Human Primary Molars Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of clinical efficacy and volumetric changes in pulpectomized primary molars using hand K-file, ProTaper rotary file, and Kedo-SG blue file: an in-vitro cone beam computed tomography analysis.

The accomplishment of a successful pulpectomy depends on multiple factors that involve targeted removal of the causative irritants and soft and hard tissue debris by mechanical and chemical means. Compare and evaluate the efficacy of canal preparation and volumetric filling using conventional files and two rotary file systems using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Thirty freshly extracted human primary second molars were randomly divided into three groups of 10 teeth each. After access opening and working length determination, pre-operative volume analysis was done using CBCT. The canals were then instrumented by either hand K-files, ProTaper rotary files or Kedo-SG Blue rotary files. Post-operative volume analysis was performed using CBCT. All the canals were obturated using Metapex and scanned again using CBCT. Mean values of the pre- and post-operative canal volumes were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Inter- and intra-group volumetric changes were analyzed statistically using a post hoc test. The mean difference in volume after canal preparation and obturation was the highest in the Kedo-SG Blue group, followed by the ProTaper group and the least in the hand K group (p = 0.001). Inter-group comparison showed statistically significant differences between the hand K group and ProTaper group (p = 0.001), the ProTaper group and Kedo-SG Blue group (p = 0.001), and the hand-K group and Kedo-SG Blue group (p = 0.02). The volume of preparation and obturation was the highest using Kedo-SG Blue, followed by the ProTaper file systems.

Hyaluronic acid as a pulpotomy material in primary molars: an up to 30 months retrospective study

BackgroundThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine the long-term clinical and radiographic success of our previous randomized clinical trial and to compare the success of hyaluronic acid, with the widely used formocresol and ferric sulphate agents.MethodsThis retrospective study is the extension of the 1-year survey of our randomized clinical trial that had compared the effectiveness of a hyaluronic acid pulpotomy over formocresol and ferric sulphate pulpotomies and included clinical and radiographic evaluations with a follow-up period of over 24 months for 44 children who applied to our clinic between May 2019 and September 2019. Long-term clinical and radiographic data were obtained from the periodic files of our department, wherein each tooth’s file was examined to identify any clinical and radiographic findings. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to evaluate the data. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05.ResultsThe clinical and radiographic success rates of the hyaluronic acid, formocresol, and ferric sulphate groups were not statistically different at > 24 months. None of the teeth in the hyaluronic acid group showed any clinical findings at > 24 months.ConclusionsHyaluronic acid pulpotomies exhibited comparable success rates to formocresol and ferric sulphate materials spanning over 24 months examinations. Because of convenient accessibility and applicability of hyaluronic acid, it may be recommended as a promising alternative medicament for pulpotomy treatments of primary molars. However, further long-term follow-up human studies are needed to better understand the effect of hyaluronic acid on the dental pulp of human primary molars.

In-Vitro Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement to Primary Teeth Dentin Pretreated with Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish

Aim: To evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to primary teeth dentin pretreated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 non carious human primary molars were used in this study. The teeth were prepared to expose a flat dentin surface, ensuring comparability across samples. The samples were then randomly divided into two groups. Group I: The dentin surface of the primary teeth was pretreated with 38% SDF. Group II: The dentin surface of the primary teeth was pretreated with 5% NaF varnish. Following pretreatment, all samples were restored using GIC. The SBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine, which measures the force required to detach the GIC from the dentin surface. Results: The study found that the mean SBS of Group I (SDF 38%) was significantly higher at 10.11 ± 2.34 MPa compared to Group II (NaF 5%), which had a mean SBS of 6.34 ± 2.56 MPa. This represented a mean difference of 3.77 MPa in favor of the SDF pretreatment group. Conclusion: The primary teeth dentin pretreated with 38% SDF demonstrated a significant increase in SBS to GIC compared to the teeth pretreated with 5% NaF varnish. This suggests that SDF not only acts as a caries-preventive agent but also enhances the bond strength of restorative materials adhered to dentin surfaces. Clinical Significance: The findings hold considerable clinical significance, especially for pediatric dentistry. The use of SDF as a dentin pretreatment can improve the adhesion of GIC to the dentin of primary teeth. This is particularly beneficial given the minimally invasive nature of the procedure, making it an optimal choice for young patients who may find conventional dental procedures distressing. In summary, this study supports the use of SDF over NaF varnish for pretreating primary teeth dentin before GIC restoration, due to the superior bond strength observed. Implementing this can improve the longevity and effectiveness of restorative treatments in primary teeth, offering a viable, simple method that aligns well with pediatric dental care standards.

Assessment of the efficiency of dental excavation methods using laser speckle imaging.

This paper introduces a novel application of the laser speckle technique in dentistry, focusing on assessing the efficiency of dental excavation methods used to remove decayed tooth structure. The aim is to evaluate the efficiency of two chemo-mechanical agents and the high-speed drill using the laser speckle technique, which offers objective, non-invasive, and real-time evaluation capabilities. Extracted human primary molars with active occlusal carious lesions were sectioned into three parts, with each part allocated to one of three groups: Group 1 (Brix3000®), Group 2 (Papacarie DUO®), and Group 3 (High-speed drill mechanical caries removal). Caries removal was performed using the designated agent or method for each group. After caries excavation, speckle imaging using a 632.8 nm laser was conducted. Additionally, SEM was used to acquire micro-photographs of the surface morphology of the treated samples. The findings reveal insights into the comparative efficiency of the three dental excavation agents and methods using the laser speckle technique. The speckle parameters extracted from speckle patterns generated by treated teeth provide valuable information for evaluating the performance of the excavation methods. The scanning electron microscopy images also offer detailed visual evidence to support the analysis. This paper demonstrates the potential of the laser speckle technique for assessing the efficiency of dental excavation methods. The objective, non-invasive, and real-time evaluation provided offers advantages over subjective visual assessment and manual measurements.

Comparative Evaluation of Amniotic Membrane Derivative, Chitosan with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Diode Laser, and Ferric Sulfate as Pulpotomy Agents in Human Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study.

The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success of amniotic membrane derivative (AMD), chitosan with mineral trioxide aggregate (C-MTA), diode laser (DL), and ferric sulfate (FS) as pulpotomy agents in human primary molars. In this present study, pulpotomies were performed on 48 primary molars in 30 children aged between 4 and 8 years (12 teeth in each group). Following the pulpotomy procedure, teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically at 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 9 monthly intervals. After 9 months of follow-up, the clinical success was 91.6% for AMD and C-MTA and 83.3% for DL and FS. Radiographic success was 91.6, 91.6, 75, and 83.3% for AMD, C-MTA, DL, and FS groups, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference between the four groups (p > 0.05). Results of our study showed that both AMD and C-MTA were equally successful compared to traditional agents like laser and ferric sulfate as pulpotomy agents. Amniotic membrane derivative (AMD) and C-MTA are alternative biomimetic pulpotomy agents that can be used in pediatric primary tooth pulpotomies. Lahoti VC, Lahoti P, Gundreddy LM, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Amniotic Membrane Derivative, Chitosan with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Diode Laser, and Ferric Sulfate as Pulpotomy Agents in Human Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(2):153-157.

Evaluation of Penetration Depth and Caries Progression using Resin Infiltrant in Natural White Spot Lesions of Primary Molars.

Management of white spot lesions (WSLs) using resin infiltrants, like ICON®, is a novel technique that emphasizes the concept of minimally invasive dentistry. Evaluate penetration depth and its effect on caries progression of ICON® in natural WSLs of primary molars. A total of 30 human primary molars with natural WSLs were selected. A total of 15 samples each were randomly selected to evaluate penetration depth and caries progression. To evaluate penetration depth, lesion surfaces were sectioned into two halves, wherein one half served as control, while the other half received ICON® infiltration treatment. To evaluate the effect on caries progression, samples were sectioned into two halves, wherein one half served as a control to its experimental counterpart, which received ICON® infiltration. The initial depth of the subsurface lesion (baseline data) was measured, and all the sample subsets underwent pH cycling. Confocal laser fluorescence microscope (CFLM) evaluation was performed, and penetration depth was assessed using a laser scanning microscopy (LSM) image reader, while caries progression was evaluated using PhotoScape® software. ICON® resin infiltrant penetrated to significant depths into the WSLs (p < 0.001) and demonstrated significant inhibition of caries progression (p < 0.001). The novel technique using ICON® could be an invaluable tool in the management of WSLs in primary teeth. Babu G, Mallikarjun S, Vijayan V, et al. Evaluation of Penetration Depth and Caries Progression using Resin Infiltrant in Natural White Spot Lesions of Primary Molars. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):390-394.

Management of Secondary Caries in Primary Molars Using Silver Diamine Fluoride: An In-Vitro Study

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the effects of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application on the progression of secondary caries (SC) around resin-based composite (RBC) restoration margins in extracted human primary molars compared to 2.5% fluoride varnish (NaF) with hydroxyapatite and no intervention. Methods: Standardized box-shaped cavities were prepared on 30 primary teeth and restored with RBC restorations. The teeth were thermo-cycled and then immersed in a demineralizing solution for 10 days. The baseline volumes of the demineralized lesions were measured using Micro-CT (first evaluation). Next, the teeth were randomly divided into three equal groups of 10 teeth: the experimental group (38% SDF), the positive control group (2.5% NaF varnish with hydroxyapatite), and the negative control group (no intervention). All teeth were immersed again in the demineralizing solution for 10 days, followed by a second micro-CT evaluation. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of change of demineralization areas between the three groups (p &lt; 0.001). The SDF group showed the least change in the mean volume of the demineralization area between the baseline and after the second exposure (3.4 ± 0.94 mm3) compared to NaF (4.85 ± 1.97 mm3) and the negative control groups (8.78 ± 2.03 mm3). Conclusion: SDF was effective in managing primary molars with SC around resin-based composite restorations.

The Impact of Silver Diamine Fluoride Only or Simultaneously With Potassium Iodide Treatment on the Bond Durability of Resin Composite Material on Primary Teeth.

We aim to evaluate the bond strength between resin composite and primary demineralized dentin, pretreated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and simultaneous SDF with potassium iodide (KI) after thermal aging. In this in vitrostudy, human carious-free primary molars were randomly assigned into three groups and prepared by exposing the superficial dentin. The primary dentin of each molar was demineralized. The first group (the control) received saline treatment before bond application. SDF was pretreated for the second group, whereas SDF and KI were used for the third. After that, the pretreated dentin was immediately built with resin composite bonded with a universal adhesive and kept wet for 24 hours. Then, the pretreated molars were prepared into beam specimens for microtensile bond strength (µTBS), 16 for each group, and subjected to thermal aging. Lastly, they were tested using a universal testing machine, and the resulting data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. It was found that the SDF-KI group had a significant difference with both the control and SDF groups (p < 0.05), while the control and SDF groups showed no significant differences (p =0.310). The SDF-KI group had the highest mean value of 11.73 ± 4.39 megapascal (MPa). In contrast, the control group had the lowest mean value of 9.31 ± 3.41 MPa. Post hoc pairwise comparison results showed that SDF-KI pretreatment had a significantly higher strength value than the control and SDF groups. Pretreatment of demineralized primary dentin with SDF-KI does not negatively affect the immediate loading of resin composite. However, under the limitation of this study, KI application after SDF pretreatment is recommended to enhance the bond's durability of resin composite to demineralized dentin.

Evaluation of the Dentinal Shear Bond Strength and Resin Interface in Primary Molars after Pre-Treatment with Various Dentin Bio-Modifiers: An In Vitro Study.

Dentine adhesives have demonstrated great success with permanent teeth. Though the results in primary teeth are not well documented, some studies have demonstrated lower values of bond strength in primary teeth than those found in permanent teeth. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (6.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), glutaraldehyde (5%) (Loba Chemie PVT. LTD., Mumbai), hesperidin (0.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (tooth mousse) (GC Corporation, Alsip, IL, USA) on the shear bond strength of dentine of primary teeth and to evaluate the resin tags at the resin tooth interface. Seventy-five caries-free human primary molars were collected, and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat. Dentin surfaces were etched using phosphoric acid. Then teeth were randomly assigned in sequential order to five groups according to the dentinal treatment method: Group I (Control group) (no treatment), Group II (5% glutaraldehyde), Group III (6.5% grape seed extract), Group IV (0.5% hesperidin), and Group V (CPP-ACP). Ten teeth from each group were assigned for Shear Bond Strength and five for SEM analysis. ANOVA and a post hoc least significant difference test (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The grape seed extract group showed significantly increased shear bond strength than the control group (p < 0.05), and the mean length of resin tags in different dentine bio modifiers groups was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of dentin bio modifiers such as 5% glutaraldehyde, 6.5% grape seed extract, 0.5% hesperidin, and CPP-ACP in the bonding process for primary teeth did not improve the dentinal bond strength.

A Comparison of Preparation Times between Manual, Rotary, and Reciprocating Files in Primary Molar Pulpectomy

Abstract Aim: To compare preparation times using manual, rotary, and reciprocating files during pulpectomy treatment of primary molars. Settings and Design: This study was an in vitro, randomised, cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was performed on 60 extracted human primary mandibular second molars. Only mesiobuccal canals were prepared using one of three preparation techniques; each preparation technique group comprised 20 canals. Canal preparations were performed by a single, skilled operator using stainless-steel (ss) K-files (ISO size 20–35), a ProTaper Gold SX file, and a WaveOne Gold Medium file following glide path preparation. Preparation times were recorded in second (s) with a digital stopwatch. Statistical Analysis: Preparation times were compared using analysis of variance and the Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance, where appropriate. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean preparation time using the ss K-files was significantly longer (186.4 s) than when using the ProTaper Gold SX (29.6 s) or WaveOne Gold Medium files (30.5 s) (P &lt; 0.001). Similar preparation times were recorded when using the ProTaper Gold SX and WaveOne Gold Medium files (P = 0.939). Conclusion: Preparation times with the ProTaper Gold SX and WaveOne Gold Medium files were significantly faster than when using the ss K-files to prepare primary tooth root canals for pulpectomy. Similar preparation times were noted when using the rotary and reciprocation instrumentation groups (P &gt; 0.05).

Comparison of Marginal Seal and Tensile Bond Strength of an Alkasite, Zircomer, and Bulk Fill Composite to Carious Affected Primary Molars

Assessment of the micro tensile bond strength (μTBS) and microleakage of contemporary restorative materials (Cention N cement (CN), Bulk-fill Resin-based composite (BF-RBC), and Zirconomer Improved) bonded to carious affected dentin (CAD) of primary molars as compared to conventional control Glass ionomer cement (GIC). Eighty human primary molars having scores 4 and 5 of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) were included. Specimens were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 20) Group I = GIC, Group 2: Zirconomer Improved, Group 3: CN, and Group 4: BF-RBC. All the samples were thermocycled followed by marginal leakage, μTBS, and failure mode assessment using a dye penetration test, universal testing machine, and a stereomicroscope. The μTBS and microleakage results were examined using (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests. Samples from Group 1 (GIC) revealed the highest value of marginal leakage (30.55±10.31 nm) and the lowest recorded value of μTBS (12.28±0.32 MPa). In contrast, the specimens from Group 3 (CN) demonstrated the lowest levels of microleakage (14.89±4.33 nm) and highest bond integrity (18.12±0.79 MPa). Cention N cement and Bulk-fill composite have shown to be reliable options as a restorative material in primary dentition due to their superior tensile bond strength and reduced marginal leakage scores when applied to caries-affected dentin.

Comparison of color stability and microleakage of bioactive material and a resin infiltration material on hypomineralization in primary teeth

Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate and compare, in vitro the colour stability and microleakage of a bioactive material and a resin infiltration material on hypomineralization in primary teeth. Methods: Sixty human primary molars and incisors, which has been exfoliated or extracted were immersed in a demineralizing solution. 20 each specimen were treated by a bioactive compound (ACTIVA KIDS Bioactive-RESTORATIVE, PULPDENT, USA) (Group A), resin infiltration (Icon, DMG, Germany) (Group B) and as Control group (group C). Evaluation of colour stability and microleakage was done by using spectrophotometer analysis. The difference in color stability and microleakage of all three groups was determined by statistical analysis with a one-way ANOVA test for the proportion of the groups. p&lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The bioactive compound showed statistically significant colour stability and lesser microleakage than resin infiltration material. Conclusions: Since bioactive compound exhibited better colour stability as well as showed lesser microleakage, it can be recommended for the restoration of the hypomineralized primary teeth. Keywords: Bioactive; Dental; Materials; Tooth Hypomineralization

The Effect of Bonding Strategy and Aging on Adhesion to Primary Enamel: An In-Vitro Study.

Resin composites are commonly used in pediatric dentistry, but there is limited evidence on adhesion to primary teeth, especially primary enamel. In this study, three bonding strategies were assessed - one-step self-etch (1-SE), two-step self-etch (2-SE), and three-step etch-and-rinse (3-ER) - by measuring the immediate and aged microshear bond strength (µSBS) to sound primary enamel. 120 extracted human primary molars with sound buccal surfaces were used for µSBS testing. Six adhesive protocols (two per bonding strategy) were selected and µSBS was measured either after 24 h or 10,000 thermal cycles (n = 10). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine failure modes. Furthermore, 18 primary molars were etched using the different adhesive protocols (n = 3) for the measurement of surface roughness (Sa) using CLSM and morphological analysis using SEM. After 24 h, there was no significant difference in µSBS between 1-SE and 2-SE strategies (p = 0.96), but the 2-SE strategy yielded significantly higher µSBS after thermocycling (p < 0.001). The highest µSBS was obtained using the 3-ER strategy regardless of aging (p < 0.001). The 3-ER strategy clearly exposed enamel prisms and resulted in the highest Sa (p < 0.001). In contrast, if SE strategies were used, enamel prisms were barely recognizable, and Sa was not significantly different from baseline (p > 0.95). The 3-ER strategy is optimal for bonding to primary enamel. The etching effect of SE strategies is weaker, resulting in lower µSBS. Thermocycling revealed that the bonding durability of the 1-SE strategy is inferior to that of to multi-step strategies.

Exploring a Paradigm Shift in Primary Teeth Root Canal Preparation: An Ex Vivo Micro-CT Study.

Traditional hand instrumentation is a commonly used technique to perform pulpectomy in deciduous teeth by most specialists in pedodontics. Lately, dentists have embraced rotary instrumentation as a safe and effective alternative. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of root canal preparation in extracted primary molars between manual and two rotary file systems using micro-CT. Thirty-six extracted human second primary mandibular molars were divided into three groups according to the instrumentation method: (1) Manually instrumented (MI) group (n = 9) in which the teeth were treated using K-files up to size 30; (2) Kedo-Ssystem (KS) group (n = 9); (3) ProTaper Gold system (PTG) group (n = 10) and control group (n-8). Each tooth was scanned before and after the retrograde root canal preparation. Residual dentin volume was calculated using micro-CT scans to evaluate the technique's efficacy. Additionally, the preparation time and procedural errors were recorded for each tooth preparation. A one-way ANOVA test was carried out to compare the groups' dentin volume and preparation time. The mean preparation time using the manual method (13.14 min) was more than two times longer than that of the rotary techniques (4.62 min and 6.45 min). The manual preparation method using a K-file removed almost half the root canal material when compared with the rotor method (p = 0.025). Conclusion: our results suggest that rotary instrumentation is more efficient for root canal preparation in primary teeth than the traditional manual method. This finding may call for a paradigm shift in current clinical practices, where manual instrumentation is still commonly preferred.

Effect of resin photopolymerization on primary teeth pulpal temperature change.

Purpose: The polymerization of restorative materials has the potential to increase pulpal temperature and may result in damage to the health of pulpal tissue. The aim of this study is to investigate the pulpal temperature change of primary teeth with two LED light-curing units (Valo Cordless®, EliparTM DeepCure-S) and three restorative groups (Filtek™ Bulk Fill Flowable, Filtek™ Z250 Universal Restorative and empty cavity) by using a microcirculation model.&#x0D; Material and Methods: Ten sound human maxillary second primary molars were used. Standardized Class V cavity preparations were performed with a dentin thickness of 1 mm and restorative groups were cured with LED light-curing units. The highest temperature point in the pulp chamber was recorded. A repeated measures ANOVA and paired samples t-test were used for analysis of the data (𝑝

Effect of Different Etching Times on Pit-and-Fissure Sealant Micro-Shear Bond Strength to the Enamel of Primary Teeth

Successful clinical use of pit-and-fissure sealants relies on the sufficient etching of the enamel, field isolation and sealant retention. The etching time changes the physical and mechanical surface properties of the etched tooth tissues; therefore, it impacts both etching depth and the bond strength of sealants to the enamel. We examined if reducing the recommended 15 s etching time of primary teeth enamel affects the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of pit-and-fissure sealants. The cusps of forty non-carious, extracted human primary molars were separately etched for 8, 15 or 30 s. Then, a pit-and-fissure sealant was placed and light-cured. The µSBS values were evaluated and compared among the three groups. The mean µSBS values ± standard deviations were 34.68 ± 16.93, 34.19 ± 17.35 and 36.56 ± 16.57 MPa in the cusps etched for 8, 15 and 30 s, respectively. No statistically significant differences in µSBS were observed among the three test groups. In this study, we showed for the first time that the recommended etching time of primary teeth enamel may be reduced from 15 to 8 s without compromising the µSBS of the sealant. Further evaluations in a clinical setting are warranted.

The Effect of Remin Pro and MI Paste Plus on Induced Demineralized Enamel in Primary Molars

Purpose: To evaluate the remineralization potential of (Remin pro) nano hydroxy apatite (in comparison with MI paste plus, (Casein PhosphoPeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Fluoride) on demineralized enamel in human primary teeth. Materials and Methods: 44 primary extracted or exfoliated human primary molars teeth were equally divided into 2 groups (Group A, Group B). (Group A) including 22 primary teeth were treated with professional toothpaste (MI past plus). (Group B) including 22 primary teeth were treated with professional toothpaste (Remin Pro). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) readings and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were carried at premineralization. The samples were subjected to the test agents after inducing white spot lesions. The readings were repeated demineralization and postremineralization. Results: SEM evaluation showed favourable surface changes in all the two study groups after remineralization therapy. EDX readings showed no significant differences between MI Paste Plus and Remin Pro (P<0.005) in remineralization potential after 14 days. Conclusion: Use of MI Paste Plus and Remin Pro have a remineralizing effect on Induced demineralized enamel in primary molars.

Comparative Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength of Conventional GIC and Cention N to Enamel and Dentin of Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the adhesive bond strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and Cention N to the primary enamel and dentin using an accelerated fatigue test. A total of 30 sound human primary molars were collected and were mounted on a metal cylindrical block using acrylic resin, embedding the root up to cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Proximal box was prepared on both mesial and distal surfaces, one of the cavity was restored with GIC (Type 9) and the other proximal cavity with Cention N. A nonretentive cavity design was followed for both the materials so as to maintain the uniformity between the two specimens were then placed under a universal testing machine (Instron) and subjected to accelerated cyclic loads till a separation fracture occurs at the tooth-restoration interface. The number of endured cycles a particular restoration could withstand before getting fractured was registered. Cention N resisted significantly more number of endured cycles before separation from the cavity as compared to GIC (p < 0.001). Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that newly developed material Cention N is preferred alternative over conventional GIC for the restoration of proximal cavities in primary molars. Dhull KS, Dutta B, Pattnaik S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Adhesive Bond Strength of Conventional GIC and Cention N to Enamel and Dentin of Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):412-416.

Evaluation of Remineralizing Effects of CPP-ACP and Nanohydroxyapatite on Erosive Lesions of Enamel in Deciduous Teeth After Exposure to Acetaminophen Syrup: An in vitro Study

Background: Oral pediatric liquid medications are commonly used in children who suffer from chronic diseases. Due to acid components in their formulations, these medications may possess a high erosive potential to dental tissues. Erosion is one of the major causes of degradation and demineralization of the enamel. If demineralization causes are not inhibited, it progresses and completely degrades the enamel. So, the dentin is exposed, and, finally, the pulp will be engaged in the process. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the remineralizing properties of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and nanohydroxyapatite on erosive lesions caused by acetaminophen syrup intake in vitro. Methods: The microhardness of 34 healthy human primary molars was determined prior to and following a seven-day, three-times-a-day, one-minute exposure to acetaminophen syrup. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups and were immersed in artificial saliva, fluoride gel, nano-hydroxyapatite, and CPP-ACP for 10 minutes. Then, their final microhardness was measured, and repeated-measures ANOVA analyzed the data. Results: Enamel microhardness in two groups decreased after exposure to acetaminophen syrup and increased after applying remineralization agents, CPP-ACP, and nano-hydroxyapatite. The two groups did not show significant differences in terms of microhardness increase (p-value=0.141). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, CPP-ACP and nano-hydroxyapatite can improve the microhardness of enamel, which has been reduced as a result of exposure to medicinal syrups.

What Is the Impact of Light Curing Modes of High-Powered LED on Temperature Rise in Primary Teeth Dentin

Background: Temperature rise under primary teeth dentin is a severe stress that can cause irreversible damage to the pulp. The objective of this study was to compare the temperature rise under primary teeth dentin induced by a light emitting diode (LED) with different light curing modes. Methods: Sixty dentin discs of 0.5- 1- 1.5- and 2-mm thicknesses were prepared from human primary molars. The resin composite placed in a Teflon cavity was cured using a high-powered LED (Foshan JERRY Medical Apparatus CO., LTD, Foshan, China) for 20 s. The different modes tested in this study were standard mode, ramp mode, and pulse mode (n=5). Temperature was recorded using a k-type thermocouple in direct contact with the dentin disc. Temperature change data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Results: The highest temperature rise was observed under a 0.5 mm thick dentin disc with standard mode (4.7 ± 0.42), whereas the lowest values were recorded with pulse mode under 2 mm thick dentin (2.5 ± 0.23). Pulse mode produced a significantly lower temperature rise than standard mode for all dentin thicknesses (P&lt;0.05). Ramp mode gave significantly lower values than standard mode in the 0.5 mm group (P&lt;0.05). For the standard and ramp modes, the 0.5 mm thick group exhibited a higher temperature rise than the 2 mm thick group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Temperature rise related to dentin thickness and curing modes. The standard mode led to a significantly higher temperature rise under thinner dentin than the other modes. Pulse mode gave the lowest values. Thus, it is recommended for use in deep cavities. Clinical Significance: The temperature rise during polymerization of the resin composite with the high-powered LED appeared to be below 5.5 ℃. Hence, it appears to be safe for use in pediatric dentistry.