Human Reproductive Organs Research Articles

Pengaruh Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) dalam Meringankan Sindrom Pramenstruasi pada Remaja Putri Kelas VII di SMP Negeri 2 Kuta

Intoduction: Adolescence is the maturing of human reproductive organs, often known as puberty. One of the disorders that most often occurs before menstruation is the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Relaxation techniques such as Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) are non-pharmacological treatments that can offer patients a sense of relaxation, hence reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. This research aims to determine the effect of the Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) in alleviating premenstrual syndrome in grade VII adolescent girls. Method: This study was conducted at SMP Negeri 2 Kuta from November to December 2023 on 70 grade VII students separated into two groups: treatment and control, utilizing a quasi-experimental research design with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The sampling approach utilized was non-probability sampling, specifically accidental sampling. Premenstrual syndrome was assessed using the Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form (SPAF), and data was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test and the Mann-Whitney test. Result: The results of research on 70 teenagers showed that the average symptom of premenstrual syndrome before the intervention was 17.43 (moderate symptoms) while after the intervention the average was 11.60 (mild symptoms). Analysis with Mann Whitney obtained a p-value < α (p-value = 0.000, α = 0.05), then H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted, meaning that there was a significant influence of the Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) in alleviating premenstrual syndrome in grade VII adolescent girls.

Multi-cellular engineered living systems to assess reproductive toxicology

Toxicants and some drugs can negatively impact reproductive health. Many toxicants haven’t been tested due to lack of available models. The impact of many drugs taken during pregnancy to address maternal health may adversely affect fetal development with life-long effects and clinical trials do not examine toxicity effects on the maternal-fetal interface, requiring indirect assessment of safety and efficacy. Due to current gaps in reproductive toxicological knowledge and limitations of animal models, multi-cellular engineered living systems may provide solutions for modeling reproductive physiology and pathology for chemical and xenobiotic toxicity studies. Multi-cellular engineered living systems, such as microphysiological systems (MPS) and organoids, model of functional units of tissues. In this review, we highlight the key functions and structures of human reproductive organs and well-known representative toxicants afflicting these systems. We then discuss current approaches and specific studies where scientists have used MPS or organoids to recreate in vivo markers and cellular responses of the female and male reproductive system, as well as pregnancy-associated placenta formation and embryo development. We provide specific examples of organoids and organ-on-chip that have been used for toxicological purposes with varied success. Finally, we address current issues related to usage of MPS, emerging techniques for improving upon these complications, and improvements needed to make MPS more capable in assessing reproductive toxicology. Overall, multi-cellular engineered living systems have considerable promise to serve as a suitable, alternative reproductive biological model compared to animal studies and 2D culture.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse Reconstruction with the Chitosan-Based Novel Haemostatic Agent in Ovine Model-Preliminary Report.

This prospective study aimed to assess the feasibility of chitosan biomaterial and subcutaneous gel implantation in an ovine model, with implications for women with genital prolapse. Twenty-four ewes were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): chitosan type B, chitosan type C, chitosan unmodified injections, and polypropylene mesh. Ovine models were chosen due to their morphological resemblance to human reproductive organs. Animals were sacrificed after 90 days for macroscopic, pathomorphological, and immunohistochemical analysis. In the chitosan type B group, IL-6 and IL-10 levels decreased after 28 days, while chitosan type C and injection groups exhibited higher IL-6 than IL-10 levels. The polypropylene group displayed the highest IL-6 and lowest IL-10 levels. Histological examination of the polypropylene group revealed no degenerative changes or inflammation, whereas chitosan injection induced local inflammation. Other groups exhibited no degenerative changes. Ewes implanted with chitosan displayed reduced inflammation compared to polypropylene-implanted ewes. Chitosan implantation facilitated vaginal tissue healing, in contrast to polypropylene mesh, which led to extrusion. While chitosan holds promise as an alternative to polypropylene mesh, further research is imperative for comprehensive evaluation. This study suggests the potential of a chitosan biomaterial in pelvic organ prolapse treatment, warranting additional investigation.

Edukasi Kesehatan Reproduksi (Personal Hygiene, Pubertas, Perubahan Fisik) Di Boarding School Man 2 Surakarta

Reproductive health is very important for everyone to understand, especially young women. According to WHO, adolescents are defined as residents in the age range 10-19 years, according to the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Health Regulation Number 25 of 2014, adolescents are residents in the age range 10-18 years and according to the Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) the age range for adolescents is 10-18 years. 24 years old and not married. Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood which is marked by physical, emotional and psychological changes. During this period, there was rapid growth and development, both physical and mental. This adolescent phase is also the time for the maturation of human reproductive organs, so it is often called the transition period. In this age range, teenagers are generally pursuing their formal education at junior high school, high school and college. Currently, access to information for Indonesian teenagers regarding reproductive health is still very limited because many people still think that sexuality is a taboo subject to discuss. Limited access to information regarding reproductive health results in a lack of knowledge, characteristics and risk behavior in adolescents which has an impact on the reproductive health status of adolescents. This situation requires the availability of caring health services for adolescents that can meet the health needs of adolescents, especially services for reproductive health that are friendly to adolescents To provide reproductive health education (personal hygiene, puberty, physical changes to female students at the MAN 2 Surakarta Boarding School. This community service is carried out based on the current phenomenon, especially what happened to the female students of Boarding School MAN 2 Surakarta, namely that there is still a lack of information obtained about reproductive health. This community service will be implemented on August 26 2023, starting with preparing a proposal, preparing educational media in the form of PPTs, leaflets, preparing the audience and place. This reproductive health education was attended by 50 female students. This reproductive health education was carried out in the hall of the MAN 2 Surakarta Boarding School. The results of community service show that there is an increase in female students' knowledge about reproductive health, especially regarding personal hygiene, puberty and physical changes.

Patterns of Reproductive Health and Sexuality Learning among Private High School Students at Yayasan Perguruan Mayjend Sutoyo in Medan

The surge in premarital sexual incidents among teenagers leading to early marriages, prompted by unintended pregnancies, pervasive dating behavior beyond ethical boundaries, exposure to explicit content, and the prevalence of sexual diseases, underscores the critical need for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education. This study explores the patterns and strategies employed in imparting sexual education and managing reproductive health among students at Yayasan Perguruan Mayjend Sutoyo High School, Sisingamangaraja Street, Medan. Employing qualitative methods, data was gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with students, Biology teachers, the School Principal, parents, and other stakeholders. The findings reveal that sexual education primarily stems from Biology teachers, who employ tactful language to teach human anatomy, reproductive organs, and sexual functions, adhering to contextual norms. Reproductive health education addresses the dynamics and consequences of casual sexual relationships, utilizing age-appropriate teaching materials. Teenagers seek diverse knowledge from parents, school descriptions, and online resources to navigate sexual and reproductive health challenges. However, the discreet provision of sexual education is influenced by traditional cultural values, fostering silence and shame, particularly in discussing male and female genitalia.

Study on the Biotoxicity, Microbial Degradation and Metabolism, and Solidification of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons (MACHs)

Monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MACHs), also known as aromatic organic compounds, are a general term for benzene and its derivatives. In a broad sense, monoaromatic hydrocarbons include all aromatic compounds. It can be used as an organic solvent in building decoration materials and is also widely used in other industries such as dye manufacturing, rubber manufacturing, pharmaceutical industry, pesticide industry, etc. Therefore, monoaromatic hydrocarbons are common pollutants emitted by human activities and can be widely detected in human living and living environments. With the development of China's urban economy, the improvement of residents' living standards, and the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles, the pollution of monoaromatic hydrocarbons has become increasingly severe. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons have strong carcinogenic effects and can directly harm human respiratory, hematopoietic, nervous, reproductive and other system organs. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons also have high photochemical reactivity and are closely related to the formation of photochemical smog and aerosols in the atmosphere. Moreover, monoaromatic hydrocarbons have the characteristics of wide pollution sources, long action time, high pollution concentration, and long release cycle. They have been prioritized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as pollutants for control, and have also been included in China's "blacklist" of environmental priority pollutants.

Hubungan Lama Menstruasi, Gaya Hidup, dan Pola Makan dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri di SMK Negeri 1 Lempuing Jaya Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir Tahun 2021

Adolescence is a transitional period characterized by physical, emotional and psychic changes. Adolescence, namely the period between 10-19 years, is a period of maturation of the human reproductive organs which is often called puberty, in puberty there are problems that are often faced by adolescents during menstruation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 women aged 15–49 years who suffer from anemia in six countries namely Africa, America, Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and the Western Pacific region amounted to 409 – 595 million people. The prevalence in Asia, anemia in women aged 15–45 years reaches 191 million people and Indonesia ranks 8th out of 11 countries in Asia after Sri Lanka with a prevalence of anemia of 7.5 million people at the age of 10–19 years. This study aims to find out the relationship between menstruation, lifestyle, and diet with the incidence of anemia in young women at SMK Negeri 1 Lempuing Jaya, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency in 2021. The method in this study used an analytical survey with a cross-secsional design approach so that the total sample was 81 respondents. Data collection is carried out with a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the Chi-square test formula. Univariate analysis was obtained by students who experienced anemia as many as 35 respondents (43.2%). Normal mentruation duration 50 respondents (61.7%), unhealthy lifestyle 50 respondents (61.7%), irregular diet 44 resonden (54.3%). From the results of the Chi-square static test, the p-Value = 0.005 was obtained, this shows that there is a meaningful relationship between the duration of menstruation and anemia, p-Value = 0.018 which states that there is a lifestyle relationship with anemia in young women, p value Value = 0.013 means that there is a relationship between diet and anemia in young women. The conclusion in this study is that there is a relationship between the duration of menstruation, lifestyle, diet and anemia, in young women. It is hoped that midwives will further improve services and education to young women about reproductive health in adolescents, especially the impact of anemia on young women.

PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI PADA REMAJA DI SMK SWASTA YAPIM BIRU-BIRU

Reproductive health is an important issue and must get attention, especially among adolescents. Adolescence is a transition period from childhood and adulthood, in this period a growth spurt occurs, secondary sex characteristics arise, fertility is achieved and psychological and cognitive changes occur. Adolescence occurs in the age range of 10-19 years. This period is the period of maturation of the human reproductive organs, and is often called puberty. During adolescence, children experience accelerated growth both physically and psychologically. During this period, namely the transition from children to adolescents, there are three risks that are often faced by adolescents, namely risks related to sexuality (unwanted pregnancy, abortion and infection with sexually transmitted diseases), drug abuse, and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, our research team feels the need to provide education to students at school. Community service activities regarding reproductive health are carried out at the Yapim Biru-biru Private School through 3 stages, namely the preparation stage, implementation stage and reflection stage. At the end of this activity, at the reflection stage, a questionnaire was distributed as a form of evaluation to see the understanding that had been obtained after participating in this activity. The results of this service activity provide benefits in the form of expanding the horizons and knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health, so that adolescents can be more alert and careful in socializing.

Translational Nanomedicines Across Human Reproductive Organs Modeling on Microfluidic Chips: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.

Forecasting the consequence of nanoparticles (NPs) and therapeutically significant molecules before materializing for human clinical trials is a mainstay for drug delivery and screening processes. One of the noteworthy obstacles that has prevented the clinical translation of NP-based drug delivery systems and novel drugs is the lack of effective preclinical platforms. As a revolutionary technology, the organ-on-a-chip (OOC), a coalition of microfluidics and tissue engineering, has surfaced as an alternative to orthodox screening platforms. OOC technology recapitulates the structural and physiological features of human organs along with intercommunications between tissues on a chip. The current review discusses the concept of microfluidics and confers cutting-edge fabrication processes for chip designing. We also outlined the advantages of microfluidics in analyzing NPs in terms of characterization, transport, and degradation in biological systems. The review further elaborates the scope and research on translational nanomedicines in human reproductive organs (testis, placenta, uterus, and menstrual cycle) by taking the advantages offered by microfluidics and shedding light on their potential future implications. Finally, we accentuate the existing challenges for clinical translation and scale-up dynamics for microfluidics chips and emphasize its future perspectives.

ONTOLOGI HURUF NUN MENUJU TITIK SEMIOTIKA

<p>Semiotics is the study of signs, symbols, and communication in people’s lives. This study which analyzes the letter nun in the Arabic Alphabet using Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory of semiotics, “dyadic semiotics” aims to reveal the breadth and depth of the meaning of the letter nun at the beginning of Surah al-Qalam. This study uses a descriptive method with a content analysis study approach, comprising data collection, data processing, and interpretation. The source of data are the Arabic script. The results of the study show that the ontological symbol for the letter nun is a means of teaching the sign through an established paradigm of semiotics to investigate the meaning element of the letter nun, which is the symbol of the Golden Embryo as a form of symbolic interaction throughout the cosmic order to reproduce and fertilize the world’s egg cell which is symbolized by the cup-like element of the letter nun as the “ovary” and the dot of the letter as a symbol of the fusion between the ‘egg cell and sperm cell’ to become the seed of the eternal universe towards the point of perfection of cosmic semiotic regeneration. All cosmic semiotic processes always occur in all life processes such as the semiotic processes that occur through human reproductive organs such as the testes in males and the ovaries in females in every fertilization process of the zygote. Every order of the cosmos, including human beings, originates from the process of two forms of signs, namely, that which can be seen and observed (signifier) and that which is only to be thought about through ideas (signified).</p>

Prokineticin 2/PROK2 and Male Infertility.

Male infertility represents about 50% of the causes of infertility in couples. The diagnosis process represents an important procedure for defining, when possible, the causes and approaching treatments (pharmacological, surgical) aimed at overcoming the problem. Several scientific studies have set out to discover early and indicative markers capable of providing information on the biological origin of infertility and increase current knowledge in the context of new potential therapeutic approaches. The prokineticin system (PROK) consists of the prokineticin 1 (PROK1) and prokineticin 2 (PROK2) proteins. Through the activation of two G-protein receptors (PROKR1 and PROKR2) regulate a wide range of biological functions, including gastrointestinal motility, circadian rhythm regulation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, pain perception, and mood regulation. Several studies have highlighted the crucial role of the PROK system in the development and maturation of both male and female human reproductive organs. Particularly in men, the PROK system represents a new system useful to clarify some aspects of testicular pathophysiology and provide new potential hypotheses for therapeutic intervention. This narrative review aims to illustrate the state of the art regarding, in particular, the role of PROK2 in male infertility.

Triphenyl phosphate activates estrogen receptor α/NF-κB/ cyclin D1 signaling to stimulate cell cycle progression in human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells

Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphorus flame retardants that may accumulate in the environment. However, its effects on human reproductive organs have not been well studied. We aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of TPHP in human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells to elucidate how TPHP exposure disrupts intracellular signaling and cell proliferation in reproductive tissues. Human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells were exposed to TPHP. Exposure to TPHP elevated the levels of estrogen receptor (ER) α and progesterone receptor-B and reduced ER β in human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. TPHP stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogenactivated protein kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 kinase signaling, which may contribute to the activation of ER function and induce nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in human Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. Activated ER and NF-κB stimulate the expression of cyclin D1/ cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/CDK6, indicating cell cycle progression and proliferation. This report may provide new information on the molecular mechanisms underlying how TPHP exposure dysregulates the cellular physiology of the human endometrium.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERILAKU PERSONAL HYGIENE SAAT MENSTRUASI PADA SISWI KELAS XI DI SMA N 14 PEKANBARU

Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood which is marked by physical, emotional and psychological changes. Adolescence, which is between the ages of 10-19 years, is a period of maturation of the human reproductive organs, and is often called puberty. Menstruation is cyclic bleeding from the uterus. The length of the menstrual cycle is the distance between the start of the last menstrual period and the start of the next menstruation. The day the bleeding starts is called the first day of the cycle. The normal length of the menstrual cycle is considered a classic cycle is 28 days, but the variation is quite wide, not only between the same women. More than 90% of women have a menstrual cycle between 24 to 35 days. Personal hygiene is self-care that is carried out to maintain health both physically and psychologically. This study aims to determine the factors associated with personal hygiene behavior during menstruation in class XI students at SMA 14 Pekanbaru. This research is a descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were all young women of SMA 14 Pekanbaru in Class XI, which amounted to 61 people. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge (p value = 0.000), sources of information (p value = 0.000), parents' income (p value = 0.020), and personal hygiene behavior during menstruation at SMA 14 Pekanbaru. It is hoped that this research can provide knowledge and information for all young women. Keywords: Adolescents, Menstruation, Personal Hygiene

Unexpected Presence of Blastocystis Subtype 1-3 DNA in Human Vaginal and Sperm Samples Coinfected with Trichomonas vaginalis.

There have been few reports on extra-enteric infections by Blastocystis STs and none have been molecularly identified in samples from human reproductive organs. We report for the first time the identification of 3 different subtypes of Blastocystis (ST1–3) in vaginal and sperm samples, from patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. Blastocystis STs were identified by PCR-sequencing and by phylogenetic inferences using 28 vaginal swab samples and 7 sperm samples from patients trichomoniasis. Blastocystis STs were identified in 6 of 28 vaginal swabs (21.4%) and in 3 of 7 sperm samples (42.8%). In both biological samples, STs 1–3 were found; one vaginal sample showed subtype co-infection with ST1 and ST3. High genetic variation was observed in the sequences obtained and no specific clustering in the phylogenetic trees was detected. Most of the haplotypes identified were placed far from the main dispersal centers. Our finding suggested that incorrect cleaning of the genital area or a contamination by combination of anal and vaginal intercourse.

Characterization of the Gastrointestinal and Reproductive Tract Microbiota in Fertile and Infertile Pakistani Couples.

Simple SummaryWe describe microbial taxa associated with the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts of married Pakistani couples. We highlight differences in microbial composition and diversity that are associated with fertile and infertile couples and provide a baseline for future in-depth studies to target the association of the human microbiome with infertility.The human microbiota is recognized as a vital “virtual” organ of the human body that influences human health, metabolism, and physiology. While the microbiomes of the gut, oral cavity, and skin have been extensively studied in the literature, relatively little work has been done on characterizing the microbiota of the human reproductive tract organs, and specifically on investigating its association to fertility. Here, we implemented a 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplicon sequencing approach to sequence and characterize the gut and genital tract microbiomes from several married Pakistani couples. The recruited individuals included 31 fertile and 35 infertile individuals, with ages ranging from 19–45 years. We identified several fluctuations in the diversity and composition of the gut and genital microbiota among fertile and infertile samples. For example, measures of α-diversity varied significantly between the genital samples donated by fertile and infertile men and there was overall greater between-sample variability in genital samples regardless of gender. In terms of taxonomic composition, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes fluctuated significantly between the gut microbiomes of fertile and infertile samples. Finally, biomarker analyses identified features (genera and molecular functions and pathways) that differed significantly between the fertile and infertile samples and in the past have been associated with bacterial vaginosis. However, we emphasize that 16S amplicon data alone has no bearing on individual health and is merely representative of microbial taxonomic differences that could also arise due to multiple other factors. Our findings, however, represent the first effort to characterize the microbiome associated with fertile and infertile couples in Pakistan and will hopefully pave the way for more comprehensive and broad-scale investigations in the future.

Legal Framework for Reproductive Biological Material

The paper is devoted to the study of the legal nature of reproductive biological material and determination of the optimal legal regime of germ cells (oocytes, sperm) and tissues of human reproductive organs intended for reproduction purposes. It is noted that the reproductive biomaterial is not a thing, since it does not have the characteristics inherent in this legal category, and needs a special legal regime. The extension of the regime of ownership of the germ cells and tissues of human reproductive organs is unacceptable neither from the position of the current legislation, nor from the perspective of its development prospects. An analysis of the legal opportunities provided by the legislator in relation to reproductive biomaterial, as well as the procedure for their implementation, led to the conclusion that neither the persons from whom it comes, nor medical organizations can be recognized as its owners. The regime of property rights is not suitable for ensuring and protecting the interests of participants in public relations arising in connection with the use of reproductive biomaterial. It is proved that in relation to the germ cells and tissues of the reproductive organs, the interest of a person is not in acquiring actual and legal domination over them as such, but in acquiring or, on the contrary, not acquiring parental rights and obligations in relation to a child born as a result of their use. It is concluded that the designated interest should be mediated not by a real, but by a reproductive right.

Development of a novel dual reproductive organ on a chip: recapitulating bidirectional endocrine crosstalk between the uterine endometrium and the ovary

Conventional 2D or even 3D in vitro culture models for human reproductive organs cannot properly recapitulate the bidirectional endocrine crosstalk between the uterine endometrium and the ovary. This crosstalk is essential for maintaining the various physiological features and functions of each tissue. Moreover, most in vitro models for the female reproductive tract also fail to mimic its multicellular structure. We therefore developed a novel ‘dual reproductive organ on a chip’ that reflects the bidirectional endocrine cross-talk and the complex multicellular structures by integrating various cellular components of both the human uterine endometrium and the ovary with several biodegradable natural polymers. Indeed, the bidirectional endocrine crosstalk between these two tissues is achieved through media sharing between channels, and it can markedly improve the viability of loaded cells within each chamber of the chip platform. In addition, we also identified a reliable reproductive toxicity marker, SERPINB2, which is significantly increased in response to various toxic exposures in both endometrial and ovarian follicular cells. Based on these findings, we next established a SERPINB2 luciferase reporter system that was specifically designed for detecting and quantifying the toxicity of certain substances. By introducing this SERPINB2 luciferase reporter system into the loaded cells within the chip platform, we ultimately developed an effective ‘dual reproductive organ-on-chip’ that was successfully used to predict the reproductive toxicity of various hazardous materials.

Thyroid peroxidase in human endometrium and placenta: a potential target for anti-TPO antibodies.

Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common endocrine disorder during pregnancy. Thyroid autoantibodies (TAs) have been suggested to serve a role in implantation failure and spontaneous abortion. Until now, there are no data on the potential interaction of TAs with human reproductive organs. Here, we set out for the first time to test this hypothesis by studying the expression of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) at gene and protein level in human reproductive organs. Endometrial samples were taken from normal women, and placenta tissues were collected after full-term caesarian section. Expression of TPO messenger RNA (mRNA) was investigated by qRT-PCR. In addition, polyclonal anti-TPO antibodies were produced and the expression of TPO protein in mentioned tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The reactivity of anti-TPO antibody in human embryos was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. For the first time, our study showed that TPO is expressed at gene and protein levels in endometrium and placenta. TPO expression was mainly localized to glandular and luminal epithelial cells in the endometrium. In placenta, the syncytiotrophoblasts and invasive trophoblast cells were the main cell types that expressed TPO protein. Specific band of approximately 110kDa was observed in all endometrial and placental tissues by Western blot analysis. However, no expression of TPO protein was observed in human embryo. TPO expression in endometrium and placenta may explain higher frequency of abortion and infertility in patients with thyroid autoimmunity.

PERBEDAAN EFEK IMPLEMENTASI BOOKLET DAN MANEKIN PADA PENYULUHAN KEBUTUHAN PERSONAL HIGIENE GENETALIA DI SDN RONOWIJAYAN KABUPATEN PONOROGO JAWA TIMUR

Adolescence is a period of maturity of human reproductive organs. Candidiasis 25 % - 50 %, vaginitis 20% - 40% and trichomoniasis 5% - 15%. Every teenager must have the right and proper information about reproductive health aspects such as how to maintain the health of reproductive organs, and be able to practice the behavior of maintaining healthy and responsible reproductive organs to avoid diseases that might attack their reproductive organs. This study aims to identify the differences in the effects of the implementation of booklets and mannequins on counseling the personal needs of genetalia hygiene in young women at Ronowijayan Ponorogo Elementary School. This study used an experimental method with a type of randomized experimental study. The research location was the SDN Ronowijayan Siman Ponorogo period of study starting in February December 2018. The study population used was all young women at Ronowijayan Ponorogo Elementary School with a study sample aged 10 untill 12 years at Ronowijayan Ponorogo Elementary School. The results of the data were analyzed using the T test (α = 5%) with the normality test of the distribution using Shapiro-Wilk. The results of the study were 0.896> 0.05 (95% confidence), so there was no difference in effect between before treatment and after treatment of the implementation of the booklet with the implementation of manikin. It is necessary to introduce reproductive health with a family approach method for young women with the hope that the achievement of reproductive health education can be achieved optimally.

Recent Advances in Identifying Biomarkers and High-Affinity Aptamers for Gynecologic Cancers Diagnosis and Therapy.

Cancer is the uncontrollable abnormal division of cell growth, caused due to the varied reasons. Cancer can be expressed in any part of the body, and it is one of the death-causing diseases. Human reproductive organs are commonly damaged by cancer. In particular, the women reproductive system is affected by various cancers including ovarian, cervical, endometrial, vaginal, fallopian tube, and vulvar cancers. Identifying these cancers at earlier stages prevents the damage to the organs. Aptamer is the potential probe that can identify these cancers. Aptamer is an artificial antibody selected from the randomized library of molecules and has a high binding affinity to the target biomarker. Targeting cancers in the reproductive organs using aptamers showed an excellent efficiency of detection compared to other probes. Different aptamers have been generated against the gynaecological cancer biomarkers, which include HE4, CA125, VEGF, OCCA (for ovarian cancer), EGFR, FGFR1, K-ras (for endometrial cancer), HPV E-16, HPV E-7, HPV E-6, tyrosine, and kinase (for cervical cancer), which help to identify the cancers in woman reproductive organs. In this overview, the biomarkers for gynecologic cancers and the relevant diagnosing systems generated using the specific aptamers are discussed. Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of aptamer with gynaecological cancers are narrated.