Human Tendency Research Articles

Religion as Memory

This paper will argue that memory from early childhood underlies many practices and beliefs that we commonly refer to as “religious”. The consciousness of young children does not yet have certain features that characterize adult consciousness. This paper will concentrate on four of these: (I) a reality that is recognizable; (II) a sense of temporal duration; (III) a sense of self; (IV) an experience of the world that is deeply affected by our acquaintance with (a) language. The absence of these features presumably characterizes the consciousness of infants. It also often characterizes mystical experiences. The paper will argue that the human tendency to engage in so-called religious practices and beliefs makes the most sense based on the assumption that adults somehow preserve the memory of their state of being in childhood.

KATHAK DANCE EDUCATION AS A SOURCE OF SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT

In a constant effort towards development in the physical, intellectual, social, and emotional wellbeing, the human tendencies always keep visiting and revisiting the spiritual dimension for an upper sense of validation. All human activity somehow takes refuge and develops through the presence of this spiritual faculty. Where classical dance holds a well-esteemed status in the deliverance of the spiritual goals human beings possess, Kathak dance continues to illuminate an artist’s life by the spiritual role it offers. The paper studies how education in Kathak can yield this universal purpose of spiritual growth. Various reflections in the style and structure of the Kathak education further strengthens the fact that learning and dancing Kathak truly invokes a remarkable spiritual upsurge. This acknowledgement of the Supreme Power by the inner self ascertains persistence, value, harmony and thus fosters a spiritual evolution in its true sense.

From theory to empirics and back: A misunderstanding around the Veblenian dichotomy

Objective: to trace the emergence and consolidation of a wrong meaning when moving from an inaccurately interpreted theoretical concept to empirical evidence. The authors suggest the case of Thorstein Veblen’s evolutionary theory and identify how researchers interpret and apply its selected elements.Methods: discourse analysis. The authors rely on Veblen’s original writings, research papers by Russian authors who refer to the so-called Veblenian dichotomy, and own research findings. The latter show the application of Veblen’s concept to study (1) the features of Russian 19th century economic culture, and (2) contemporary techniques of manipulating personal financial decision-making.Results: the authors found that Veblen had distinguished between contrasting analytical categories when describing different human dispositions, or instinctive proclivities, underlying habitual ways of thinking and doing and economic conduct. Some dispositions lead to productive behavior, while others lead to unproductive one. This concept is essential for institutional analysis. Our research discovers its inaccurate interpretations in the research literature. Starting from a distorted understanding of the theoretical concept, empirical studies contribute to the entrenchment and spread of a misconception, thus feeding a particular ideological agenda. The authors separated Veblen’s original concepts, including ethical ones, from subsequent interpretations and elaborations, to monitor the changing treatment of traditional values in research literature as productive or ceremonial ones. Research findings indicate that the articles by Russian institutionalists contain a systematic bias with regard to the treatment of traditional norms and values as merely ceremonial ones, implying backwardness and archaic patterns, which impede technological progress and “modernization”.Scientific novelty: the application of Veblenian analytical tools in an applied institutional study is reconsidered. Authors’ own analytical technique is suggested to assess the norms underlying economic behavior in terms of their productivity. This technique is applied to the Russian empirical material, both historical and contemporary. To our knowledge, the proposed research technique has not been used in the previous literature.Practical significance: the research findings and their interpretation indicate that Veblen’s ethics and his analytical approach remain relevant. This article contributes to the “restoration” of core values and economic culture of the Russian people. Veblen’s evolutionary theory is suggested as an alternative to the widespread trite methods of cross-country and cross-cultural socio-economic comparisons which presume the supremacy of “Western” values.

FROM SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT TO TRIPARTITE THEORY

: In today’s political philosophy framework, it is commonplace to associate Adam Smith with akind of theory that ignores human dispositions and considers only the self-interested perspective ofindividuals. Although this view has been widely supported in different fields – viz Philosophy andEconomy, we consider this a biased interpretation. Using the Cambridge School orientation, we explainthe importance of historical background in reading Smith’s work to argue that Smith’s writings should beinterpreted within the Scottish Enlightenment context. From this contextual approach, it is possible tosustain an integrated reading of Smith’s books The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) and An Inquiryinto the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations (WN). This reading leads to a more faithfulinterpretation of Smith’s idea that the agent in society is morally engaged in socio-economic relations.Once this hypothesis is confirmed, we will defend a systematic analysis of Smith’s philosophy arguingthat Smith’s philosophy is a holistic system, in what we call a tripartite theory.

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

Rush to Charge, Dead to Drive: Application of Deadline Rush Model to Electric Vehicle User's Charging Behavior.

This work aims to estimate the portion of electric vehicle (EV) users who exhibit procrastination-like behavior, almost equivalent to an "empty" battery, before they decide to charge their vehicles. There is a human tendency to procrastinate when a deadline approaches. Human behavior in the presence of deadlines has been studied in different fields to evaluate individuals' performance or organizational efficiency and effectiveness. However, this phenomenon has not been investigated among EV users. This study explores users' procrastination-like behavior among 69 Rhode Island public charging stations' data representing 70,611 charging events. The Deadline Rush Model is incorporated to model frequent users' charging profiles. To conduct a robust estimation, the Bayesian Mixture Model is implemented. With the selection of an informative prior, the Bayesian Mixture Model estimated that almost one-third of frequent users procrastinate charging. The majority of procrastination-like users have small battery sizes. Although procrastination-like users need to charge when they arrive at a location, that might not necessarily be true for a plug-in hybrid; thus, systematically, they can clog the system for other users whose needs are more pressing. Understanding unique and unexplored charging behaviors among EV users is beneficial to EV infrastructure stakeholders in reducing the adoption threshold by providing a reliable and ubiquitous charging network. The findings identify a different kind of demand on the EV infrastructure than previously modeled and can directly influence future decision-making criteria in terms of planning to optimize to accommodate EV drivers with different charging behaviors.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMANISM

Throughout its philosophical history, humanism has tried to elevate man and his position in the scale of beings as a rational being in control of nature and to make it serve his happiness. Artificial intelligence has become a threat to the centrality of man due to scientific development, the dominance of technology, and the penetration of the instrumental mind into various aspects of life. On this basis, this research attempt was guided by the paradox contained in the human relationship with artificial intelligence. Since the human mind was the one that produced artificial intelligence, how did the latter sacrifice the centrality of man and his ontological value? This paradoxical situation necessitated questioning the constants of human tendency and revealing the conditions that were able to place artificial intelligence in the position of directing the life paths of individuals and societies. In order to achieve this requirement and to identify the various justifications and issues that explain the defeat of human tendencies and their arguments in favor of the dictates of the instrumental mind and the development it achieves in the field of artificial intelligence, this research relied on its analyses and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s position on the progress of science and the dominance of the instrumental mind, which he had come to regard at the time. Modernity as an expressive manifestation of its various manifestations. The research concluded that the paradox contained in artificial intelligence, represented by its desire to improve the conditions of human existence at the expense of human existence itself, is a reflection of the paradox contained in human nature itself. If natural necessity imposes on man to behave in accordance with the natural law, then freedom is the field that allows the creation of new forms of existence with elements that nature could not respond to, with artificial intelligence being one of its creations. KEY WORDS: artificial intelligence, humanism, human existence, anthropocentrism, instrumental mind.

Hair Apparent; or, Dickens’s Public Hair

Abstract: Dickens plays off the strange hybrid nature of hair throughout his fiction. Hair is both alive and dead, public but also private, part of and not part of the body. Dickens uses hair to create both comedy and pathos, and it projects key aspects of many characters while simultaneously defying their control. Through hair, Dickens raises epistemological questions about the human tendency to categorize the world in binaries, and he suggests that all such categories misrepresent reality and fail to capture the complexity of human experience.

Evidence from the future.

The outcome of any scientific experiment or intervention will naturally unfold over time. How then should individuals make causal inferences from measurements over time? Across three experiments, we had participants observe experimental and control groups over several days posttreatment in a fictional biological research setting. We identify competing perspectives in the literature: contingency-driven accounts predict no effect of the outcome timing while the contiguity principle suggests people will view a treatment as more harmful to the extent that bad treatment outcomes occur earlier rather than later. In contrast, inference of the functional form of a treatment effect can license extrapolation beyond the measurements and lead to different causal inferences. We find participants' causal strength and direction judgments in temporal settings vary with minimal manipulations of instruction framing. When it is implied that the observations are made over a preplanned number of days, causal judgments depend strongly on contiguity. When it is implied that the observation may be ongoing, participants extrapolate current trends into the future and adapt their causal judgments accordingly. When data are revealed sequentially, participants rely on extrapolation regardless of instruction framing. Our results demonstrate human flexibility in interpreting temporal evidence for causal reasoning and emphasize human tendency to generalize from evidence in ways that are acutely sensitive to task framing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining The Psychological Intersections Between Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures, and Social Conformity

This article examines the human tendencies and impact of social conformity and collectivist cultures. The conformity can vary in a multitude of ways dependent upon the environment one is set in. As you read this article, you will be able to examine these differences and how to break this cycle of conformity.

European Association of Perinatal Medicine (EAPM), European Board and College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (EBCOG), European Midwives Association (EMA). Joint position statement: Substandard and disrespectful care in labour – because words matter

Substandard or disrespectful care during labour should be of serious concern for healthcare professionals, as it can affect one of the most important events in a woman’s life. Substandard care refers to the use of interventions that are not considered best-practice, to the inadequate execution of interventions, to situations where best-practice interventions are withheld from patients, or there is lack of adequate informed consent. Disrespectful care refers to forms of verbal and non-verbal communication that affect patients’ dignity, individuality, privacy, intimacy, or personal beliefs. There are many possible underlying causes for substandard and disrespectful care in labour, including difficulties in modifying behaviours, judgmental or paternalistic attitudes, personal interests and individualism, and a human tendency to make less arduous, less difficult, or less stressful clinical decisions. The term “obstetric violence” is used in some parts of the world to describe various forms of substandard and disrespectful care in labour, but suggests that it is mainly carried out by obstetricians and is a serious form of aggression, carried out with the intent to cause harm. We believe that this term should not be used, as it does not help to identify the underlying problem, its causes, or its correction. In addition, it is generally seen by obstetricians and other healthcare professionals as an unjust and offensive term, generating a defensive and less collaborative mindset. We reach out to all individuals and institutions sharing the common goal of improving women’s experience during labour, to work together to address the underlying causes of substandard and disrespectful care, and to develop common strategies to deal with this problem, based on mutual comprehension, trust and respect

Professional education as a way to discover the multi-dimensional integrity of a human

Introduction. Currently, professional education is not often based on the natural inclinations of a person, their development with subsequent extrapolation into the chosen field of activity, which is not just the main scientific problem in the qualitative preparation of professionals, but also does not allow a comprehensive mapping of the natural multidimensional integrity of a person, its large-scale deployment of its natural essence in one or another sphere of social activities and the inter-sphere space in which a person will have to grow professionally, develop, build themselves and their life prospects. The article presents a theoretical overview of the genesis of professional education in various historical epochs, starting from the earliest civilizations of the world to the present time, in a philosophical and cultural context. According to the authors, this review will serve as a theoretical basis for understanding the peculiarities of the formation of professional education in Russia, ways to reform it at the present time, search for promising areas of these transformations, the emergence of innovative professions, professional goal-setting, the development and implementation of multidimensional manifestations of the natural integrity of human inclinations as a subject of professional activity, improving the quality of their life and satisfaction with the profession. The research purpose of the article is to analyze the philosophical and cultural genesis of the formation of professional education system in the history of human existence. The position is substantiated that professional education should be one of the ways to reveal the multidimensional integrity of human natural inclinations, and the profession should be considered as an independent occupation, determined firstly by the natural origin, and secondly by the social division of labor operations, social challenges and orders. This requires special technologies and through evidence-based pedagogy – to get access to educational practice, in which decisions on the application of educational approaches and methods of professionalization are made based on the available evidence of their effectiveness, and such evidence is searched, compared, generalized. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research is based on philosophical, cultural and systemic approaches. The theoretical and methodological support in the construction of the material was the dialectical method, which contributes to the objective grasp of the concrete historical circumstances of human existence in the context of professional formation. Methods used by the authors include comparative historical, deductive, chronological ones, as well as generalization and analysis. Results. The main results presented in the article are philosophical, cultural and socio-philosophical analyses of the genesis of professional education and revealing its specific socio-cultural features in the comparative context of social development in various historical civilizations. For the first time, the formation of professional education into an independent social phenomenon and its institutionalization, the evolution of professionalism on the example of ancient China, Greece, and Rome are described in a generalized form. The analysis of the origin of the phenomenon of professional education in Europe, professional activities reflecting public concerns and achievements, stating the key aspects of the interaction of education with the socio-cultural code of the era, is of research value. Attention is focused on professional education in the Middle Ages since the advent of manufactories, as well as innovations of the Enlightenment. The conducted philosophical and cultural analysis of the formation of professional education in the world served as a prerequisite for analyzing its development in Russia, starting from the reign of Peter the Great to the present. At the same time, the need for the formation of a fundamentally new concept of professional l education based on the consideration of human natural inclinations, rethinking the concept of professional education from ontological, axiological, praxiological and other positions is emphasized. Conclusions. The analysis of the formation of the professional education system in various epochs, from the ancient world to the present, allowed the authors to substantiate the position that professional education should be based on the natural inclinations of a person, their abilities and capabilities and act as one of the ways to actualize their multidimensional integrity and social self-sufficiency. It is recorded that at different stages of formation, professional education acts as a phenomenon of a specific type of activity, contributing to human self-fulfillment in a dynamically changing world. In this regard, the dominant role belongs to understanding and evidence-based pedagogics and their methodological developments aimed at the formation of professional activity of a person.

How Not to Find Over-Imitation in Animals

While more species are being identified as cultural on a regular basis, stark differences between human and animal cultures remain. Humans are more richly cultural, with group-specific practices and social norms guiding almost every element of our lives. Furthermore, human culture is seen as cumulative, cooperative, and normative, in contrast to animal cultures. One hypothesis to explain these differences is grounded in the observation that human children across cultures appear to spontaneously over-imitate silly or causally irrelevant behaviors that they observe. The few studies on over-imitation in other species are largely taken as evidence that spontaneous over-imitation is not present in other species. This leads to the over-imitation hypothesis – that the differences between human culture and animal cultures can be traced to the human unique tendency to over-imitate. In this paper, we analyze the current state of the literature on animal over-imitation and challenge the adequacy of the over-imitation hypothesis for the differences between humans and animal cultures. To make this argument, we first argue that the function of human over-imitation is norm-learning and that over-imitation, like skill-learning, should be subject to selective social learning effects. Then we review the empirical evidence against animal over-imitation and argue that these studies do not take into account the relevant variables given the normative and selective nature of over-imitation. We then analyze positive empirical evidence of over-imitation in great apes and canids from the experimental literature and conclude that the current body of evidence suggests that some canids and primates may have the capacity for over-imitation. This paper offers a methodological suggestion for how to study animal over-imitation, and a theoretical suggestion that over-imitation might be much more widely found among species. The larger implication for claims about human uniqueness suggests that if we do find widespread evidence of over-imitation across species, many of the current theories of human uniqueness that focus on human hyper-cooperation or social norms may have only identified a difference of degree, not of kind, between humans and other animals.

What COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Disparity Reveals About Solidarity

What COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Disparity Reveals About Solidarity

Disability Justice and Animal Advocacy in Audrey Schulman’s Theory of Bastards

Audrey Schulman’s speculative fiction Theory of Bastards (2018) juxtaposes the lifestyle of a peaceful, matriarchal community of bonobo apes with a human culture engaged in technological warfare, violence, and environmental destruction, thereby demonstrating the fallacy of assuming the superiority of human social structures. Schulman’s protagonist has experienced since the age of twelve severe and debilitating endometriosis (endo), raising questions about pain, disability, and ableism, suggesting that the human tendency to privilege human social structures and abilities has skewed our perspective regarding our evolutionary advantage. Drawing from Sunaura Taylor’s Beasts of Burden (2017), the article argues that the novel presents the interdependency of humans and nonhumans as key to the long-term survival of humankind by demonstrating the necessity of diverse mental and physical abilities across species.

Implementation of Security Information & Event Management (SIEM) Wazuh with Active Response and Telegram Notification for Mitigating Brute Force Attacks on The GT-I2TI USAKTI Information System

In an era of widespread information system usage across various sectors, digital threats to organizations have become increasingly significant. These threats have the potential to disrupt operations and result in substantial financial losses. One enduring threat is brute force attacks, which exploit human tendencies to use easily remembered passwords. By utilizing The Security Lifecycle Methodology, this research aims to identify an efficient and cost-effective solution to enhance information system security and continuously evaluate the implemented solution rather than stop right after the policy or solution implementation. The study proposes the utilization of the open-source Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) platform, Wazuh. When combined with the Active Response feature, this platform not only detects security threats but also automatically takes mitigating actions against detected attacks. Additionally, the integration with the Telegram messaging application streamlines the SIEM monitoring process, making it more practical and efficient. After implementation, the testing phase confirms the effectiveness of the implemented solution as the Wazuh SIEM is able to detect 100% of brute force testing scenarios in multi- protocol attacks with an average of 80,51 seconds time required to detect brute force attacks with a 1-second interval between attack, 172,18 seconds for 10-seconds attack interval, and 434,58 seconds for 30-seconds attack interval. The active response can mitigate 100% of the detected brute force attack with only 0,51 seconds time required between detection and mitigation action taken. The implemented telegram integration successfully sends all the notifications on time to Telegram Chat by utilizing Telegram API.

Strategies for Promoting Bancassurance Products in West Java: A Study of Bank XXX's Internal and External Factors

Purpose: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a psychological study that aims to comprehend human behavioral tendencies, is applied. The purpose of this research is to examine the methods employed by Bank XXX West Java for marketing assurance products.
 Research methodology: To gather quantitative data, questionnaires and descriptive analyses were used to investigate Bank XXX Indonesia's internal strategies, including Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP), as well as the expanded 7Ps. PESTLE, SWOT, TOWS matrix, and customer analysis were also used for external analysis.
 Results: The recommendations of this study emphasize the need for continuous market analysis to improve strategies and explore potential areas for future research. To deepen the understanding of consumer behavior in the banking industry, future studies could focus on the marketing mix and delve into consumer behavior and the decision-making processes.
 Limitations: This research aims to provide theoretical insights into practical applications, valuable industry insights, and open up opportunities for further exploration of customer behavior in the banking industry.
 Implementation: It was discovered that there was a direct relationship between purchase intention and loyalty. Customers who were satisfied with Bank XXX West Java had a higher attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived risk, and trustworthiness.

Teleological reasoning bias is predicted by pupil dynamics: Evidence for the extensive integration account of bias in reasoning.

Teleological reasoning is the tendency for humans to see purpose and intentionality in natural phenomena when there is none. In this study, we assess three competing theories on how bias in reasoning arises by examining performance on a teleological reasoning task while measuring pupil size and response times. We replicate that humans (N = 45) are prone to accept false teleological explanations. Further, we show that errors on the teleological reasoning task are associated with slower response times, smaller baseline pupil size, and larger pupil dilations. The results are in line with the single-process extensive integration account and directly oppose predictions from dual-processing accounts. Lastly, by modeling responses with a drift-diffusion model, we find that larger baseline pupil size is associated with lower decision threshold and higher drift rate, whereas larger pupil dilations are associated with higher decision threshold and lower drift rate. The results highlight the role of neural gain and the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine system in modulating evidence integration and bias in reasoning. Thus, teleological reasoning and susceptibility to bias likely arise due to extensive processing rather than through fast and effortless processing.

Human movement modifications induced by different levels of transparency of an active upper limb exoskeleton.

Active upper limb exoskeletons are a potentially powerful tool for neuromotor rehabilitation. This potential depends on several basic control modes, one of them being transparency. In this control mode, the exoskeleton must follow the human movement without altering it, which theoretically implies null interaction efforts. Reaching high, albeit imperfect, levels of transparency requires both an adequate control method and an in-depth evaluation of the impacts of the exoskeleton on human movement. The present paper introduces such an evaluation for three different "transparent" controllers either based on an identification of the dynamics of the exoskeleton, or on force feedback control or on their combination. Therefore, these controllers are likely to induce clearly different levels of transparency by design. The conducted investigations could allow to better understand how humans adapt to transparent controllers, which are necessarily imperfect. A group of fourteen participants were subjected to these three controllers while performing reaching movements in a parasagittal plane. The subsequent analyses were conducted in terms of interaction efforts, kinematics, electromyographic signals and ergonomic feedback questionnaires. Results showed that, when subjected to less performing transparent controllers, participants strategies tended to induce relatively high interaction efforts, with higher muscle activity, which resulted in a small sensitivity of kinematic metrics. In other words, very different residual interaction efforts do not necessarily induce very different movement kinematics. Such a behavior could be explained by a natural human tendency to expend effort to preserve their preferred kinematics, which should be taken into account in future transparent controllers evaluation.

Survei Klasifikasi Minat Kerja Teori Anne Roe Dalam Pemilihan Karir Sesuai Kepribadian Siswa Pada Kelas IX SMP 1 Denpasar

Work interest is a human tendency to focus attention on something they like and the needs that must be met to get satisfaction at work. The aim of this research is to determine the classification of work interests of class IX students at SMPN 1 Denpasar based on Anne Roe's classification of work areas according to the students' personalities. This type of research is a quantitative survey using a descriptive survey design involving class IX of SMPN 1 Denpasar. In this research, the sample was 22 students from each class IX of SMPN 1 Denpasar using a random sampling technique using an interest scale questionnaire. The method applied to collect data in this research uses questionnaires and observation. The results of this research show that: of the 22 respondents with 40 choice items, they chose SB 284 times, B 506 times, TB 168 times, and STB 2 times. The jobs that are most in demand by students are jobs in the service sector, 61 times chosen by students, and the jobs that are most unpopular with students are jobs in the field or outdoor sector with a score of 2 times. The results of the student categorization scores showed that 8 respondents (36%) were in the high category, 10 respondents were in the medium category (46%), and 4 respondents were in the low category (18%).