Human Security Theory Research Articles

Banditry and the complicity of authorities in Zamfara State

Banditry is one of the major forms of insecurity in many states of the Northwest of Nigeria; it specifically poses significant threats to the wellbeing of the community and the economic stability in Zamfara State. The objective of this work is to examine the causes of banditry, analyze the impact on socio-economic, political and human security in Zamfara State and unravel the complicity of authorities in the banditry syndicate. Employing a qualitative approach, using primary sources, the study adopted the human security theory which emphasized the impact of banditry on the wellbeing and safety of people and communities in Zamfara State. The research findings include the identification of several causes of banditry which are farmer-herder conflicts, state and traditional rulers’ complicity, poverty. Banditry’s impact on the socio-economic activities has led to a significant decline in agricultural productivity, economic instability, loss of lives and property while in the political aspect it has resulted in a weak governance, political instability and threat to democratic process. Human security is severely impacted by banditry, with thousands of people displaced, human rights violation and disruption of basic services such as healthcare and education. The research recommended the adoption of integrated security strategies, economic support and development, community-based initiatives, government accountability and improvement, conflict resolution, human security and social services which should be critically used to mitigate the adverse effect of banditry and restore stability in Zamfara State.

Boko Haram-Induced Forced Migration: Implications for Social and Economic Development in the Lake Chad Basin

In Africa, and notably the Lake Chad Basin (LCB), Boko Haram is a major threat to human security. The region, which spans 427,500 km2 and contains large ungoverned areas, is made up of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. Boko Haram has been responsible for several attacks in Northeast Nigeria since 2003 and is also the leading cause of forced migration in the Lake Chad Basin. In northeastern Nigeria and other LCB countries, this insurgency has caused widespread migration and increased the humanitarian crisis, socio-economic, and environmental consequences. This research aims to examine the developmental challenges emerging from Boko Haram-induced forced displacement in the LCB. Empirical evidence suggests that the Lake Chad Basin countries’ governments have failed to contain this group's aggression. However, there are still gaps in the literature regarding how this insurgency has affected social and economic lives of displaced people in the region. The study utilized a case study design, documentary method of data collection, and content analysis as the analytical technique. The study applies the Human Security Theory and Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) as the theoretical framework. Ultimately, the findings of this study revealed that forced migration severs social ties, leading to economic, social, and psychological impacts, including family separation and loss, with families often split up abruptly due to attacks and evacuation. In Addition, negative economic impacts disproportionately affect impoverished individuals, exacerbating chronic poverty and hindering their ability to escape poverty due to price volatility and wage declines. It was recommended that the governments of Lake Chad Basin countries should develop and implement policies that support the economic integration of refugees and displaced individuals, including measures to facilitate access to employment and promoting self-reliance and resilience. They should also foster initiatives that strengthen social ties and networks among displaced populations to facilitate integration into host communities and mitigate the negative impacts of social disconnection.

PERAN UN WOMEN DALAM ISU KETIDAKSETARAAN GENDER DI PAKISTAN

In 1994, UNDP released a report on human security, which included a point on personal security. The issue of gender inequality is a threat to personal security. Pakistan is a country that continues to advocate for and work towards gender equality. Inequalities in socio-economic development and the influence of a social structure based on a feudal system led to differences in the level of gender inequality in Pakistan. The high level of gender inequality in Pakistan affects women's ability to fully enjoy their rights. Using the concepts of international organizations, human security theory, and gender equality, this research aims to examine the role of the international organization UN Women in increasing gender equality in Pakistan. Employing a qualitative method with a descriptive approach as the framework, this research found that UN Women serves as a facilitator, communicator, and motivator in advancing gender equality, promoting Sustainable Development Goal 5, and protecting women from violence and discrimination. UN Women actively plays a role in achieving gender equality in Pakistan.

Violent Communal Conflicts as a Form of Terrorism in Taraba State, Nigeria

This study is a socio-legal investigation of the violent communal conflicts in Taraba State, North East Nigeria. Applying a legal research method through doctrinal analysis of literature, anchored on the concept of acts of terrorism under the Terrorism (Prohibition and Prevention) Act 2022, and framed on the human security theory, the study collected data from a sample of 12,663 respondents selected from the seventeen Local Government Areas in the State. The main instrument used to collect the data was structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools. Data was also sourced through field surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that violent conflicts are often complex and deeply rooted in historical, social, economic, and political factors. The study finds that this situation results from differences between ethnic or religious groups within the society, fueled by grievances, perceived injustices, competition over resources, and political manipulations. The study further finds that the conflicts usually escalate to widespread loss of lives, destruction of properties, disruption of economic activities, displacement of communities, and long-term societal disaggregation. The study establishes that efforts towards mitigating the conflicts have yielded little results due to several challenges including lack of implementation of the reports of various committees of inquiry into the conflicts, lack of adherence to peace agreements by warring parties, and political interests of elites. Consequently, the study recommends that the government should be proactive and responsive towards security intelligence reports on perceived outbreaks of violent conflicts, should show greater commitment to guaranteeing the security of the people by implementing recommendations from commissions of inquiry, while civil society organizations and traditional institutions working with the government, should continually employ dialogue mechanisms to foster understanding between the belligerents. The paper concludes with the position that addressing these issues is crucial for effective conflict prevention, peacebuilding efforts, and promoting reconciliation in the State.

DYNAMICS OF WEST JAVA PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT IN IMPLEMENTING SECURITY, TEST, PUBLIC ORDER AND PROTECTION OF THE COMMUNITY POST 2019 ELECTIONS

Before and after the 2019 Presidential Election there was political polarization in society. This condition is made worse by the existence of identity politics which has the potential to cause social segregation. This situation can certainly threaten the security and order of the people of West Java. To analyze the West Java Provincial Government's efforts to deal with community dynamics, the authors used the Dynamic Governance concept approach proposed by Boon Shiong, Neo, and Geraldine, Chen (2007) with a focus on discussion on Capability elements which include Thinking Ahead, Thinking Again, and Thinking Across. In addition, the Culture element will analyze five of the thirteen values, namely: Integrity, Multi-racialism (Different ethnicities and beliefs), Relevance (According to the Will of the Society), Stability, and Prudence. There are also changes due to elements of culture and capabilities. Moreover, to analyze the commitment of the West Java Provincial Government in implementing the development of human security this research was analyzed by using the theory of Human Security according to Mary Kaldor (2007). Based on the research results, it was found that; First, the West Java Provincial Government was able to predict the potential for social conflict due to political polarization in society. Therefore, preventive, pre-emptive, and repressive steps are taken to locate potential conflicts so that they do not spread; Second, the Provincial Government of West Java has not carried out social consolidation and reconciliation to reunite the polarized society. Thus, the potential for political polarization in the coming elections is quite potential; Third, the Provincial Government of West Java continues to make socialization and education efforts for the community through development policies that are in favor of the interests of the community, so that it is hoped that the community can understand the importance of security and for development and improving public welfare.

The Development of Peace Theory and Peace Concepts in the Early and Neo-modern Period: A Review

The concept of peace has evolved over time and the theoretical interpretation of establishing peace has also changed. The main objective of this research is to analyze the development of peace notions in the early and neo-modern era. This study analyzes the main theories related to world peace from the early modern era (19th century) to the new modern era (21st century). In this research, data were collected from the secondary sources. It has been observed that the development of peace theory in the modern era is mainly focused on some important theories. Though theorists have put forward different theories, they share a coherence in their thoughts. In this case, this research discusses prominent theories such as conflict resolution theory, constructivism theory, human security theory, peacebuilding theory, non-violence theory, rationalist theory, liberal peace theory, psychological theory, feminist theory, and critical theory. The analysis of these theories reveals that the advancement of peace theories and notions in the early and modern eras has been influenced by a variety of factors, including political and social circumstances, technological advances, and the escalating nature of conflicts and violence. While there is no single approach to achieving peace, the ongoing exploration and growth of peace theory and practice is considered a significant field of inquiry and work in contemporary society. This study also provides valuable insights into the ongoing quest for peace, the continued building of international relations, and the creation of a more peaceful and just world in future.

WHY MILITARY COUPS ARE BACK IN AFRICA

This article seeks to explain the variables which promote military coups in Africa in the new millennium. The study adopts historical research design and is grounded on the theory of Human Security. Data are sourced from secondary sources and presented qualitatively. These data are analyzed with content analysis techniques. This study identifies relics of authoritarianism, weak democratic structures, failure of democracy, and poor regional and global democratic governance, as well as indiscipline in the armed forces as reasons for recurrence of military coups in Africa. It therefore concludes that coup making could be checked and recommends the criminalization of coup plotting globally with deterrence punitive measures. Besides, African states need to address the socio-political and economic factors, as well as other human security variables which justify military intervention in their respective domains.

National Security Policies of Nigeria and Benin Republic as Strategies for Curbing Cross-border Crimes

This study interrogates the constantly changing nationalsecurity policies of Nigeria and Benin Republic in responseto the cross-border security threats that are currently ravagingthe two West African countries. The common focus in extantliterature is on the diverse transnational organised crimes,with little or no attention paid to the manner in which thesecurity threats have substantially shaped the national securitypolicies of the two states. The study is guided by criticalhuman security theory. Data was collected from primarysources; 13 interviews were conducted in Nigeria and BeninRepublic, which were complimented by direct observationsat the Nigeria-Benin borders. Some data were also derivedfrom secondary sources, and the analysis of data generatedwas essentially qualitative, using descriptive and contentanalyses. Findings show that the security policies of bothcountries are encapsulated in an array of different documentsand that they are, essentially, reactions to the constantlyevolving security threats. The study calls for theharmonisation of border security policies of the twoneighbouring countries in order to successfully rein in oncross-border criminal cartels.

TOPIC: SECURITIZATION OF GLOBAL HEALTH PANDEMIC AND REITERATING THE RELEVANCE OF 2005 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS: COVID-19 AND HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA.

The Copenhagen school of security changed the long-standing traditional thinking of security that was state-centered. Thus security, from a state-centric view was a Westphalian doctrine that centered on issues of war, interstate rivalry, boundary disputes, foreign policy, arms race, alliance, protection of state and its leaders, etc. The integration of non-military threats like health, disease, poverty, terrorism, environmental degradation, etc. into security discourse was adopted as serious security threats of global proportion. The securitization of health pandemics like COVID-19 was also given a boost by the 2005 International Health Regulation-IHR. The IHR-2005 tends to prevent, protect against, control, detect with surveillance using an early warning system, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade restrictions. Yet countries and the African continent were not swift in tracking the COVID-19 unleashed unbearable global suffering in the form of the heavy death toll, unemployment, denial of human rights to movement, assembly, worship, and a decline in the global economy, halting international travel and international economy/business. The paper, therefore, examined the success of the IHR-2005, in terms of African continent compliance with IHR-2005 and the impact of COVID-19 on human security in Africa. The paper is content analysis-based in methodology as data was obtained from mainly secondary sources, such as textbooks, journal publications, internet materials, magazines, etc. the human security theory was explored to buttress the paper. It was discovered that, despite the International and Regional regulations, to track and curb the spread and devastating impact of health pandemic as COVID-19, the African continent still suffered severely, with death tolls, job loss, human and Civil rights abuses, etc. the work, therefore, recommends: equipping the various states, not just financially, but with skilled and trained manpower in areas of health emergencies, ensuring various states implement such regulations with strict monitoring.

Assessment of Food Insecurity on Internally Displaced persons in Niger State and its Implications for the Niger State Government

Food insecurity is a major problem affecting the well-being of internally displaced persons in Nigeria. In Niger state, the situation remains appalling with attendant consequences on the Internally Displaced Persons. This study investigated food insecurity and its impact on internally displaced persons in two local government areas in Niger State. Data were sourced across two local government areas of Niger state - Shiroro and Raffi local governments; identified among areas with high rate of internal displacement. Human Security Theory was adopted as the theoretical framework for this study. A total of 200 respondents made up of: Shiroro 100, and Raffi 100 respondents each who had been displaced between the year 2018 to 2021 were randomly selected, and a questionnaire was administered. Findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between food insecurity and internally displaced persons. Also, 90% of respondents in the areas complained of food insecurity resulting from the activities of banditry, kidnappings, insurgency among others. The study concluded that food insecurity has serious implications on internally displaced persons in Niger state. The study recommended that concreted efforts should be invested in information and intelligence sharing and utilization to ensure that risk factor resulting in insecurity, such as banditry, farmers herders’ conflict, kidnapping, flooding among others and its effect on food insecurity are reduced or eradicated to guarantee food security and reduction of internally displaced persons in Niger State.

Engagement of Constructivism with the Human Security Theory

Human Security has developed as an alternative approach to Traditional concept of Security. The traditional concept is dedicated to protecting the state from external invasion and it is focused on preserving the sovereignty and security of the state. The Human Security concept critically enriches the concept of Security by adding the economic, social, environmental, health and identity related issues. Human Security securitizes these issues, i.e., it raises the value of these issues to such an extent that they ought to be treated as Security concerns. It contends that great challenges are present to security in form of crisis in these important dimensions. Constructivism is an approach that contends that Reality is neither purely subjective nor purely objective, but is inter-subjective. Reality is constructed by the interaction of different players, actors and institutions. Constructivism helps us in understanding the concept of Human Security as the latter also constructs the concept of Security in a creative fashion. Human Security is not static as new dimensions of the ever-changing world can be included within its parameters as per the requirements. The paper is an effort to understand the relevance of Constructivism in understanding the dimensions, scope and limitations of Human Security. The approach of Human Security can also benefit the development of Constructivism as the structure of global politics may witness important change if the concept of Human Security finds a place in the perspective of major players and institutions in World Politics.

Climate Change, Human Insecurity and Conflict Dynamics in the Lake Chad Region

Climate change impacts on human development have been an issue of global concern in the past few decades. Over the past few years, there is increasing interest on the impacts of climate change on conflict, peace and security in Africa. This paper explores the extent to which climate change impacts and attendant effects on environmental resources are drivers of some of the conflicts in the Lake Chad region, specifically in Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria. It applies the human security theory to establish the interface between climate impacts, human insecurity and local conflicts. We find that reduced access to natural resources such as fertile land, water and pasture is undermining livelihoods of vulnerable people and communities in the Lake Chad region, which triggered recurrent conflicts.

Kebijakan Jerman atas Pemberian Suaka Terhadap Pengungsi Asal Suriah Tahun 2015-2016

<p>The Refugees problem is no Longer a national problem but has become a global problem that must be resolved. Refugees are people who choose to leave their country of origin due to the safety of their own safety, conflicts that threaten their safety and their lives. The conflict in Syria has caused many Syrians to choose to flee to neighboring countries, including Europe. This study will analyze the politices implemented in dealing with refugees in 2015-2016 and is one of Germany’s responses to the refugees crisis that occurred in Europe. Germany’s policy has drawn criticsm from some Germans who are opposition parties and some European Union countries. Merkel, who is the German Chancellor who implemented the policy, did not mind the criticsm leveled at her policy. This study uses a qualitative this research using human security theory, refugee concept, national security theory, national interest theory.</p>

A Study on the Possibility of Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation from the Perspective of Human Security Theory

이 글은 ‘인간안보’ 개념의 확장 배경과 이론적 도구로서 의의를 검토하면서 북한의인간안보 문제와 남북한 인간안보 협력의 가능성을 논의한다. 탈냉전 이후 ‘국가 중심적 안보’ 개념은 경제 안보, 식량안보, 에너지 안보, 환경안보, 보건 안보 등 다양한단위의 ‘안보’로 치환되었다. 분석수준도 ‘국가’로부터 ‘개인’으로 낮아지면서 ‘안보는국가적 의제이자 개인의 문제가 되었다. 이는 동시에 안보가 ‘〜로부터의 안보’에서‘〜을 위한 안보’로 전환되고 있음을 의미한다. 분단 이후 남북관계는 줄곧 국가안보패러다임에 지배받아 왔다. 따라서 남북 간 인간안보 협력은 남북관계 의제의 중심에서 멀어져 있었다. 남북 간 인간안보 협력 가능성이 상대적으로 높은 영역은 식량안보, 환경안보, 보건 안보 영역이다. 이들은 국제사회의 보편적 의제이며 북한의 가장 취약한 분야이다. 남북한 인간안보 협력 증진은, 북한 주민들의 삶의 질을 실질적으로개선하고, 북한 정권이 국제사회의 보편 의제에 참여하는 계기로 작용할 수 있다. 또한 남북 주민이 ‘다 함께 인간답게 살아가려는 사업’으로서 질 높은 평화 체제를구현하는 데 기여하게 될 것이다.

Human security as biosecurity Reconceptualizing national security threats in the time of COVID-19.

Research within security studies has struggled to determine whether infectious disease (ID) represents an existential threat to national and international security. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), it is imperative to reexamine the relationship between ID and global security. This article addresses the specific threat to security from COVID-19, asking, "Is COVID-19 a threat to national and international security?" To investigate this question, this article uses two theoretical approaches: human security and biosecurity. It argues that COVID-19 is a threat to global security by the ontological crisis posed to individuals through human security theory and through high politics, as evidenced by biosecurity. By viewing security threats through the lens of the individual and the state, it becomes clear that ID should be considered an international security threat. This article examines the relevant literature and applies the theoretical framework to a case study analysis focused on the United States.

THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDONESIA (CASE STUDY 2014-2019)

<p>Based on the fluctuating trend of human trafficking cases which is considered as still high in number, the Government of Indonesia should take serious action in combating these issues in Indonesia to protect the human rights of Indonesian citizens. The human security issue and actions taken by the Government of Indonesia will be the fundamental objective of this research. The theoretical framework used to analyze the issue in this study is the theory of Human Security, Role Theory, and the concept of Human Trafficking. To analyze the data, this study will use qualitative methods. The results show that the government has succeeded in managing several steps that are useful to increase awareness in cooperation and coordination between state institutions. The government has also kept the cooperation well with several foreign states and external parties to eradicate human trafficking not only in Indonesia but also in the international sphere.</p>

UPAYA PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENGATASI MASALAH HUMAN TRAFFICKING PADA TAHUN 2006-2018 TERHADAP PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA

This research takes the theme of the efforts made by the Government of Indonesia in overcoming the problem of Human Trafficking in 2006-2018 against Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia through multi track diplomacy. These efforts were carried out both on the basis of initiatives from the Government of Indonesia itself and the wishes of both parties manifested in the form of bilateral cooperation. However, in the process of its realization, several obstacles were encountered that impeded the efforts made, the obstacles encountered were both from within Indonesia and also inseparable from its collaborative partner, namely Malaysia. In this paper the writer question about how the efforts made by the Government of Indonesia in overcoming the problem of Human Trafficking in 2006-2018 against Migrant Workers who are in Malaysia. In answering the research questions the writer used the theory of Human Security, Human Trafficking, Bilateral Cooperation and also Multi Track Diplomacy. In the process of proving and also analyzing the writer used qualitative research methods and explanatory data presentation. For the hypothesis proposed by the writer is that the Government has made several efforts through Multi Track Diplomacy using track one namely G to G in this case carried out by the Government of Indonesia with the Government of Malaysia, then by using the method of Track Two, in this case carried out by BNP2TKI, then Track Five by conducting socialization and education in schools. However, the independent efforts undertaken by Indonesia and also bilateral cooperation carried out with Malaysia have not yet gotten maximum results, this is because of the obstacles faced. In general, constraints originating from within the country come from the weakness of the law enforcement process that applies in Indonesia concerning human trafficking. Then the obstacles that come from Malaysia are generally because it is difficult to reach an agreement in an effort to protect Migrant Workers who come from Indonesia, this is because of differences in the interests of the two countries in looking at the Migrant Workers issue

Karakteristik Terorisme dengan Bumbu Globalisasi dan Hubungannya dengan Human Security

ABSTRACT Terrorism is a threat which became terrified for all over the world. Attack by attack from terrorism always replying with condemnation by the family or victim’s friends. States and international society always mad and tired because of terrorism attack. Its impact was increasingly felt from the short term to long term, from the physical to the psychological. In this paper will examine the well of character possessed by terrorists, which is useful to know a little more about the terrorists what they were. And will explain the various impacts with case studies and theoretical explanation of the theory of Human Security. The impacts of terrorism will be expanded as well by using the phenomenon of globalization as a complement. This phenomenon helps explain terrorism relationship with the media that also have an impact, so it is not just simply look at the impact in terms of terrorism itself but also of the phenomenon of globalization along with one instrument which in this era became very heated discussion. Keywords: Human security, Terrorism, Globalization, Media, Psychological, International

The Concept of Human Security as a Basis for the Application of Big Data Concept in Establishment of Early Warning System for Crisis Management in the Republic of Croatia

We live in a globalized world characterized by constant crises in numerous social and geographical areas. Political instability, climate change, overpopulation, uncontrolled migration, poor governance, crime, as well as many other factors create the circumstances from which crises can develop. Each crisis given its causes and possible consequences requires different approaches and response systems. This research focuses on considering modern technological solutions that have the purpose of alerting and protecting individuals from risks and threats that can lead to their suffering, caused by natural, technical-technological and anthropogenic crisis events. It also aims to link the theory of human security and the big data concept and present their application through the development of the early warning system for crisis management in the Republic of Croatia. This research has significant value because it analyses and describes the establishment of a particular system in the world.

The Perception of Security Threats in Lithuania: A Human Security Perspective

This article presents original research concerning subjective security and the perception of security threats in Lithuania. It is based on an analysis of data collected during qualitative interviews conducted in 2016 within the framework of a project titled Subjective Security in Volatile Geopolitical Context: Traits, Factors, and Individual Strategies. The investigation resides upon individual-based human security theory, and it addresses the threats that individuals consider to be important, as well as the ways in which various perceptions of security form within society.