Human Red Cell Membrane Research Articles

Permeability of Human Red Blood Cell Membranes to Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive species are important physiological mediators in the vascular system. Enzymatic production of H2O2 is involved in regulating cell growth, proliferation and vasodilation. Whereas endothelial cells are important sources of H2O2, red blood cells (RBC) are considered the most important sinks of H2O2 in the vasculature. However, little is known about the permeability of their membrane to H2O2. The permeability coefficient of human RBC membranes to H2O2 was determined using the enzyme latency method, based on measuring the rate of H2O2 decomposition in lysed vs whole cells. If the passage through the membrane is the rate limiting step in H2O2 decomposition, then a difference is observed that can be used to calculate the permeability coefficient. Additional experiments were done to differentiate between simple diffusion through the lipid fraction and facilitated diffusion through protein channels. The lack of reported permeability coefficients for lipid membranes prompted us to do experiments with phospholipid-cholesterol liposome membranes that indicated that simple diffusion is a slow process. Determination of partition coefficients in different solvents mimicking different depths of the membrane indicate that the low permeability of lipid membranes to H2O2 is caused mainly by its very low solubility in the acyl region of the bilayer. The activation energy of permeation through RBC membranes suggested that protein channels were involved in facilitating H2O2 diffusion through the membrane. Inhibitors of hAQP3 and hAQP1 had no effect in H2O2 consumption rate, suggesting that other membrane proteins may be involved. Although the RBC membrane presents a significant barrier to H2O2 passage, especially in comparison with other solutes such as oxygen and nitric oxide, the permeability is still high enough to support the role of RBC as sinks of H2O2 in circulation.

Improved multicomponent, one‐pot synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyrans cardiovascular dysfunction regulators

AbstractA simple, efficient, and straightforward one‐pot three‐component synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyrans (6a‐l) is carried‐out in the presence of an inexpensive and environmentally benign Eaton's reagent as a catalyst to discover some ACE inhibitors and anti‐inflammatory agents. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) is highly involved in the renin‐angiotensin system and often directly associated with cardiovascular dysfunction via inflammation. Thus, the cardiovascular protective effect of newly synthesized tetrahydropyrans (6a‐l) was evaluated through ACE inhibition, human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization, and molecular docking studies. As the results complied, compounds 6e and 6f were identified as effective ACE inhibitors. Docking studies, HRBC based anti‐inflammatory assay, and SAR studies revealed that compounds 6e and 6f could be good anti‐inflammatory agents apart from ACE inhibitors.

Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Moringa oleifera Flowers

Aims: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera flowers.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research work was carried out at Research laboratory, Department of chemistry, Periyar E.V.R College, Trichy-23, between April 2017 and January 2018.
 Methodology: Extraction and fractionation were carried out from the solvents of ethanol, benzene, petroleum ether, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was investigated by HRBC membrane stabilization and Albumin denaturation methods. Anti-oxidant effect of the extract was determined by DPPH assay and ABTS method.
 Results: The dry sample extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera flowers possess highly anti-oxidant activity showed by the DPPH assay and ABTS method and also having anti-inflammatory activity is determined by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and Albumin denaturation methods. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models and clinical trials before its utilization as a therapeutic agent.
 Conclusion: The present study was concluded that the dry sample of ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera flowers possesses effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC AND ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA

The objective of the current research work was to determine the anti inflammatory activity of Psidium guajava by the Human Red Blood Cell membranes stabilization method. The methanol and ethanol leaf extract of plant Psidium guajava were investigated for their invitro anti-inflammatory property by Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method. The prevention of hypotonocity induced HRBC membrane lysis was taken as a measure of a anti-inflammatory activity. The anti inflammatory activity of methanol and ethanol leaf extract of psidium guajava were compared to that of standard drug Diclofenac.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND INVITRO ANTI-INFLAMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CENTELLA ASIATICA

In ayurvedic medicine Centella asiatica is a valuable medicinal herbaceous creeper which has been valued for hundreds of years. Phytochemical analysis of Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) plant extracts revealed the presence of varied biochemical compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and saponin etc. Since phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and flavonoids have remarkable anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and antioxidant activities, so our present work aims at evaluating the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization. To measure the anti-inflammatory activity, the inhibition of hypotonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis was used. The percentage Haemolysis was experimented from concentration of 50µg/ml to 2000µg/ml and the values reduced from 32.25% to 5.02%, on the other hand percentage Stabilisation in the same concentration range increased from 67.74% to 94.97%. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard drug and the same experiment conducted in the same concentration range and the values of percentage haemolysis reduced from 47.18% to 1.24% and the percentage stabilisation increased from 52.81% to 98.76%. The results show that the extracts of Centella asiatica exhibited anti-inflammatory activities. Centella asiatica may be a profusely branched prostate herb consisting of active principles like Vallarine, Asiaticoside, Sitosterol, Tannins, Oxy asiaticoside. Asiaticoside is used in the treatment of leprosy. Sitosterol and tannin possess antiprotozoal and spasmolytic property. According to Siddha literature, the leaves of Centella asiatica are used for the treatment of syphilis, elephantiasis, all kinds of fever, abdominal disorder of children and hydrocele and these features are highlighted in this article.

Comparison of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) and Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves in Terms of Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activity

Walnut and olive are consumed by people as food for many years. It is seen that not only fruits but also leaves are used among the people. In this study, walnut and olive leaves were compared in terms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. DPPH • and ABTS •+ free radical scavenging activity methods were used for determination antioxidant capacity. For an in vitro measure of anti-inflammatory activity, stabilization of human red blood cell membrane by heat induced membrane lysis was done. The results showed that walnut leaf extract had the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 0.0530 mg mL -1 for DPPH radical scavenging activity; 0.0421mg mL -1 for ABTS radical scavenging activity and 0.3959 mg mL -1 for human red blood cell membrane stabilization capacity. It is thought that the difference in the activity levels of extracts may be owing to the several types and amounts of polyphenolic compounds.

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anticoagulation Properties of Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius

Free radical production from different biological and environmental sources is due to an imbalance of natural antioxidants, which further leads to inflammation. Antioxidant metabolites are often characterized by anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation activity. Mangrove plants synthesize different classes of metabolites, including antioxidants, to minimize the devastating effect of oxidation resulting from the elevated salinity, UV, and other unique geochemical components. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties, as well as polyphenol content of the two selected mangrove plant species: Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay (BCB), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) to determine antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of A. corniculatum bark and leaves and A. ilicifolius leaves. Furthermore, human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay, and prothrombin time (PT) test were performed for determining anti-inflammatory activity of the samples. A. corniculatum bark is a potent antioxidant (IC50 20.49 ± 2.14 µg/mL in DPPH assay) with anti-inflammatory (IC50 23.58 ± 1.75 µg/mL in LOX inhibition assay) and anticoagulation activity (18.19 ± 0.13 min in prothrombin time assay) compared to other extracts. All extracts were found with significant (P<0.001) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties. Further studies on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation are recommended.

Synthesis and Hypoglycemic and Anti-inflammatory Activity Screening of Novel Substituted 5-[Morpholino(Phenyl)Methyl]-Thiazolidine-2,4-Diones and Their Molecular Docking Studies.

The aim was the synthesis of novel substituted 5-[morpholino(phenyl)methyl]-thiazolidine-2,4-diones and screening for their in vivo hypoglycemic activity and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, as well as molecular docking studies to find out active potential lead molecules. Substituted aromatic aldehydes, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, and morpholine on Mannich reaction gave the title compounds. They were characterized by physical and spectral methods. In vivo hypoglycemic activity was examined in alloxan induced Wistar albino rats by tail tipping method. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was tested by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation. Using AutoDock, molecular docking studies were carried out to find out the best fit ligands. Series of substituted 5-[morpholino(phenyl)methyl]-thiazolidine-2,4-diones were synthesized and chemically they were confirmed by spectral techniques. Acute toxic studies of in vivo hypoglycemic activity results revealed that compounds 4c, 4h, and 4n exhibited good activity at 35 mg/kg body weight. Chronic toxic study results indicated that compounds 4h and 4n exhibited good activity at 70 mg/kg body weight. Anti-inflammatory activity results indicated the highest inhibition was shown by compounds 4k and 4f at 500 μg/mL in HRBC membrane stabilization. In protein denaturation, the highest inhibition was shown by compound 4k at 500 μg/mL. In molecular docking studies, compounds 4h and 4n exhibited higher binding affinity at PPARγ receptor protein and compound 4k exhibited higher binding affinity at COX-1 and COX-2 actives sites. Microwave irradiation produced high yield in short reaction times. The presence of electron releasing groups at the para position of the phenyl ring may give the ability to produce hypoglycemic activity and the presence of electron withdrawing groups at the para position of the phenyl ring causes anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that some compounds exhibited good hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 4h and 4n exhibited higher binding affinity at PPARγ receptor protein and compound 4k exhibited higher binding affinity at COX isoenzymes' active sites in molecular docking studies.

Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid esters of trehalose: Process optimization, characterization of the esters and evaluation of their bioactivities.

One-pot synthesis of caprylic, lauric and palmitic acid mono- and diesters of trehalose was catalyzed by the lipase Fermase CALB™ 10000. An optimized molar conversion of 35% of trehalose to its palmitate esters was obtained in acetone at 60°C with a trehalose:palmitic acid molar ratio of 1:5 in 4h. Trehalose fatty acid esters (THFAE) were purified by column chromatography and characterized using TLC, HPTLC, HR-MS, ATR-FTIR, and differential scanning calorimetry. THFAE were studied for their antimicrobial potential against four bacterial, and two fungal species. Trehalose monolaurate and trehalose dicaprylate demonstrated MIC of 0.45mM and 16mM against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. Trehalose monocaprylate showed the highest inhibition of biofilm forming property against Staphylococcus aureus (86.25%) at 99.2mM and trehalose dipalmitate had lowest IC50 of 13.23mM. Furthermore, their anti-inflammatory property was studied in vitro using 15-LOX inhibition assay and human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay. In the confirmatory in vivo tests using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay, inflammation in disease control group reached up to 63% as against 32% and 20% for trehalose dilaurate and diclofenac treated groups, respectively. THFAE can hence find potential applications in pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and nutraceuticals.

The stability of spherocyte membranes: Theoretical study

Human red blood cell (RBC) membranes are typically biconcave-shaped under physiological conditions, and membranes of other shapes, such as spherical, are also observed in pathological RBCs. It has been suggested that there is a relationship between the RBC membrane's material properties, morphologies and physiological functions. The present work studies how various factors affect the morphologies of the RBC membrane based on a free energy functional in continuum elasticity descriptions. In particular, the instability conditions of a diseased spherocyte's spherical shape is obtained explicitly, which determines the region in the phase diagram constructed by two dimensionless state variables defined by elastic moduli, osmotic pressure, etc., in which the spherocyte's membrane can exist in a stable form. In this phase diagram, each point represents the statistical results for a large number of samples observed in recent experiments. Within this stable region of spherocyte's membrane, the spherical RBC membrane is in the global minimal state whereas in the adjacent region on the other side of the boundary, the echinocyte's membrane corresponds to the global minimal state. Our results could be used as a theoretical guide for clinical applications in related diseases, such as malaria, and are in quantitative agreement with recent dynamic optical measurements on the morphological transition of the RBC membrane (see Park Y. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107 (2010) 6731).

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MARINE SPONGE CALLYSPONGIA SP. AND ITS ACUTE TOXICITY

Objective: This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Callyspongia sp. using stabilization of the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane method and its acute toxicity using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method.
 Methods: Callyspongia sp. was macerated with 96% ethanol. Extract characterized and screened for the secondary metabolite. Anti-inflammatory activity by stabilization of the HRBC membrane method with a varied dose of 50 ppm; 100 ppm; 200 ppm; 400 ppm; 800 ppm; 1600 ppm; and 3200 ppm. Solutions observed using a photometer to describing stability and ability in preventing membranes hemolytic and statistically analyzed using SPSS. Acute toxicity carried out by the BSLT method and analyzed using Minitab®ver. 17.2.1.
 Results: The phytochemical screening was indicating that Callyspongia sp. contains flavonoid, alkaloid, and terpenoid. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test showed that the percentage value of stability and hemolysis of extracts with doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ppm were 55% and 45%, 63% and 37%, 70% and 30%, 74% and 26%, 80% and 20%, 87% and 13%, and 97% and 3%, respectively. It showed that extract of sponge Callyspongia sp. in all varied dose has activity in stabilizing the HRBC membrane thus can be potential as an anti-inflammatory. The results of acute toxicity assay showed that the value of LC50 was 1281.45 μg/ml and categorized as nontoxic to Artemia salina Leach.
 Conclusion: Various concentrations of Callyspongia sp. effective as an anti-inflammatory in stabilizing HRBC, and categorized as safe.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the chloroform extract of Combretum punctatum var squamosum

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the chloroform extract of Combretum punctatum var squamosum by in vitro models. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were also assessed. The extract at different concentrations showed significant percent inhibition of DPPH and lipid peroxidation and high reducing power when compared with the standard. The extract also showed a significantly high content of phenolics and flavonoids. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied by inhibition of albumin denaturation and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization methods. The extract at different concentrations showed significant percent inhibition of albumin denaturation and percent inhibition of haemolysis when compared with the standard. Thus, the result indicates that the chloroform extract exhibited significant potential on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Enhydra fluctuans Available in Bangladesh

Objectives: The possible phytochemical constituents, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans (CE) were investigated along with the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of its petroleum ether (PESF), carbon tetrachloride (CTCSF), chloroform (CSF) and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions.
 Materials & Methods: The coarse leaf powder was extracted at room temperature with ethanol. Solvent-solvent partitioning was done to obtain the four soluble fractions. Anticoagulant potential was determined by the in vitro thrombolytic model, membrane stabilization method was used to assess in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, the disc diffusion method was used for anti-microbial screening, antioxidant potential was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was used for cytotoxic activity determination.
 Results: Chemical screening of the crude extract evidenced the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars and gums. It showed significant clot lysis property of 46.91%. It also significantly inhibited heat and hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell membrane with values of 71.80% and 47.60%, respectively. CTCSF and PESF showed mild antimicrobial activity. AQSF showed most prominent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.27 µg/mL. CTCSF showed LC50 value of 0.84 µg/mL, with most potent cytotoxic activity.
 Conclusion: Significant thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic plant extract were observed in this study. In vivo activities and isolation of active compound(s) from this extract are yet to be investigated.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Some Lathyrus L. (Fabaceae) Species Growing in Turkey.

The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extracts and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and water fractions of five Lathyrus species, namely Lathyrus armenus, Lathyrus aureus, Lathyrus cilicicus, Lathyrus laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, and Lathyrus pratensis, growing in Turkey. The antimicrobial activities were screened against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Broth dilution was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of extracts and fractions. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts and fractions was determined using human red blood cell membrane stabilization. The results demonstrated that ethyl acetate fractions of the tested species exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the other extracts. Among all of the tested extracts and fractions, the highest anti-inflammatory activity was detected in water fractions. Furthermore, water fractions of L. pratensis showed better anti-inflammatory activity than acetylsalicylic acid and diclofenac sodium, which were used as standard drugs in this assay. The results indicate the membrane stabilizing effect of the various extracts and fractions of the Lathyrus species and could constitute preliminary work for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity experiments.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of the Seeds of A Sri Lankan Variety of Carica Papaya

Plant based remedies are of much importance in healthcare due to low side effects. The effective constituents contained in seeds of a papaya have not been utilized efficiently in the production of medicines. The purpose of this study was driven towards determining the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity and antibacterial properties of the aqueous seeds extract of a Sri Lankan variety (Red Lady) of papaya (AESP). The AESP prepared according to the method of “Kasaya” in Ayurvedic medicine was used for the investigations according to standard procedures. Total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the AESP were 13.5±2.2 mg (pyrogallol equivalence)/g and 315.9±104.6 mg (quercetin equivalence)/g respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of AESP ranged from 12.4% to 81.2% for concentrations of 1.0-20.0 mg/ml; ascorbic acid gave 31.7% - 91.9% activity. The AESP displayed strong reducing power compared to ascorbic acid in the reducing power assay. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the AESP ranged from 6.6% to 69.1% for concentrations ranging from 20.0-95.0 mg/ml; ascorbic acid activity was 37.7%-74.9%. The nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of AESP was 23.9%-62.7% for concentrations of 2.0-20.0 µg/ml; ascorbic acid gave 26.8%-63.5% activity. AESP concentrations ranging from 75.0-150.0 µg/ml exhibited human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization protection of 15.5%-22.7% compared to 50.8%-58.4% for aspirin. The AESP showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial species. AESP possess promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. The aqueous decoction of the discarded seeds of papaya would facilitate remedies for many diseases in which radicals are implicated as well as assist against certain bacterial infections and also has an anti-inflammatory potential.

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL 4-(4-FLUORO-3-METHYLPHENYL)-6-(SUBSTITUTED ARYL)-1,6-DIHYDROPYRIMIDIN-2-OL DERIVATIVES AS POTENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC AGENTS

Objective: Pyrimidine heterocycles possessing hydroxy group has a unique place in medicinal chemistry and also plays a key role in biological processes. In the biological functions at cellular level pyrimidine plays imperative roles which lead the researchers to design a variety of its derivatives. The aim of the present study was to synthesize the novel set of 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-6-(substituted aryl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-ol derivatives. These compounds were screened for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
 Methods: A novel series of 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-6-(substituted aryl)-1,6-dihydro pyrimidin-2-ol derivatives were furnished in two steps starting from 4-fluoro-3-methyl acetophenone through chalcone formation. Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test were performed for screening in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, respectively. Tail-flick technique was performed for screening analgesic activity.
 Results: All the synthesized 4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-6-(substituted aryl)-1,6-dihydro pyrimidin-2-ol derivatives were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and bases of elemental analysis. The result of biological screening revealed that many of the new derivatives were endowed with improved anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
 Conclusion: Nature of the substituent played a major role in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The pyrimidine derivative with chlorophenyl substitution exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. From the results, it was concluded that 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-fluoro-3- methyl phenyl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-ol was the most active compound.

Antioxidant effect of resveratrol in single red blood cells measured by thermal fluctuation spectroscopy

The human red blood cell (RBC) membrane has significant elastic capabilities which can be described measuring typical membrane edge fluctuations and mechanical properties by optical techniques. The RBC elastic properties can be affected by changes in the surrounding media. In an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of resveratrol with the red cell membrane and of its antioxidant capacity the changes in mechanical properties of the RBC membrane were analyzed. These studies were carried out through measurements of RBC membrane fluctuations in the presence of the oxidant agent HClO using thermal fluctuation spectroscopy (TFS). The observed results showed that the elastic capabilities of RBC changed with low concentration of hypochlorous acid but without morphological changes. However, in the presence of resveratrol the deformation and decrease of elastic capabilities induced by HClO on RBC decreased. These in vitro results demonstrated the protective effect of RV against the detrimental effects triggered by HClO upon human erythrocytes.

Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of Ribes alpestre Decne in Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder, despite the discovery of numerous drugs there is still need to introduce newer, safer and more effective sources of drugs such as medicinal herbs. Present research work was an attempt to appraise the antiarthritic potential of Ribes alpestre Decne in rheumatoid arthritis. In vitro inhibition of protein (bovine serum albumin and egg albumin) denaturation, Human red blood cell membrane stabilization assays along with formaldehyde induced arthritis in rats were commenced in this study. Findings of present investigation demonstrated significant and dose dependent antiarthritic effect of Ribes alpestre. Aqueous ethanolic extract, butanol and aqueous fraction illustrated 95%, 69.233% and 92.840% protection at 6400 ug/mL against bovine serum albumin denaturation respectively. Similarly, plant extract together with butanol and aqueous fractions showed 3653.47%, 1484.03% and 3563.19% inhibition of pathological alteration of egg albumin in that order. Moreover, hydroethanolic extract with butanol and aqueous fraction exhibited 91.29%, 65.73% and 89.62% stabilization against erythrocyte hemolysis at 6400 ug/mL correspondingly. Furthermore, hydroethanolic extract, butanol and aqueous fraction notably 73.49%, 66.42% and 68.87% decreased paw edema at highest dose (200 mg/kg). Similarly aqueous ethanolic extract, butanol and aqueous fraction illustrated 72.38%, 54.90% and 66.33% decrease in paw thickness at 200 mg/kg. Hence results suggested that Ribes alpestre possess antiarthritic potential thus supporting its use as natural remedy in rheumatic conditions.

Anti-inflammatory property and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of Crateva adansonii DC leaves

Aims: This study was designed to determine the most active anti-inflammatory fraction of C. adansonii leaves and characterize the bioactive compounds. Methods: Dried and pulverized C. adansonii leaves (CAL) were extracted with 70% methanol, followed by successive solvent partitioning into hexane (CALH), ethyl acetate (CALE), butanol (CALB) and aqueous (CALA) leaf fractions. In vitro antioxidant assays carried out on the extract/fractions were DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenol (TP) and flavonoid (TF) assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory assays investigated were heat-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization against hypotonicity- induced hemolysis. Formaldehyde-induced inflammation model in rats was carried out, followed by paw edema measurement as well as serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities assays. The ethyl acetate (CALE) fraction was subjected to GC-MS analytical method. Results: CAL extract and fractions substantially inhibited BSA denaturation and stabilized HRBC membrane against hypotonicity-induced hemolysis, however CALE exhibited the highest activity. CALE also suppressed formaldehyde-induced rat paw edema and significantly (p

Distributional Patterns of ABO Blood Grouping and Rhesus Factor: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in Somali Regional Blood Bank

Blood is the most important body fluid. It is responsible for the transportation of the most critical substance, oxygen. The human red blood cell membrane contains different types of antigens, called agglutinogens. These antigens are capable of inducing specific immune response which in turn results in the production of antibodies. From the thirty blood group system genes already identified, the most important blood group systems are the ABO and Rh. Frequency of the four main ABO blood groups vary throughout the world mainly due to differences in geographical location and ethnicity. The aim of this study was to describe the distributional patterns of ABO blood grouping and Rh factor in Somali Regional State. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the blood bank from January 1 to February 10, 2019. Sample of three years (2015 to 2017) data was collected purposively. Data collectors were oriented prior to data collection and the study tool was pre-tested for corrections if any. Data processing and descriptive data analysis was undertaken by employing Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 20. Ethical clearance letter was obtained from the Somali Regional Health Bureau and it was presented to the study facility. Blood group O has the highest frequency, 2,310 (50.10%) followed by blood group A, 1,366 (29.60%); B 702 (15.20%) and AB 236 (5.10%). The overall Rhesus factor positivity and negativity was 4,410 (95.6%) and 204 (4.4%) respectively. Blood group O is the most frequent blood type among blood donors in Somali region. Then, followed by A, B, and AB blood types. Absolute majority of blood donors in the region have Rh positive gene in the surface of their RBCs. Contact details of blood donors with rare blood types should be retained for tracking in cases of emergency blood donation requests. Concerned bodies at different levels should use findings from this study for planning and blood bank management.