Human Perception Research Articles

Freedom as a Matter of Perspective and Perception in Martin Luther's De servo arbitrio☆

AbstractMartin Luther's notion of freedom, as presented in De servo arbitrio, is often interpreted as a denial of free choice in matters of God (salvation) and as an affirmation of free choice in earthly life. This article questions this twofold distinction and argues that in De servo arbitrio Luther's notion of freedom is set into epistemic discourse in which he distinguishes between different perspectives or perceptions and reality. The article demonstrates that for Luther, freedom denotes human perception, misperception, and deception. This indicates that beneath the free choice debate lies a fundamental question of human ability to understand reality.

The Role of Sound in Shaping Architectural Spaces: A Multisensory Approach

The integration of sound within the built environment represents a pivotal yet often overlooked aspect of architectural design. This study explores the multifaceted dimensions of sound incorporation, emphasizing its potential to profoundly impact spatial experience and individual well-being. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the study elucidates the diverse roles sound plays in shaping human perception, social interactions, and environmental quality. Sound, as a fundamental element of sensory experience, significantly influences our perception of space and place. Whether through the subtle ambiance of natural sounds or the deliberate orchestration of architectural acoustics, sound has the power to evoke emotions, establish atmosphere, and define spatial boundaries. Incorporating sound consciously into architectural processes presents opportunities to enhance the quality of life for inhabitants. By prioritizing acoustic comfort and fostering sonic diversity, designers can create environments that promote relaxation, productivity, and social cohesion. Furthermore, leveraging technology and design strategies enables the optimization of soundscapes to mitigate negative sounds and improve overall environmental sustainability.

The Experiences and Perceptions of Telehealth in Patients Living With Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis.

To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise qualitative research evidence which examined the impact of telehealth on the experiences and perceptions of patients living with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to inform the development of patient-centred telehealth. Qualitative evidence synthesis. CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, PUBMED, MEDLINE, EThOS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Lenus, DART, RIAN and ProQuest were searched for primary qualitative studies undertaken between 2008 and 2023. A thematic synthesis of studies was undertaken to identify descriptive themes relating to patient views. Methodological quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme framework, and confidence in review findings was assessed using the GRADE-CERQual approach. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. Four analytical themes were generated (1) telehealth as a facilitator of independence, (2) the influence of patient and healthcare provider relationship on successful engagement with telehealth, (3) usability of telehealth to patients living with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and (4) trusting virtual health services and facilitating confidence in the patient/service user. Five descriptive themes emerged: (i) individualised telehealth chronic obstructive pulmonary disease care (ownership and control), (ii) managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, (iii) being heard and feeling understood, (iv) telehealth as an education aid and (v) aging and virtual technology. Understanding the experiences of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their engagement with telehealth is a necessary determinant of how best to utilise telehealth in this population and may serve to inform policymakers to further develop and implement telehealth into practice. Future research on patients and healthcare professionals' views on telehealth use in the palliative stage of this illness may also be valuable. Findings add value by providing healthcare providers with additional evidence to improve understanding of both telehealth complexity and human experiences and perceptions. It is anticipated that a deeper understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' experiences and perceptions will inform the development of strategies to maximise and enhance the application of patient-centred telehealth within the context of coping and living with a debilitating condition. No patient or public contribution was utilised in this study.

POI VizNet: New QGIS Tool to construct Visibility Networks in Cities

Abstract. Network science and graph theory offer attractive models to describe urban phenomena and examine cases of urban planning and design. However, none of the existing network analysis tools consider simultaneously human visual perception and locations of urban activities. In this paper we introduce POI VizNet, a new QGIS plug-in that constructs various 2-dimentianal undirected graphs of unobstructed lines of sight. The plug-in integrates an increasing amount of available GIS-based data of Point Of Interest (POI) and visibility into one readily accessible analytical framework. Graphs are created between two types of decision points during urban travel – street intersections and POIs, origins, and destinations of travel, by connecting these potential observer’s decision locations in an open space between buildings. In addition, POI VizNet provides advanced options to build graphs using a predefined viewing distance and perceptual perspective. Visibility graphs are constructed and visualised as new layers in QGIS and delivered as network files suitable for further exploration, analysis, and visualisation in various network software packages.

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome in Children With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Series of Two Patients in an Italian Hospital

BackgroundAlice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a disorienting neurological condition that affects human perception to the senses of vision, hearing, touch, and sensation and the phenomenon of time. Herein we report two pediatric cases of AIWS temporally related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Case presentationAn eight-year-old-girl without history of migraine or epilepsy experienced some episodes of visual distortions (micropsia, macropsia, and teleopsia) and misperception of sound, sometimes associated with headache. The onset of symptoms began at the occurrence of fever (38°C), during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Another six-year-old girl, with no history of migraine or epilepsy, experienced short-term episodes of visual (metamorphopsia) and color disturbance (chromatopsia), during an otherwise asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. In both cases, clinical examination was unremarkable; surface electroencephalography showed normal findings, without any correlation between visual phenomena and cortical activity; and brain magnetic resonance was normal. The patients were given symptomatic treatment, consisting of anti-inflammatory drugs on demand. The frequency of episodes decreased progressively following a negative SARS-CoV-2 test, with full remission in a few weeks. At the moment of hospital admission, none of the patients had completed the two-dose vaccination schedule for SARS-CoV-2. ConclusionBased on our clinical experience, we believe SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for AIWS, in addition to other neurological symptoms more frequently documented in the literature. Pathogenesis is multifactorial and arises from the activation of inflammatory pathways. We therefore suggest also searching for SARS-CoV-2, among other viruses linked with AIWS, in children presenting with visual and/or auditory hallucinations, even as isolated symptoms.

Impact of SCN10A Polymorphism on Abdominal Pain Perception and Visceral Hypoalgesia in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

Hypoalgesic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may provide critical insights into human abdominal pain. This condition was previously associated with homozygosity for a polymorphism (rs6795970,A1073V;1073val/val) related to Nav1.8, a voltage-gated sodium channel preferentially expressed on nociceptors. It was unclear whether this relationship existed for both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This study evaluated a larger, carefully phenotyped IBD cohort to investigate this question. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of rs6795970 were compared among study cohorts characterized by concomitant assessment of intestinal inflammatory status and abdominal pain experience. Visceral sensory perception was performed in healthy individuals using rectal balloon distension(RBD). We analyzed 416 IBD patients (261CD:155UC) and 142 healthy controls. In the IBD cohort, 84 individuals (43CD:41UC) were determined to have hypoalgesic disease. The allelic frequency of rs6795970 was significantly higher in hypoalgesic IBD patients when compared to other IBD patients and healthy controls. Hypoalgesic IBD patients were also more likely to be homozygous for this polymorphism when compared to other IBD patients and healthy controls. Hypoalgesic CD (30%vs.12%,p=0.004) and hypoalgesic UC (32%vs.15%,p=0.036) were each significantly more likely to be associated with homozygosity for the rs6795970 polymorphism. In a cohort of healthy individuals(n=50), rs6795970 homozygotes(n=11) also demonstrated reduced abdominal discomfort to RBD. These findings indicate that Nav1.8 plays a key role in human visceral pain perception, and could serve as a novel diagnostic target in the management of hypoalgesic CD and UC, and potential therapeutic target for conditions associated with chronic abdominal pain.

Hand’s Vibration Perception Thresholds—A Systematic Review

The term vibration perception threshold (VPT) refers to the minimum amplitude required for a vibration to be consciously perceived. Knowledge of VPTs can be used to aid in the diagnosis of various pathologies, or to support design decisions during human-machine interface development. However, several factors affect VPT measurements (e.g., contactor size and pressure), thus, comparing VPT results from multiple studies should not be done without considering both the similarities and differences between said studies. This paper presents a systematic review on VPT results obtained across multiple studies, taking into consideration the different factors affecting the values reported in the literature. We intended to answer the following question: “What are the Vibration Perception Thresholds assessed on the glabrous skin of the hands and fingers of healthy humans?” To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at conducting a systematic review focused specifically on numerical VPT results. Starting from 936 records, VPT results from 37 studies were organized according to various factors (gender, age, probe size, contact pressure, psychophysical method, room temperature, skin temperature, and hand location). This data was organized into a table, the Organization Table that is available for readers. This review can help future researchers and developers working on or working with the topic of human perception of vibrations by examining the factors that affect VPTs and discussing strategies to address them. We offer recommendations for future research and insights on how design engineers can utilize VPTs in the development of new haptic devices.

Research into the Influence Mechanisms of Visual-Comfort and Landscape Indicators of Urban Green Spaces

Urban green spaces play a crucial role in providing social services and enhancing residents’ mental health. It is essential for sustainable urban planning to explore the relationship between urban green spaces and human perceptions, particularly their visual comfort. However, most current research has analyzed green spaces using two-dimensional indicators (remote sensing), which often overlook human visual perceptions. This study combined two-dimensional and three-dimensional methods to evaluate urban green spaces. Additionally, the study employed machine learning to quantify residents’ visual comfort in green-space environments and explored the relationship between green spaces and human visual perceptions. The results indicated that Kitakyushu exhibited a moderate FCV and an extremely low Green View Index (GVI). Yahatanishi-ku was characterized as having the highest visual comfort. Tobata-ku demonstrated the lowest visual comfort. Natural, GVI, openness, enclosure, vegetation diversity, landscape diversity, and NDBI were positively correlated with visual comfort. FCV and ENVI were negatively correlated with visual comfort. Vegetation diversity had the most impact on improving visual comfort. By integrating remote sensing and street-view data, this study introduces a methodology to ensure a more holistic assessment of green spaces. Urban planners could use it to better identify areas with insufficient green space or areas that require improvement in terms of green-space quality. Meanwhile, it could be helpful in providing valuable input for formulating more effective green-space policies and improving overall urban environmental quality. The study provides a scientific foundation for urban planners to improve the planning and construction of healthy and sustainable cities.

Examining Environmental Influences on Pain Perception Using Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) and biophilic design are two emerging areas of research in interior design and medical settings. VR is a rapidly developing technology which has revolutionized the field of interior design. This technology allows designers to create immersive environments that simulate the scale and depth of spaces in reality. Biophilic design focuses on incorporating natural elements into interior spaces to promote a human centered approach to design. Studies have found an association between the use of biophilic design and improvement in patient outcomes within the medical setting. However, little research has been conducted on how changes in the virtual environment may impact pain perception. This study aims to explore the impact of VR and biophilic design on human pain perception. Pain perception was measured via pain-pressure threshold (PPT) using a pressure algometer in kilogram-force (kgf) and Numeric Pain Rating Scales (NPRS). The study involved a series of measurements comparing participants' pain perceptions through PPTs and NPRS scores. Measurements were taken on five separate occasions. The first set of measurements were recorded outside of VR to establish baselines, and the remaining four measurements were taken within VR. Participants viewed a series of VR rooms modeled after a hospital setting with each room exhibiting increasing levels of environmental stimulation. This study examined the relationship between environmental stimuli and pain perception. The level of environmental stimuli that each participant was exposed to was increased by presenting a higher degree of biophilic elements. Biophilic elements incorporate plants, colors, natural materials, and the manipulation of architectural surfaces to provide a naturally calming effect to spaces. Results from this study support the idea that increasing the level of environmental stimuli in a virtual environment decreases the pain perception of those viewing the environment.

Exploring the coherence and divergence between the objective and subjective measurement of streetscape perceptions at the neighborhood level: A case study in Shanghai

Understanding micro-level perceptions of street scenes is highly concerned with residents’ behaviors and socioeconomic outcomes. While many studies rely on objective measures, such as physical features extracted from Street View Imagery (SVI) to proxy perceptions using derived formulas, others employ subjective measures from visual surveys to capture more subtle human perceptions. We argue that the two measurements can diverge significantly over the same perception concept, which might lead to opposite spatial implications in policy if not properly understood. Moreover, as perceptions are often examined individually, few studies have investigated their joint distribution patterns to reflect perceptions’ multi-dimensional nature. To fill the gaps, we collected five pairwise perceptions from SVIs (i.e., complexity, enclosure, greenness, imageability, and walkability) at the neighborhood level in Shanghai. Each perception consists of pairwise values subjectively measured using a GeoAI-based approach and objectively quantified using formulas. We statistically and spatially compared the coherence and divergence of the two measures, further examining the perceptual differences. Advanced techniques including cluster analysis and factor analysis were employed to jointly evaluate their spatial distribution discrepancy. Our results revealed more differences than similarities between the two measures statistically and spatially, confirming any spatial implications concluded from one approach can vary significantly from the other. The joint spatial pattern further corroborated our conclusions. Our study enriches the literature on micro-level street perception measures, uncovers their critical differences to guide future comparative studies, and offers new approaches for urban perception mapping.

A Survey of Multimodal Perception Methods for Human–Robot Interaction in Social Environments

Human–robot interaction (HRI) in human social environments (HSEs) poses unique challenges for robot perception systems, which must combine asynchronous, heterogeneous data streams in real time. Multimodal perception systems are well-suited for HRI in HSEs and can provide more rich, robust interaction for robots operating among humans. In this article, we provide an overview of multimodal perception systems being used in HSEs, which is intended to be an introduction to the topic and summary of relevant trends, techniques, resources, challenges, and terminology. We surveyed 15 peer-reviewed robotics and HRI publications over the past 10+ years, providing details about the data acquisition, processing, and fusion techniques used in 65 multimodal perception systems across various HRI domains. Our survey provides information about hardware, software, datasets, and methods currently available for HRI perception research, as well as how these perception systems are being applied in HSEs. Based on the survey, we summarize trends, challenges, and limitations of multimodal human perception systems for robots, then identify resources for researchers and developers and propose future research areas to advance the field.

Local contour features contribute to figure-ground segregation in monkey V4 neural populations and human perception

Figure-ground (FG) segregation is a crucial step towards the recognition of objects in natural scenes. Gestalt psychologists have emphasized the importance of contour features in perception of FG. Recent electrophysiological studies have identified a neural population in V4 that shows FG-dependent modulation (FG neurons). However, whether the contour features contribute to the modulation of the response patterns of the neural population remains unclear. In the present study, we quantified the contour features associated with Gestalt factors in local natural stimuli and examined whether salient contour-features evoked reliable perceptual and neural responses by analyzing response consistency (stability) across trials. The results showed the tendency that the more salient contour-features evoked the greater consistencies in the perceptual FG judgments and population-based neural responses in FG determination; a greater partial correlation for curvature and weaker correlations for closure and parallelism. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that the perceptual consistency depended similarly on curvature and closure, and the neural consistency depended significantly on curvature but weakly on closure. We further observed a strong correlation between the consistencies in the perceptual and neural responses, i.e., stimuli that evoked more stable percepts tended to evoke more stable neural responses. These results indicate that local contour-features modulate the responses of the neural population in V4 and contribute to the perception of FG organization.

Анализ рынка нейромаркетинговых технологий и оценка их роли в повышении эффективности восприятия контента

The results of a study of the dynamics of the global market of neuromarketing technologies, in particular the market of eye movement tracking technology (eyetracking), are presented. The conclusion is made about the existing positive dynamics: in recent years, the market has been showing annual growth and, according to experts, by 2032 it may reach a value of $ 3.2 billion.; as well as the high demand for neuromarketing technologies in various fields such as healthcare, retail, the gaming industry, automotive, advertising, etc., due to the growing needs of businesses in monitoring consumer behavior, uncovering subconscious motives and emotional triggers in order to adapt company strategies to the needs of the target audience. The analysis of the market structure by region is carried out: the largest market share belongs to North America, the Asia-Pacific region and Europe. The dominant regions in the eyetracking market are North America and Europe. Neuromarketing tools are applicable for conducting research and experiments in various fields and allow you to measure responses to product advertising, packaging, price, ease of use, assessment of emotional state, as well as human perception of content posted on a website, advertising surface or presentation slides. Experiments with the use of trackers make it possible to understand how a person perceives information, what he reads first of all, what he looks at. The results of existing experiments with the use of eye trackers allow you to make decisions about content and its rational placement on the surface (slides, website, advertising banners, etc.), maximizing meaningful interaction. Further research and experiments are needed to optimize marketing efforts and increase the effectiveness of interaction with consumers.

An Introduction to the Modular Forensic Handwriting Method

ABSTRACTThe forensic examination of handwriting utilizes complex human perceptual and cognitive processes that can be difficult to accurately and validly describe since, for the most part, these processes are unseen. The series of articles published in this WIREs special issue present the agreed general approach that government practitioners in Australia use in the majority of the handwriting comparisons that they carry out. The systematic modular approach is informed by research and developments in the fields of motor control of handwriting, human factors, validation of handwriting examination, and evidence evaluation and reporting. The method is based around a process outline which structures the comparison process and provides the reader with a guide to the tasks to undertake and issues to consider at the different stages commonly worked through in practical handwriting examinations. Where decision or assessment points occur within the course of the method, a series of modules have been developed which describe the nature of the matter under consideration and address relevant theoretical and practical issues. Each module (published as an article in this special issue) is, as far as is practical, independent of other modules in the method. This will facilitate changes in the process over time that may result from theoretical, practical or technological advances in the field. The document as a whole can be used by practitioners actively involved in casework, or individuals such as researchers, academics, and legal professionals with an interest in understanding or exploring aspects of the practice of forensic handwriting examination.

Human olfactory perception embeds fine temporal resolution within a single sniff.

A sniff in humans typically lasts one to three seconds and is commonly considered to produce a long-exposure shot of the chemical environment that sets the temporal limit of olfactory perception. To break this limit, we devised a sniff-triggered apparatus that controls odorant deliveries within a sniff with a precision of 18 milliseconds. Using this apparatus, we show through rigorous psychophysical testing of 229 participants (649 sessions) that two odorants presented in one order and its reverse become perceptually discriminable when the stimulus onset asynchrony is merely 60 milliseconds (Cohen's d = 0.48; 95% confidence interval, (55, 59); 120-millisecond difference). Discrimination performance improves with the length of stimulus onset asynchrony and is independent of explicit knowledge of the temporal order of odorants or the relative amount of odorant molecules accumulated in a sniff. Our findings demonstrate that human olfactory perception is sensitive to chemical dynamics within a single sniff and provide behavioural evidence for a temporal code of odour identity.

Multimodal, Ultrasensitive, and Biomimetic Electronic Skin Based on Gradient Micro‐Frustum Ionogel for Imaginary Keyboard and Haptic Cognition

AbstractElectronic skins (E‐skins) are poised to revolutionize human interaction not only with one another but also with machines, electronics, and surrounding environment. However, the wearable E‐skin that simultaneously offers multiple sensing capabilities, high sensitivity, and broad sensing ranges remains a great challenge. Here, drawing inspiration from human haptic perception, a multimodal, ultrasensitive, and biomimetic E‐skin (MES) founded on micro‐frustum ionogel is developed based on iontronic capacitive and triboelectric effects for imaginary keyboard and multifunctional haptic cognition. Leveraging simultaneously the ionogel as capacitive layer and triboelectric layer, the MES enables human‐dermis perception performances of high sensitivity (357.56 kPa−1), low limit of detection (0.47 Pa), and broad linear detection range (0–500 kPa). Moreover, human finger joint movements can be precisely monitored by the attached MES and be transferred into accurate typed letter information on an imaginary keyboard. More importantly, by harnessing signal acquisition/processing circuits and machine learning, the real‐time haptic cognition of different materials, surface roughness, and contact pressure can be achieved by the MES, which endows the advancement of interaction between next‐generation intelligent robot and physical environment. Consequently, the proposed MES demonstrates impressive potentials in the fields of wearable electronics, human–machine interaction (HMI), and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Multi-Sensory Interaction and Spatial Perception in Urban Microgreen Spaces: A Focus on Vision, Auditory, and Olfaction

As important recreational spaces for urban residents, urban microgreen parks enhance the urban living environment and alleviate psychological pressure on residents. The visual, auditory, and olfactory senses are crucial forms of perception in human interaction with nature, and the sustainable perceptual design of miniature green parks under their interaction has become a recent research hotspot. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the visual, acoustic, and olfactory environments (e.g., aromatic green vegetation) on human perception in miniature green parks. Participants were evenly divided into eight groups, including single-sensory groups, multi-sensory interaction groups, and a control group. Eye-tracking technology, blood pressure monitoring, and the Semantic Differential (SD) scales and Profile of Mood State (POMS) were used to assess the effectiveness of physical and mental perception recovery in each group. The results revealed that in an urban microgreen space environment with relatively low ambient noise, visual–auditory, visual–olfactory, and visual–auditory–olfactory interactive stimuli were more effective in promoting the recovery of visual attention than single visual stimuli. Additionally, visual–auditory–olfactory interactive stimuli were able to optimize the quality of spatial perception by using positive sensory inputs to effectively mask negative experiences. Simultaneously, environments with a high proportion of natural sounds had the strongest stimuli, and in the visual–auditory group, systolic blood pressure at S7 and heart rate at S9 significantly decreased (p < 0.05), with reductions of 18.60 mmHg and 20.15 BPM, respectively. Aromatic olfactory sources were more effective in promoting physical and mental relaxation compared to other olfactory sources, with systolic blood pressure reductions of 24.40 mmHg (p < 0.01) for marigolds, 23.35 mmHg (p < 0.01) for small-leaved boxwood, and 27.25 mmHg (p < 0.05) for camphor trees. Specific auditory and olfactory conditions could guide visual focus, such as birdsong directing attention to trees, insect sounds drawing attention to herbaceous plants, floral scents attracting focus to flowers, and leaf scents prompting observation of a wider range of natural vegetation. In summary, significant differences exist between single-sensory experiences and multi-sensory modes of spatial perception and interaction in urban microgreen parks. Compared to a silent and odorless environment, the integration of acoustic and olfactory elements broadened the scope of visual attention, and In the visual–auditory–olfactory interactive perception, the combination of natural sounds and aromatic camphor tree scents had the best effect on attention recovery, thereby improving the quality of spatial perception in urban microgreen parks.

Customers' sentiment on food delivery services: An Arabic text mining approach

The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift in organizations' strategies toward innovative online services. Customer reviews on platforms for online ordering and delivery are a vital source of information about how well a business is performing. Businesses that provide food delivery services (FDS) seek to leverage consumer input to locate areas where customer satisfaction could be raised. Sentiment analysis (SA) has been the subject of an enormous amount of English-language research. Despite Arabic's increasing popularity as a writing language on the Internet, not much study has been conducted on sentiment analysis of Arabic up to this point, with a limited number of publicly available resources for Arabic SA such as datasets and lexicons. The present study collects FDS-related reviews in Arabic to conduct extensive emotion mining, taking advantage of Natural Language Processing, feature selection, and Machine Learning techniques to elicit personal judgments, identify polarity, and recognize customers’ feelings in the FDS domain. To demonstrate that the proposed approach is suitable for analyzing human perceptions of FDS, we designed and carried out excessive experiments that assess the utility of each phase. Our highest categorization accuracy was 90 % using Mutual Information with the SVM classifier. The study's findings provide various managerial insights for improving their plans and service delivery, as well as revealing the main reasons for consumer complaints. It also demonstrates how future academics might harness the power of online business reviews in Arabic using a variety of text-mining approaches.

Human leading or following preferences: Effects on human perception of the robot and the human–robot collaboration

Achieving effective and seamless human–robot collaboration requires two key outcomes: enhanced team performance and fostering a positive human perception of both the robot and the collaboration. This paper investigates the capability of the proposed task planning framework to realize these objectives by integrating human leading/following preferences and performance into its task allocation and scheduling processes. We designed a collaborative scenario wherein the robot autonomously collaborates with participants. The outcomes of the user study indicate that the proactive task planning framework successfully attains the aforementioned goals. We also explore the impact of participants’ leadership and followership styles on their collaboration. The results reveal intriguing relationships between these factors which warrant further investigation in future studies.

Pathology Report Interpretation and Disease Diagnosis Using Fuzzy Logic Embedded in an Artificial Intelligence Framework: A New Paradigm for Digital Technologies.

Introduction Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment in healthcare settings. Digital technologies have revolutionized medical diagnostics, particularly in pathology laboratory report analyses, by enhancing speed, quality, and precision. Diagnostic pathology has advanced significantly with digital imaging, AI algorithms, and computer-assisted techniques. Traditional machine learning methods require extensive training data, struggle with decision-making flexibility, and lack interpretability when handling new data. Methods This paper introduces a novel approach to address these challenges: a fuzzy logic-based system for interpreting pathology laboratory reports and diagnosing diseases, while considering the restrictions of engineered interpretations so that the degree of reliability of the output of the system is at par with human perception. Results The analysis highlights the impressive accuracy of the fuzzy logic-based diagnosis system, which is closely aligned with professional diagnoses. Notably, it correctly identified "normal" with an 83% probability, showcasing its potential for early disease detection. Performance evaluations indicated that the precision, recall, and F-measure significantly improved as the number of probable diagnoses considered increased. Furthermore, the system exhibited enhanced predictive accuracy for disease recurrence when incorporating multiple probable diagnoses, underscoring its robust clinical effectiveness. Conclusion A fuzzy logic-based system within an AI framework for interpreting pathology laboratory reports and diagnosing 17 diseases across various demographics is presented. The performance of the algorithm, assessed using specialized classification metrics, showed stable and satisfactory results. The analysis revealed a direct correlation between the number of probable diagnoses considered and improved diagnostic accuracy with enhancements in precision, recall, and F-measure. Broadening the diagnostic scope optimizes immediate patient care and long-term treatment planning, potentially enhancing patient outcomes and healthcare quality.