for social justice related to vulnerable populations. Because nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers, they are likely to encounter human trafficking victims and should be educated to identify victims in practice.

해상 밀입국 범죄의 발생 현황과 유형별 대응 방안에 관한 연구

As the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime was adopted, human smuggling by sea has been criminalized. Therefore, it is needed to enhance the policing to prevent the criminal activities related in smuggling of migrants by sea. Considering the current efforts to identify the actual figures and the root causes of human smuggling by sea, however, it needs to be more practical. In addition to this limitation, it is pointed out that the researches on defining what the human smuggling by sea is and classifying the its types and characteristics are insufficient to suggest and implement the appropriate countermeasures and policies.&#x0D; Based on the problems at hand, this study defined the human smuggling by sea as a border transgression or a voyage in confidence by sea by violating the Immigration Control Law. It also categorized the type of smuggling of migrants into three parts: classification of foreigners in host countries, use of force or compulsion, and the methods of entering the host countries.&#x0D; Countermeasures per each type of human smuggling are suggested as follows: enhancement of borderline security and its management on ports and sea, detection and blocking off the ships used in smuggling, legal and systemic eradication of smuggling agents in departure, transit and host countries, and protection on the victims of transnational human trafficking and refugees who are the subject of the protection by the international law.

Gendered impacts of the war in Ukraine: identifying potential, presumed or actual women victims of trafficking at the Italian borders

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR) data, approximately 8 million people, mostly women and children, entered and registered in Europe since the beginning of the war on the 24th of February, 2022. It is well-known that human trafficking tends to increase during conflicts and humanitarian crises due to the spread of impunity, destruction of institutions, and breakdown of law. The EU and many international organizations have warned those fleeing Ukraine about the high risk of trafficking and adopted policies to prevent and detect trafficking. The EU anti-trafficking coordinator along with other EU agencies have developed the Common Anti-Trafficking Plan to specifically address this risk and support the potential victims fleeing the war in Ukraine meeting one of the goals set in the 10 Point Action Plan issued by the European Council in March to better coordinate EU actions for people leaving Ukraine. Among other goals, the 10 Point Action Plan aims to improve early identification of the victims of human trafficking as provided by the 2021–2025 Strategy on Combatting Trafficking and the 2011 Anti-trafficking Directive. This paper investigates the actions which the Italian government has put in place to detect and prevent the trafficking of women among the Ukrainians fleeing the war from the beginning of the conflict until September 2022, with a focus on the identification process. More specifically we explored the perceptions of front-line workers and street-level bureaucrats at the Slovenian and Austrian borders, where Ukrainians cross to enter Italy. Through interviews we collected data to shed light on the identification procedures adopted. The need to learn more about the current war in Ukraine corroborates this study. The proposed qualitative analysis has identified three main findings: (1) conflicts create increased opportunities for trafficking that in the case of Ukraine are greater due to the scale of those fleeing; (2) temporary Italian residence permit reveals some criticalities that could lead to greater vulnerability; (3) gaps in the identification process can increase the risks of trafficking, especially in the absence of longer-term assistance programs.

How Gendered Mediation Affects Local News Framing of Trafficking Victims: A Call for Ethics-Of-Care Journalism

ABSTRACT Research suggests that local, grassroots solutions are key to addressing the situations of those trafficked since the experience of trafficking varies so broadly. Hence, this case study investigates how human trafficking victims, or HTVs, have been framed over about the past decade through a merged framing-theory-and-gendered-plus-racial-mediation perspective of 71 sampled articles from two of Maryland’s top (circulating) dailies. Quantitative analysis revealed gender differences in reporting as well as racial differences in reported on trafficking actors, and qualitative analysis surfaced three news frames: Vulnerability leads to victimization and dehumanization; Technology traps, abets, and frees; and Rescuability requires a connected village. A two-newspaper analysis, particularly one including article construction, content and complement, should cut through news normalization and routinization that can occur through press practices pointing to how local journalism with an ethics-of-care orientation can be a force for human rights advocacy for subjugated groups, like female HTVs. Studying HTV local newspaper coverage is significant because of its implications for the news industry in addressing social justice issues; for lawmakers and law enforcers to mitigate trafficking; for policy makers and other societal actors and influencers to create legislation benefitting HTVs; and, primarily, for (potential) victims, to decrease entry and increase escape plus recovery.

Rescue, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of female survivors of human trafficking in Northern Tanzania

The victims of human trafficking experience a very traumatic experience from the time they are recruited up to the time of rescue. It is without doubt that they require rehabilitation process in order for them to recover to their normal being before being given other opportunities or reintegrated back into their communities. However, many countries have limited services to the victims of human trafficking and as a result, the victims return to the trafficking cycle. In many it is not clearly stipulated who is responsible for rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims. It is from this concern the current study sought the importance of establishing and documenting information on the rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration of victims of human trafficking in Northern Tanzania. The study applied a mixed approach technique where qualitative and quantitative methods were used to get data from the study area. Seven district councils of Arusha region were involved in the study. Data collection tools included a questionnaire, focus group discussion and interview. A total of 400 girls and young women were sampled for the study. The findings revealed that only 30.2%of the respondents reported to have received some sort of assistance and service from different stakeholders. Further it was found that study few respondents (34.5%) were willing to go back to their communities while a good number (65.5%) disagreed with the idea of going back to their communities due to different reasons. Much as these services seem to be crucial for the recovery of the victims, in the current study it was reported that they victims could not receive the said services due to lack of funds for implementing this services.

Development of a Restitution Model in Optimizing Legal Protection for Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia

This study aims to develop a model for the effective implementation of restitution criminal sanctions against individuals involved in trafficking in persons. The findings of this research hold strategic significance in terms of providing legal protection to victims and enhancing the concept of restitution. The study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of imposing restitution sanctions on traffickers through judicial decisions in Indonesia. By employing a sociological juridical approach, this research examines legal norms and court rulings pertaining to prosecutors' charges against individuals involved in trafficking crimes. The analysis of these judicial decisions reveals that out of the cases reviewed, only seven included restitution sanctions, and none of the perpetrators fulfilled their restitution obligations. Instead, the offenders prioritized serving prison sentences over compensating the victims. Consequently, it is essential for prosecutors to prioritize the prosecution of perpetrators under the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Individuals. Furthermore, judges should consider utilizing the Law on the Eradication of Non-Criminal Persons and emphasizing imprisonment as an alternative to restitution.

Human Trafficking: Iconic Victims, Folk Devils and the Nationality and Borders Act 2022

On 28 April 2022, the Westminster Parliament passed the controversial Nationality and Borders Act. The Act is the single biggest overhaul of the UK's immigration system in decades. The Act aims to deter illegal entry into the UK; remove more easily those with no right to be in the UK; and increase the overall fairness of the system. Notwithstanding these seemingly laudable objectives, however, this article argues that the Act represents a retrograde step in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Relying upon Nils Christie's ‘ideal/iconic victims’ and Stanley Cohen's ‘folk devils’ critique, the article contends that, in an age of heightened securitisation and moral panics, the Act will create ‘folk devils’ of victims of trafficking who do not self‐identify, and unduly penalise victims of trafficking who have committed offences in the course, or as a consequence, of being trafficked.

Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Trafficking of Children as a Form of it

Research on human trafficking has attracted increasing attention since the early 1980s and is extremely important as it highlights the problems and through it identifies the appropriate ways that can provide solutions. The object of this paper is the treatment of trafficking in human beings and in particular will focus on the sexual trafficking of minors. This topic is very current not only in Albania but also in the international arena (due to it’s nature) and requires the commitment of all states and international organizations to combat human trafficking and protect victims of trafficking as part of the field of human rights. Therefore, this topic is covered in section I of this conference. The research questions of this paper are: what does trafficking in human beings involve, what are the needs of the victims, what is the exploitation and sexual abuse of children, what are the consequences that trafficking leaves on children and why children are recruited. Numerous studies and studies have concluded that trafficking represents "a denial of the individual's rights to freedom, integrity, security and freedom of movement" Victims of human trafficking need, among other things, emotional support , family, health care and especially for reintegration into society. On the other hand, child sexual exploitation is a form of human trafficking and consists of adult sexual abuse and monetary or in-kind reward for the child or a third person or persons. and it is precisely the commercial element that separates sexual exploitation from other sexual crimes.Juveniles are recruited more easily because small victims are the most optimal, useful and lower cost, they are easy to be guided by traffickers and slave owners and to adapt to the new situation. Current studies show that some effects of Sex trafficking is sexually transmitted diseases, diseases and other infections, physical harm, substance abuse and malnutrition.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

The Reintegration of victims of human trafficking: Approaches and Practices in Nepal

This research paper tries to analyze the shelter services and care supports to reintegrating the victims of human trafficking at the family and community level. Primarily, the study applied the qualitative approach by adopting both primary and secondary sources of information. For substantiating secondary information, 40 qualitative in-depth and key informant interviews were conducted. It was found that priorities of shelters are crucial for providing composite and comprehensive services for sustainable and dignified reintegration of victims of trafficking. The shelter care and services mainly orient to victim-centric approach to provide composite service package to victims. Immediate, short-term and long-term services play crucial role for successful reintegration in family and community. The multiple packages in shelter's lone effort was observed to be the best for delivering the best care and services. The widely applied approach of shelters was found victim centered approach, shelter based approach and the community approach. Among these approach, shelter based comprehensive service oriented approach found suitable for sustainable and dignified reintegration of victims of trafficking.

EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN RESTITUSI BAGI KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN ORANG YANG BERKEADILAN PANCASILA

This study aims to examine how the effectiveness of restitution for Victims of Human Trafficking based on Pancasila values of justice. The type of research used by the writer for this study is normative-empirical legal research, and the nature of the research uses an applied perspective. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal material is used for sources of this study. To collect the data and legal material the writer do studying literature and conducting interviews. The result of this study shows that the application of restitution that has been implemented in the Human Trafficking case viewed from the perspective of its effectiveness is still not effective in fulfilling the Pancasila value of justice because not all losses suffered by victims can be recovered. This is caused by several factors such as legal factors, law enforcement factors, and legal facilities. In an attempt to optimize the effectiveness of the implementation of restitution based on Pancasila values of justice, which in principle must consider the fairness between the Accused and the Victim, namely based on the principles of An Effective Remedy, the Principle of Victim Reparation, and the Principle of legal protection within the judicial and/or administrative system.

Providing Services to Victims of Human Trafficking During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Social Service Agency State-Wide Survey

While research has documented the needs of human trafficking victims, the importance of such needs during the COVID-19 pandemic remains understudied. This study sought to determine the most critical and urgent service needs of social service providers who serve human trafficking victims. Drawing from survey responses collected from 100 service providers from all 15 counties in Arizona, researchers examined agency needs to serve human trafficking victims during a pandemic, the barriers/fears expressed by human trafficking victims to obtain social services, and the saliency of needs regarding training, screenings, protocols, and services provided. Respondents indicated that the most necessary needs included more training, funding, and receiving referrals. Respondents reported that most barriers/fears expressed by sex trafficking clients were feelings of shame and not self-identifying as a victim. Labor trafficking victims lack knowledge about resources and experience little to no social support. Findings highlight a sustained need for awareness building, developing strong partnerships between agencies that serve human trafficking victims, and the needed ability of social service agencies to modify their service delivery systems during a pandemic. Future research is needed to understand the lack of victim demographic data and provide clear guidelines for agencies to handle emergencies such as a pandemic.

METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

In this scientific article, referring to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On combating human trafficking”, the concept of “human trafficking” and the directions of state policy in the field of combating human trafficking is considered. Thus, the article states that human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights, all efforts to provide assistance and protection should be aimed at restoring the rights of victims of human trafficking and preventing their further violation. At the same time, victims should receive protection and assistance without discrimination: it is unacceptable to treat them unfavorably or with prejudice because of their experience in a situation of human trafficking or to restrict their rights. In addition, the moments concerning the identification of victims of human trafficking, sources of information about planned or committed crimes, forms of investigation, typical investigative versions and situations, algorithms, tasks and planning of the investigation are analyzed. The differences between human trafficking and migrant smuggling are also studied and examples related to high-profile criminal cases on this issue from the experience of Kazakhstan are given, including an example related to the operation “Blue Sky”, in which thousands of people participated, to investigate the smuggling of migrants.