Human Saccadic Eye Movements Research Articles

Deficits in eye position following ablation of monkey superior colliculus, pretectum, and posterior-medial thalamus

ArticlesDeficits in eye position following ablation of monkey superior colliculus, pretectum, and posterior-medial thalamusJ. E. Albano, and R. H. WurtzJ. E. Albano, and R. H. WurtzPublished Online:01 Aug 1982https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1982.48.2.318MoreSectionsPDF (4 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByBrain Stem Neural Circuits of Horizontal and Vertical Saccade Systems and their Frame of ReferenceNeuroscience, Vol. 392A predictive coding model of gaze shifts and the underlying neurophysiology18 July 2017 | Visual Cognition, Vol. 25, No. 7-8The active construction of the visual worldNeuropsychologia, Vol. 104Bilateral saccadic deficits following large and reversible inactivation of unilateral frontal eye fieldTyler R. Peel, Kevin Johnston, Stephen G. Lomber, and Brian D. Corneil15 January 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 111, No. 2Differential Influence of Attention on Gaze and Head MovementsAarlenne Z. Khan*, Gunnar Blohm*, Robert M. McPeek, and Philippe Lefèvre1 January 2009 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 101, No. 1Saccade-Related, Long-Lead Burst Neurons in the Monkey Rostral PonsChris R. S. Kaneko1 February 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 2Orienting Gaze Shifts During Muscimol Inactivation of Caudal Fastigial Nucleus in the Cat. I. Gaze DysmetriaLaurent Goffart, and Denis Pélisson1 April 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 79, No. 4Discharge Characteristics of Vestibular Saccade Neurons in Alert MonkeysChris R. S. Kaneko, and Kikuro Fukushima1 February 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 79, No. 2Eye Movement Deficits After Ibotenic Acid Lesions of the Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi in Monkeys. I. Saccades and FixationChris R. S. Kaneko1 October 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 78, No. 4A novel interpretation for the collicular role in saccade generationBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 73, No. 5Central neuroanatomical organisation of the rat visuomotor systemProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 41, No. 2The Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of Attention1 January 1991 | Journal of Child Neurology, Vol. 6, No. 1_supplComparison of saccadic eye movements in humans and macaques to single-step and double-step target movementsVision Research, Vol. 29, No. 4Saccadic disorders caused by cooling the superior colliculus or the frontal eye field, or from combined lesions of both structuresBrain Research, Vol. 438, No. 1-2Targeting errors and reduced oculomotor range following ablations of the superior colliculus or pretectum/thalamusBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 22, No. 3Horizontal and vertical saccadic eye movement abnormalities in Huntington's choreaJournal of the Neurological Sciences, Vol. 74, No. 1Stimulus-dependent form discrimination deficits in cats with superior colliculus lesionsBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 15, No. 1Disorders of Eye MovementsNeurologic Clinics, Vol. 1, No. 4Effects on eye movements of a GABA agonist and antagonist injected into monkey superior colliculusBrain Research, Vol. 272, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 48Issue 2August 1982Pages 318-337 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1982 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1982.48.2.318PubMed6981689History Published online 1 August 1982 Published in print 1 August 1982 Metrics

The effectiveness of different retinal regions in the elicitation of human saccadic eye movements

The effectiveness of different retinal regions in the elicitation of human saccadic eye movements

Cortical activation pattern during saccadic eye movements in humans: Localization by focal cerebral blood flow increases

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in human subjects during saccadic eye movements by a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. Focal rCBF increases were repeatedly observed in an area within the middle precentral and premotor regions which corresponds to the frontal eye field in humans. Our findings suggest that this region is localized between the "face" and "hand" areas in the precentral gyrus and extends anteriorly out of the primary motor strip into the adjacent premotor zone. In addition, saccades were associated with focal blood flow increases in regions corresponding to the frontal supplementary motor area and to the posterior temporooccipital visual association cortex. Similar changes in patterns of rCBF occurred during contralateral and ipsilateral horizontal saccades and also during vertical saccades, and did not differ between the right and left hemispheres. Focal rCBF increases were observed in the frontal eye field during several additional test procedures including ocular fixation and visual perception of a nonmoving target, auditory stimulation with closed eyes, and reading. It is presumed that these focal flow increases reflect increased localized neuronal activity and metabolic rate and therefore permit visualization of the cortical activation pattern associated with saccadic eye movements in humans.

Glissadic overshoots are due to pulse width errors.

Glissades are the slow, gliding eye movements often appended to the end of human saccadic eye movements. They have been used as an aid in diagnosing disease states, eg, multiple sclerosis and vascular lesions. Glissades are a consequence of a mismatch between the sizes of the pulse and step components of the pulse-step motoneuronal controller signals. This physiological and simulation study shows that glissadic overshoot is caused by pulse width errors and not by pulse height errors. This implies that the CNS can control the firing frequencies and recruitment of motoneurons more precisely than it can control the duration of the high-frequency motoneuronal saccadic burst.

Characteristics of human saccadic eye movements in different directions.

Saccadic human eye movements in different directions were recorded by an infrared technique. Disturbances by movements of the eyelids are prevented by means of a plaster pulling down the lower lid. The peak values of the velocity, acceleration, deceleration, and the duration of the saccades were drawn in a direction diagram. Each eye has its specific diagram. The shape of the diagram is independent of the saccadic amplitude. There are directions in which the values are equal for eccentric and centric saccades and those, in which significant differences are to be found. In the latter case centric saccades are faster than the eccentric ones.

Different programming modes of human saccadic eye movements as a function of stimulus eccentricity: indications of a functional subdivision of the visual field.

1. Voluntary saccadic eye movements were made toward flashes of light on the horizontal meridian, whose duration and distance from the point of fixation were varied; eye movements were measured using d.c.-electrooculography.--2. Targets within 10°---15° eccentricity are usually reached by one saccadic eye movement. When the eyes turn toward targets of more than 10°---15° eccentricity, the first saccadic eye movement falls short of the target by an angle usually not exceeding 10°. The presence of the image of the target off the fovea (visual error signal) subsequent to such an undershoot elicits, after a short interval, corrective saccades (usually one) which place the image of the target on the fovea. In the absence of a visual error signal, the probability of occurrence of corrective saccades is low, but it increases with greater target eccentricities. These observations suggest that there are different, eccentricity-dependent modes of programming saccadic eye movements.--3. Saccadic eye movements appear to be programmed in retinal coordinates. This conclusion is based on the observations that, irrespective of the initial position of the eyes in the orbit, a) there are different programming modes for eye movements to targets within and beyond 10°---15° from the fixation point, and b_ the maximum velocity of saccadic eye movements is always reached at 25° to 30° target eccentricity. --4. Distributions of latency and intersaccadic interval (ISI) are frequently multimodal, with a separation between modes of 30 to 40 msec. These observations suggest that saccadic eye movements are produced by mechanisms which, at a frequency of 30 Hz, process visual information. --5. Corrective saccades may occur after extremely short intervals (30 to 60 msec) regardless of whether or not a visual error signal is present; the eyes may not even come to a complete stop during these very short intersaccadic intervals. It is suggested that these corrective saccades are triggered by errors in the programming of the initial saccadic eye movements, and not by a visual error signal. --6. The exitence of different, eccentricity-dependent programming modes of saccadic eye movements, is further supported by anatomical, physiological, psychophysical, and neuropathological observations that suggest a dissociation of visual functions dependent on retinal eccentricity. Saccadic eye movements to targets more eccentric than 10°---15° appear to be executed by a mechanism involving the superior colliculus (perhaps independent of the visual cortex), whereas saccadic eye movements to less eccentric targets appear to depend on a mechanism involving the geniculo-cortical pathway (perhaps in collaboration with the superior colliculus).

Overlapping saccades and glissades are produced by fatigue in the saccadic eye movement system

Saccadic eye movements and their neurological control signals change significantly as the human fatigues. Electronic instrumentation with a band-width extending from DC to 1 kHz enabled the recording of anomalous looking saccadic eye movements that occurred as the subject's physiological state changed. Fatigue can produce: overlapping saccades in which the high-frequency saccadic bursts should show large pauses; glissades in which the high-frequency bursts should be much shorter than appropriate for the size of the intended saccades; and low-velocity, long-duration, non-Main Sequence saccades in which the motoneuronal bursts should be of lower frequency and longer duration than normal. As few as 30 saccades of 50 deg magnitude or a longer sequence of saccades as small as 10 deg can produce these aberrant eye movements and their concomitant neuronal firing pattern variations. The effects of fatigue could explain some of the variations between and spread within published data for velocity vs amplitude of human saccadic eye movements. Measuring the resistance to eye movement fatigue could become either a common clinical tool for diagnosing specific or general disease states, or a research tool for studying dyslexia or fatigue.

Time optimal behavior of human saccadic eye movement

Optimal control theory takes into account constraints such as energy and time economies which are relevant to the understanding of biological design. The versional eye tracking system responsible for the extremely rapid and precise movements called saccades, which occur, for example, during reading, seemed a likely biological system in which to test for time optimality. A homeomorphic detailed physiological model was constructed based on quantitative muscle, neuronal and oculomotor characteristcs. It is a sixth-order nonlinear representation which considers reciprocal innervation and the asymmetrical force-velocity relationship of the agonist-antagonist muscle pair that moves the eye. Simulations were done by digital computer, and responses of the model to first-, second-, and third-order time optimal control signals were observed; the major portions of the response trajectories were essentially the same. The model response was then compared with measured human saccadic eye movements, and it was found that this experimental data agreed most completely with the model driven by first-order time optimal control signals. Additionally, electromyographic studies in man and neurophysiological experiments in animals agree in showing that the nervous controller signals during saccades are also of the first-order type. Thus, we can conclude that the saccadic eye movements studied are accurately depicted by a model that yields time optimal responses.

Glissades—eye movements generated by mismatched components of the saccadic motoneuronal control signal

Human saccadic eye movements have three types of overshoot: dynamic overshoot, lasting 10–30 ms; glissadic overshoot, lasting 30–500 ms; and static overshoot, which is amended—after a delay of about 200 ms—by a subsequent corrective saccade. Glissades are the slow drifting eye movements occasionally seen at the end of saccadic eye movements. Glissades are hypothecated to be produced by mismatches in the pulse and step components of the motoneuronal controller signals. Glissades are not vergence eye movements, although the dynamics are similar.

Bereitschaftspotential, prämotorische Positivierung und andere Hirnpotentiale bei sakkadischen Augenbewegungen

Meтoдoм ycpeднeния дaнпых ЭЭГ, были oбнapyзeны хeтыpe paзлихных пoтeнциaлa, пpeдмecтвyющих или coпpoвoздaющих пpoизвoльныe caккaдихecкиe двизeния хeлoвeкa: (1) “Пoтeнциaл гoтoвнocти”, кoтopый являeтcя мeдлeнным нeгaтивным измeнeниeм кopтикaльнoгo пoтeнциaлa; pacпpocтpaняющийcя бнлaтepaльнo в щиpoкoй oблacти и нaхинaющииcя пpимepнo зa 1 ceк. дo нaхaлa двизeния. Eгo мaкcимaльнaя aмплитyдa нaблюдaeтcя нaд вepтeкcoм. (2) Пpeмoтopнaя пoзитивнocть, кoтopaя пpoявляeтcя кaк быcтpaя пoзитивизaция кopтикaльнoгo пoтeнциaлa, нaблюдaeмaя пpимepнo зa 150 мcк дo нaхaлa двизeния, нeзaвиcимaя oт пoтeнциaлa гoтoвнocти, нo тaкзe pacпpocтpaняющaяcя пo бoльшoй плoщaди. (3) Пoзитивный cпaйк в нaхaлe двнзeния, вoзмoзнo имeющий мышeхнoe пpoиcхoздeниe (мycкyльный aппapaт глaзa. (4) Bвзвaнный пoтeнциaл, видимый в тeмeннo-зaтьщoхнoй oблacти, имeющий пoзитивнyю вoлнy вoзникaющyю хepeз 200 м.ceк пocлe oкoнхaния двизeния, кoтopый нe иcхeзaeт пoлнocтью, дaзe ecли двизeниe пpoизвoдитcя в тeмнoтe.

Firing patterns of abducens neurons of alert monkeys in relationship to horizontal eye movement.

Firing patterns of abducens neurons of alert monkeys in relationship to horizontal eye movement.

Mechanical components of human eye movements.

ARTICLESMechanical components of human eye movementsD. A. Robinson, D. M. O'Meara, A. B. Scott, and C. C. CollinsD. A. Robinson, D. M. O'Meara, A. B. Scott, and C. C. CollinsPublished Online:01 May 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.26.5.548MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByEye Movement Research in the Twenty-First Century—a Window to the Brain, Mind, and More19 December 2017 | The Cerebellum, Vol. 17, No. 3An ocular biomechanic model for dynamic simulation of different eye movementsJournal of Biomechanics, Vol. 71Effect of Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane on the Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscle after Strabismus Surgery in Rabbits7 November 2017 | Current Eye Research, Vol. 43, No. 2Simulation of Active Eye Motion Using Finite Element Modelling14 May 2018 | Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 15, No. 3Prediction of muscle activation for an eye movement with finite element modelingComputers in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 89Long Time-Constant Behavior of the Oculomotor Plant in Barbiturate-Anesthetized PrimateS. Sklavos, D. M. Dimitrova, S. J. Goldberg, J. Porrill, and P. Dean1 February 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 2Cause of kinematic differences during centrifugal and centripetal saccadesVision Research, Vol. 42, No. 14Missing Lateral Rectus Force and Absence of Medial Rectus Co-Contraction in Ocular ConvergenceJoel M. Miller, Christopher J. Bockisch, and Dmitri S. Pavlovski1 May 2002 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 87, No. 5Optimality of Position Commands to Horizontal Eye Muscles: A Test of the Minimum-Norm RulePaul Dean, John Porrill, and Paul A. Warren1 February 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 81, No. 2Quantitative forced ductions in an animal model—Characterization of passive forcesJournal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Vol. 2, No. 4Modeling Control of Eye Orientation in Three Dimensions. I. Role of Muscle Pulleys in Determining Saccadic TrajectoryTheodore Raphan1 May 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 79, No. 5Extraocular muscle forces in alert monkeyVision Research, Vol. 32, No. 6Frequency response analysis of human saccadic eye movements: Estimation of stochastic muscle forcesComputers in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 3A direct test of Listing's law—II. Human ocular torsion measured under dynamic conditionsVision Research, Vol. 27, No. 6Extraocular muscle sideslip and orbital geometry in monkeysVision Research, Vol. 27, No. 3Investigation of Limited Ocular Rotations: Current Status5 April 2018 | American Orthoptic Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1Bielschowsky head-tilt test—II. Quantitative mechanics of the Bielschowsky head-tilt testVision Research, Vol. 25, No. 12A model of the mechanics of binocular alignmentComputers and Biomedical Research, Vol. 17, No. 5Measurement of the mechanical stiffness in cyclotorsion of the human eyeVision Research, Vol. 24, No. 9Use of Computers in Strabismus Management5 April 2018 | American Orthoptic Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1Restrictive factors in strabismusSurvey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 28, No. 2The Clinical Application of Passive Ductions and Generated Muscle Force Testing5 April 2018 | American Orthoptic Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1Time optimal behavior of human saccadic eye movementIEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 20, No. 3Velocity and acceleration statistics of pseudorandomly timed saccades in humansVision Research, Vol. 15, No. 2Motor functions of cerebellum and basal ganglia: the cerebellocortical saccadic (ballistic) clock, the cerebellonuclear hold regulator, and the basal ganglia ramp (voluntary speed smooth movement) generatorKybernetik, Vol. 8, No. 4Parameters of the control signals for saccadic eye movement: Electrical stimulation and modelingExperimental Neurology, Vol. 30, No. 1A dynamic 3-D model of ocular motion More from this issue > Volume 26Issue 5May 1969Pages 548-553 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1969 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.26.5.548PubMed5781605History Published online 1 May 1969 Published in print 1 May 1969 Metrics

Extraocular muscle afferents to the cerebellum of the cat.

1. Afferents from the extraocular muscles to the cerebellum of the cat were investigated by evoked potential techniques using muscle stretch as a stimulus.2. Short (about 4 msec) latency responses occurred in the vermian folia anterior (Larsell's lobule V b, c) and posterior (lobules VI and VII) to the primary fissure under light Nembutal anaesthesia.3. The location of the cerebellar eye muscle responses coincides with the visual and auditory projections as well as homologous projections from cortical Areas 8 (the frontal eye fields) and 17 in the monkey. It also overlaps the oculomotor area of the cerebellum as revealed by electrical stimulation.4. Facts 2 and 3 above, together with the selective disturbance of saccadic eye movements in humans with cerebellar atrophy, suggest a cerebellum mediated proprioceptive feed-back loop for the control of saccadic eye movements.

Electromyography of Human Saccadic Eye Movements

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an electromyographic study of saccadic movements (rapid versions) performed during a previously reported study of coactivity of the human extraocular muscles. 1 The technique employed has been previously described. 2 During a saccadic eye movement in any direction, there is increased electrical activity of all muscles except the one reciprocally inhibited by the required movements. The evidence for this is as follows: In Figure 1, the arrows from above indicate the start of horizontal saccades, the first to the left, the second to the right. During each saccade, there is increased electrical activity in both vertical recti, suggesting cocontraction. The agonist during the first saccade (right medial rectus) manifests increased activity. After the saccade the activity of each of the muscles returns to the level required by the final position of the eye. The first muscle channel (right lateral