Abstract
Cancer is the uncontrollable abnormal division of cell growth, caused due to the varied reasons. Cancer can be expressed in any part of the body, and it is one of the death-causing diseases. Human reproductive organs are commonly damaged by cancer. In particular, the women reproductive system is affected by various cancers including ovarian, cervical, endometrial, vaginal, fallopian tube, and vulvar cancers. Identifying these cancers at earlier stages prevents the damage to the organs. Aptamer is the potential probe that can identify these cancers. Aptamer is an artificial antibody selected from the randomized library of molecules and has a high binding affinity to the target biomarker. Targeting cancers in the reproductive organs using aptamers showed an excellent efficiency of detection compared to other probes. Different aptamers have been generated against the gynaecological cancer biomarkers, which include HE4, CA125, VEGF, OCCA (for ovarian cancer), EGFR, FGFR1, K-ras (for endometrial cancer), HPV E-16, HPV E-7, HPV E-6, tyrosine, and kinase (for cervical cancer), which help to identify the cancers in woman reproductive organs. In this overview, the biomarkers for gynecologic cancers and the relevant diagnosing systems generated using the specific aptamers are discussed. Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of aptamer with gynaecological cancers are narrated.
Highlights
Cancer is the abnormal cell growth in an uncontrollable way and a death-causing disease appearing in many parts of the body
All major parts in reproductive organs are affected by cancers which include endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, vaginal cancer, fallopian tube cancer, and vulvar cancer (Figure 1) [6,7,8,9]
An elevated level with 50% of CA 125 expression is found at the early stage, and 80% of the elevated CA125 is at the advanced stage of ovarian cancer [28]. e monoclonal antibody CA125 is used to detect CA 125 antigen
Summary
Cancer is the abnormal cell growth in an uncontrollable way and a death-causing disease appearing in many parts of the body. DNA, RNA, antibody, protein, and aptamer are the probe to target the cancer cells for detection. Aptamer is a high-affinity probe to the desired target molecule used to identify various diseases including cancer in an effective way. Peptide aptamer selection has been performed using the peptide library with the artificial peptide loops based on the protein scaffold and yeast-two hybrid screening It is predominantly involved in identifying the cellular protein binding to the peptide aptamer. E high-affinity aptamers with the target molecule are generally leading to the lower level of detection on sensors; it helps for the early diagnosis of gynaecological cancers. Aptamers are proved to have higher binding affinity and specificity to the targeted region of the protein, compared with other detection probes.
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