Human Papillomavirus Transmission Research Articles

Assessing the interrelationship between stigma, social influence, and cervical cancer prevention in an urban underserved setting: An exploratory study.

In the US, incidence and mortality from cervical cancer disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities and low-income women. Despite affordable access to primary and secondary prevention measures at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening rates are low, suggesting the presence of non-financial barriers to uptake in this population. This explanatory sequential mixed-methods study sought to explore factors that influence the acceptability of cervical cancer prevention services among parents and legal guardians of vaccine-eligible girls attending an urban FQHC and to assess social influences related to cervical cancer prevention. Participants included eight mothers, one father, and two grandparents/legal guardians. Nine participants self-identified as Black/Afro-Caribbean, or African American, two as Latinx, and one as Native American. The quantitative data suggested discordance between participants' cervical cancer prevention knowledge and their practices. Most indicated that their daughters had received the HPV vaccine but were unsure about HPV transmission modes. Qualitative data revealed that participants were comfortable disclosing information on HPV infection and vaccination status, and most women were likely to share information related to cervical cancer testing and diagnosis. Few comments indicated personal stigma on the part of participants, but there was frequent expression of perceived public stigma (shaming and blaming women), gender differences (men are indifferent to risk), and distrust of the healthcare system. Findings highlight several concepts including the disharmony between knowledge and practice, prevalent perceived public stigma, cumbersome attitudes on the part of men regarding HPV and cervical cancer, and distrust of the healthcare system.

Collective Biologies: Healing Social Ills through Sexual Health Research in Mexico by Emily A. Wentzell

Reviewed by: Collective Biologies: Healing Social Ills through Sexual Health Research in Mexico by Emily A. Wentzell William Sorensen Collective Biologies: Healing Social Ills through Sexual Health Research in Mexico. By Emily A. Wentzell. Durham: Duke University Press, 2021, p. 221, $25.95. In chapter one of Collective Biologies, there was a dramatic situation which riveted the reader's attention: a Mexican man was carjacked and kidnapped by narcotraficantes. He escaped; he was later interviewed by Wentzell. This was a compelling opening to more cerebral and repetitious writing throughout the rest of the book. Yet perhaps we need this repetition, for the subject matter is complex. Wentzell is an American anthropologist who recruited men already enrolled in a biomedical human papillomavirus (HPV) cohort study. The original study began in 2005 in Cuernavaca, whereby 3,000 men were tested for HPV every 6 months. While the testing component was in process, Wentzell stepped in to interview 84 participants, including the spouses of some of the men. Most of the couples were interviewed together. Her goal was to describe how being connected to a medical study would aid the biological and social wellbeing of others with whom they were related. On a broader level, Wentzell questioned the U.S. medical paradigm, which values individualism. There is good justification for doing these interviews: HPV is very prevalent (globally), can be deadly (certain strains develop into cancer), and men tend not to talk about their behavior or medical history. What they had to reveal is the subject for this book: Middle-class voices in a richly varied society, a society that includes poor Indigenes and wealthy elites, from narco-gangs to corrupt government agencies. But these participants are in the middle and perceive themselves as the vanguard of a future Mexico. Her conclusion is that these participants think of themselves as entities beyond mere individuals, as larger composites, yet biological in nature. These composites have different layers. The first level highlights "companionate" marriage or relationships (mutual, intimate, communicative, and respectful). Then comes the family unit. Then the citizen in a larger social unit, embracing mestizaje, which navigates away from European or indigenous identities. These subjects unfold as chapters 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Not only do these participants think and act this way, in larger composites; they also aid the biological and social wellbeing of others across the various levels. Wentzell's skill in describing these biological abstractions is impressive. She has the capacity to weave complex subjects together: class differences, Mexican gender norms, national stereotypes, history, the economy, [End Page 461] racial stereotypes, sexual disease transmission, familial and educational concerns, perceptions of governmental function, and more. She may improve her book by looking deeper into an examination of study bias. She is convincing up to a point, then seems to miss describing a possible Hawthorne effect from her study. Also, there is not sufficient acknowledgement of volunteer bias. Wentzell never comes full circle at the end the book by looking back at her preface. In the preface she brings up Covid-19 and mask-wearing behavior in Iowa; there would be interesting parallels with HPV and Covid-19 if discussed. To her credit, she nails down the complexity of HPV infection and that misunderstandings about HPV spread will inevitably arise–there is a large latency time to deal with, or unclear pathways of transmission. Still, 75% of the couples blamed men as the major transmitters of HPV. There is much harm in this outcome. Consequently, Wentzell develops a model of collective biologies based largely on people's misunderstanding. She acknowledges these points, sure, but more effort should be made to emphasize limitations of scientific knowledge of HPV transmission, and that model-making cannot possibly be finished (we see this same problem with Covid-19). Lastly, there are other theories that may explain why men, or women for that matter, psychologically change over time, and in the direction of "more companionate" humanity. For example, the theories of Erikson or Levinson's adult stage development in men can explain Wentzell's male participant behaviors (that is, men become more expansive as they age, they think of others more, they empathize more, and they develop a...

Knowledge and Perceptions of Greek Students about Human Papilloma Virus, Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer; the level of HPV-related knowledge among young students remains however questionable. The purpose of the present study was to investigate knowledge pertaining to HPV, cervical cancer screening, and vaccination among students in the Nursing Department and Department of Social Work of the Hellenic Mediterranean University of Crete, Greece. This was a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study involving 371 first-year and third-year students of the two Departments. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis was performed to examine factors associated with knowledge related to HPV, cervical cancer screening, and HPV vaccination. Only 22.1% of students knew all the ways of HPV transmission and only 5.9% knew the whole spectrum of cancers that HPV could cause. The vaccination rate for HPV was 33.7%. The majority of students used the Internet as the main source of information (62.3%). Students' sociodemographic characteristics, including age, marital status, and Department of studies were associated with knowledge about HPV. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and indicates the need for thorough health education strategies on HPV, targeting families and young people.

Practices Regarding Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer in A Sample of Paramedical Staff in Al- Najaf Governorate, Iraq

The papillomaviridae viral family includes HPV. When it comes to female sexually transmitted diseases, the genital tract is the primary site of infection for genital type HPVs, which are further divided into high- and low-risk subgroups depending on the likelihood that they will cause cancer of the genital tract. High-risk HPV strains 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer. Sexual contact or skin-to-skin contact is the primary mode of transmission of HPV. To assess the degree of Practice among a sample of paramedical workers concerning the Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer. Five hospitals and 25 primary health care centers in the Al-Najaf governorate were studied in this cross-sectional observational descriptive cross-sectional research. Starting on December 19th, 2021 and concluding on April 18th, 2022, data was gathered for four months. According to the results of the present research, which included (five hundred) Paramedical employees aged 20-59 years, the age group with the largest proportion (66.4%) was that of 20-29 years. Whereas, in terms of gender, the largest proportion of women (64.6 percent). Almost all paramedics work in urban areas. In addition, almost half of the participants came from medical institutions, accounting for 51.6 percent of the total, while just 2.4 percent were graduates of secondary schools. Only 2.4% of the paramedical staff had any kind of education or training on HPV or cervical cancer. Excellent practice evaluations for the Human Papillomavirus and cervical cancer were much higher among paramedical providers (79 percent). Most of the paramedics who were evaluated for their practices addressing cervical cancer and the human papillomavirus (HPV) received good grades. Health authorities, social groupings, and non-governmental organizations should work together to communicate information about the human papillomavirus and cervical cancer to the general population. In order to educate and sensitize medical professionals about HPV screening technologies and the most current screening and treatment guidelines, conduct educational initiatives.

Evidence-based impact projections of single-dose human papillomavirus vaccination in India: a modelling study.

Despite the high burden of cervical cancer, access to preventive measures remains low in India. A single-dose immunisation schedule could facilitate the scale-up of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, contributing to global elimination of cervical cancer. We projected the effect of single-dose quadrivalent HPV vaccination in India in comparison with no vaccination or to a two-dose schedule. In this modelling study, we adapted an HPV transmission model (EpiMetHeos) to Indian data on sexual behaviour (from the Demographic and Health Survey and the Indian National AIDS Control Organisation), HPV prevalence data (from two local surveys, from the states of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal), and cervical cancer incidence data (from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents for the period 2008-12 [volume XI], and the Indian National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research for the period 2012-16). Using the model, we projected the nationwide and state-specific effect of HPV vaccination on HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence, and lifetime risk of cervical cancer, for 100 years after the introduction of vaccination or in the first 50 vaccinated birth cohorts. Projections were derived under a two-dose vaccination scenario assuming life-long protection and under a single-dose vaccination scenario with protection duration assumptions derived from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) India vaccine trial data, in combination with different vaccination coverages and catch-up vaccination age ranges. We used two thresholds to define cervical cancer elimination: an age-standardised incidence rate of less than 4 cases per 100 000 woman-years, and standardised lifetime risk of less than 250 cases per 100 000 women born. Assuming vaccination in girls aged 10 years, with 90% coverage, and life-long protection by two-dose or single-dose schedule, HPV vaccination could reduce the prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 infection by 97% (80% UI 96-99) in 50 years, and the lifetime risk of cervical cancer by 71-78% from 1067 cases per 100 000 women born under a no vaccination scenario to 311 (80% UI 284-339) cases per 100 000 women born in the short term and 233 (219-252) cases per 100 000 women born in the long term in vaccinated cohorts. Under this scenario, we projected that the age-standardised incidence rate threshold for elimination could be met across India (range across Indian states: 1·6 cases [80% UI 1·5-1·7] to 4·0 cases [3·8-4·4] per 100 000 woman-years), while the complementary threshold based on standardised lifetime risk was attainable in 17 (68%) of 25 states, but not nationwide (range across Indian states: 207 cases [80% UI 194-223] to 477 cases [447-514] per 100 000 women born). Under the considered assumptions of waning vaccine protection, single-dose vaccination was projected to have a 21-100% higher per-dose efficiency than two-dose vaccination. Single-dose vaccination with catch-up for girls and women aged 11-20 years was more impactful than two-dose vaccination without catch-up, with reduction of 39-65% versus 38% in lifetime risk of cervical cancer across the ten catch-up birth cohorts and the first ten routine vaccination birth cohorts. Our evidence-based projections suggest that scaling up cervical cancer prevention through single-dose HPV vaccination could substantially reduce cervical cancer burden in India. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Multiple control strategies against human papilloma virus spread: A mathematical model

In this paper, a model describing the transmission of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in a bisexually active human host community is presented. We analyze the model in a feasible region where the model is realistic in the sense of HPV transmission. Since the trivial equilibrium does not exist, we obtain the HPV-free equilibrium solutions and make use of the next generation matrix method to compute the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], which governs HPV extinction and persistence whenever it is less or greater than unity, respectively. We perform the sensitivity analysis of the model parameters of [Formula: see text] as to HPV prevalence and found that parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which are the effective HPV transmission and progression to recovery parameters, are positively sensitive to [Formula: see text]. In order to minimize the increasing effect of [Formula: see text] as regards the positive sensitive parameters, we re-construct the model via optimal control theory to incorporate controls of condom usage [Formula: see text], vaccination [Formula: see text] and medical counseling [Formula: see text] respectively. With these controls, we characterize and discuss the existence and uniqueness of the control model and solve the optimality system using the forward–backward Runge–Kutta fourth-order technique via the Matlab computational software. Simulations show that each of the control strategies is potent in combating HPV but the combination of the three controls proved more efficient in minimizing HPV infection in the human bisexual host community.

An overview of the general characteristics, pathogenicity, transmission, and diagnosis of human papilloma virus (HPV)

Mucous membrane infections are brought on by the double-standard DNA virus known as human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervix cell alterations are caused by a sexually transmitted illness. E6 and E7 oncogenes play a critical role in HPV infection. Finding these genes to identify HPV strains, particularly the HPV16 strain, will have a significant impact due to its exceptional sensitivity, the dielectric electrochemical biosensor stands out among other pathogen detection methods. Recent evidence suggests that E6 and E7 are also important in inhibiting the innate immune response of the host cell to HPV. Viral replication is mediated by the E1 and E2 proteins in conjunction with other biological stimuli. E2 has also been linked to viral and cellular transcriptional regulation. Despite decades of research, the function of other viral proteins still remains unclear. Therefore, analysis of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) characteristics, pathogenicity, transmission and diagnosis were reviewed. We concluded that we now have the tools and methodologies necessary to answer this critical question about viral tropism. The discovery of efficient treatments to cure or prevent HPV-induced illness is just as vital as studying the underlying mechanisms of HPV pathogenesis. The identification of drugs specifically to treat HPV infection has not been highly successful due to the complexities of the HPV life cycle and the limited number of enzymatic activities identified for HPV proteins. The development of drug treatments for existing HPV disease is an important undertaking that deserves further attention. In this regard, the development of therapeutic vaccines and self-protection are promising area of investigation and needs to be further supported.

Human papillomavirus DNA resides in surgical drain fluid exosomes from HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and can be spread to neighboring HPV-negative cells.

e18050 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary driver of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC) in the US. Previous studies have investigated the role of plasma and saliva-based cell-free HPV DNA in OPC, yet the pathophysiological impact of exosomes in HPV+ OPC remains unknown. Exosomes are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles of endocytic origin carrying DNA, RNA and proteins, and have been shown to exist in blood, plasma, and in urine. We hypothesize that serosanguinous fluid drained from the postoperative bed, which we call “surgical drain fluid” (SDF) also contains exosomes. We further hypothesize that exosomes derived from SDF in HPV+ OPC patients contain HPV DNA that can be directly transmitted into HPV-negative cells. Methods: Twenty-six 5-mL SDF samples were collected following surgical neck dissections directly from the surgical drain; 21 from HPV+ and 5 from HPV- OPC patients. Exosomes were isolated from SDF using the Qiagen exoEasy kit. Exosome structure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Western blotting (WB) targeted known exosomal surface markers. Exosomes were pretreated with DNase (New England Biolabs) to cleave the surface DNA, then exosomal DNA was extracted using a cell-free DNA isolation kit (Sigma). TaqMan real-time PCR was employed to detect HPV16 copy numbers. Lastly, exosomes isolated from 3 HPV+ patients’ SDF and 1 HPV- patient’s SDF were incubated with HPV- cell lines, SCC22A and SCC25, in order to query exosome-mediated HPV transmission. Results: TEM identified exosomes as round/oval-shaped vesicles measuring between 70 and 150 nm. NTA enumerated an average of 1.5 x 1011 particles per mL of SDF. WB further confirmed exosomal identity with strong CD63, CD9, and TSG101 signal detected. Among SDF exosomes from HPV+ OPC, 81% (n = 17) had detectable HPV16 DNA by real-time PCR, while all HPV- SDF exosomes (n = 5) showed undetectable HPV16. Paired comparison of HPV16 levels within exosomes to total HPV16 in SDF revealed an average of 90% of HPV16 in SDF was contained within exosomes. In an in vitro assay, SCC22A and SCC25 cells treated with HPV16 + exosomes became real-time PCR-positive for HPV16, while cells treated with HPV16- exosomes remained HPV16 negative. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SDF, a novel post-surgical biofluid analyte, is enriched for HPV-containing exosomes in HPV+ OPC patients. We also found that exosomes from HPV+ OPC patients can transmit HPV to HPV-negative cells, suggesting a novel mode of virus-mediated spread of disease.

Prenatal maternal prevalence and new-born vertical transmission of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

Vertical transmission of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection can occur as demonstrated by the established association between a maternal history of genital warts and the development of laryngeal papillomas in children less than 2 years of age. Also there has been reported cases of infants who had genital warts present at the time of delivery. The prevalence and transmission rates of HPV at birth not known. 
 This study determined the prevalence of HPV DNA in the cord blood of the baby at delivery and the maternal cervical sample, and the concordance between the prevalence in the cord blood and in the cervical sample using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
 Cord blood samples were collected at from 113 participating pregnant women, from whom their cervical swab samples had been taken in antenatal clinic. The specimens were analysed for HPV DNA using the PCR with the consensus primers MY09/MY11.
 HPV DNA was detected in 54 cord blood and 11 cervical samples. There were 9 positive concordances for both the cord blood and the cervical sample. The prevalence of HPV DNA in the cord blood was 47.92% and in the maternal cervical sample was 9.7% and the difference was statistically significant. The typing on the positive HPV DNA shows 50.77% positive for HPV 16 and 16.92% positive for HPV 18.
 The detection of HPV DNA in the cord blood and the type specific genotypes concordance in the cervical suggests that the mother is the most probable source of HPV positive in the new born. Therefore, this should be a compulsory procedure at the point of delivery for early detection and treatment of HPV infections among the newborn babies.

Update on the Epidemiological Features and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although most HPV infections will spontaneously resolve, a considerable proportion of them will persist, increasing the risk of anogenital dysplasia, especially within certain populations, such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Furthermore, high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HR-HPV) are the main cause of cervix and other anogenital cancers, such as cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus. HIV and HPV coinfection is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) but disproportionally affects men who have sex with men (MSM) for whom the rate of persistent HPV infection and reinfection is noteworthy. The molecular interactions between HIV and HPV, as well as the interplay between both viruses and the immune system, are increasingly being understood. The immune dysfunction induced by HIV infection impairs the rate of HPV clearance and increases its oncogenic risk. Despite the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of several HPV-related cancers is higher in PLWH, and the burden of persistent HPV-related disease has become a significant concern in an aging HIV population. Several public health strategies have been developed to reduce the transmission of HIV and HPV and mitigate the consequences of this type of coinfection. Universal HPV vaccination is the most effective preventive tool to reduce the incidence of HPV disease. In addition, screening programs for HPV-related cervical and vulvovaginal diseases in women are well-recognized strategies to prevent cervical cancer. Similarly, anal dysplasia screening programs are being implemented worldwide for the prevention of anal cancer among PLWH. Herein, the main epidemiological features and clinical implications of HIV and HPV coinfection are reviewed, focusing mainly on the relationship between HIV immune status and HPV-related diseases and the current strategies used to reduce the burden of HPV-related disease.

The impact of vaccination on human papillomavirus infection with disassortative geographical mixing: a two-patch modeling study.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can spread between regions. What is the impact of disassortative geographical mixing on the dynamics of HPV transmission? Vaccination is effective in preventing HPV infection. How to allocate HPV vaccines between genders within each region and between regions to reduce the total infection? Here we develop a two-patch two-sex model to address these questions. The control reproduction number [Formula: see text] under vaccination is obtained and shown to provide a critical threshold for disease elimination. Both analytical and numerical results reveal that disassortative geographical mixing does not affect [Formula: see text] and only has a minor impact on the disease prevalence in the total population given the vaccine uptake proportional to the population size for each gender in the two patches. When the vaccine uptake is not proportional to the population size, sexual mixing between the two patches can reduce [Formula: see text] and mitigate the consequence of disproportionate vaccine coverage. Using parameters calibrated from the data of a case study, we find that if the two patches have the same or similar sex ratios, allocating vaccines proportionally according to the new recruits in two patches and giving priority to the gender with a smaller recruit rate within each patch will bring the maximum benefit in reducing the total prevalence. We also show that a time-variable vaccination strategy between the two patches can further reduce the disease prevalence. This study provides some quantitative information that may help to develop vaccine distribution strategies in multiple regions with disassortative mixing.

Male Circumcision and Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Males and Their Female Sexual Partners: Findings From the HPV Infection and Transmission Among Couples Through Heterosexual Activity (HITCH) Cohort Study.

Previous studies examining the association between male circumcision (MC) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have reported inconsistent results. We used data from the HPV Infection and Transmission Among Couples Through Heterosexual Activity (HITCH) cohort study to examine the association between MC and HPV infections in males and their female sexual partners. We enrolled monogamous couples in a longitudinal study between 2005 and 2011 in Montreal, Canada. We used logistic and Poisson regression models with propensity score adjustment to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and rate ratios for the association between MC and the prevalence, transmission, and clearance of HPV infections. Four hundred thirteen couples were included in our study. The prevalence OR for the association between MC and baseline infections was 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], .56-1.16) in males and 1.05 (95% CI, .75-1.46) in females. The incidence rate ratio for infection transmission was 0.59 (95% CI, .16-2.20) for male-to-female transmission and 0.77 (95% CI, .37-1.60) for female-to-male transmission. The clearance rate ratio for clearance of infections was 0.81 (95% CI, .52-1.24). We found little evidence of an association between MC and HPV infection prevalence, transmission, or clearance in males and females. Further longitudinal couple-based studies are required to investigate this association.

Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Gynecological Outpatients HPV Infection Rate in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Observational Study

BackgroundThe recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has caused millions of deaths and greatly influenced the timely diagnosis and treatment of other diseases. Throughout the pandemic, there was a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of several sexually transmitted infections. However, the impact of the ongoing pandemic on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection rates has not been investigated thus far.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively collected data regarding HPV and cervical cancer screening results of outpatients from gynecological clinics of a tertiary hospital from 1 December 2018 to 31 December 2020 in Wuhan. Based on the timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Wuhan, we divided this period into four relatively independent stages to compare the HPV screening visit numbers and infection rates.ResultsThere was a 50% drop in HPV screening visits and a 10% drop in HPV infection rates throughout the pandemic when compared with the numbers collected before the pandemic. Strict lockdown measures greatly decreased the HPV infection rate (17.03 vs. 8.29, P = 0.003). During the pandemic, the most prevalent HPV genotypes were HPV 16, 52, 58, and 53. After the pandemic, the HPV infection rate recovered quickly, but it was still slightly lower than the infection rate found before the outbreak (23.3 vs. 21.2%).ConclusionDuring coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cervical cancer screening visits and HPV infection rates have decreased dramatically. The HPV transmission has also decreased after strict lockdown. Effective HPV and cervical cancer screening programs should be strengthened immediately to reduce the transmission of HPV during and after the pandemic.

Developing a Biosensor-Based Immunoassay to Detect HPV E6 Oncoprotein in the Saliva Rinse Fluid of Oral Cancer Patients.

Transmission of Human papillomavirus (HPVs) is faithfully associated with carcinogenesis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Therefore, clinical researchers may need to generate customized antibodies for the upcoming ELISA-based analysis to discover rare but valuable biomarkers. The aim of study was to develop and generate a biosensor-based immunoassay for early screening HPV-related oral cancer via saliva rinse fluid analysis. A peptide fragment of high-risk HPV subtype 16/18 protein, E6 protein (HP-1 protein sequence 48–66), was designed and synthesized, followed by the generation of polyclonal antibodies (anti-HP1 IgY) in our university-based laboratories. The titer and specificity of antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor-based method was developed. Kinetic analyses by SPR confirmed that this designed peptide showed a high affinity with its generated polyclonal antibodies. Saliva fluid samples of thirty oral cancer patients and 13 healthy subjects were analyzed. SPR indicated that 26.8% of oral cancer patients had higher resonance unit (ΔRU) values than normal subjects. In conclusion, we developed a biosensor-based immunoassay to detect HPV E6 oncoprotein in the saliva rinse fluid for early screening and discrimination of HPV-related oral cancer patients.

Role of Human Leukocyte Antigen Allele Sharing in Human Papillomavirus Infection Transmission Among Heterosexual Couples: Findings From the HITCH Cohort Study.

BackgroundHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism influences innate and adaptive immune responses. Among heterosexual couples in the HPV Infection and Transmission Among Couples Through Heterosexual Activity (HITCH) cohort study, we examined whether allele sharing in a couple predicted the partners’ infections with the same human papillomavirus (HPV) type.MethodsWe tested genital samples from 271 couples for 36 HPV genotypes by polymerase chain reaction. We used direct DNA sequencing to type HLA-B07, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -G. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations between the extent of allele sharing and HPV type concordance in which at least 1 of the partners was HPV positive.ResultsWe identified 106 different HLA alleles. The most common HLA alleles among couples were G*01:01:01 (95.6%), G*01:01:02 (60.1%), DQB1*03:01 (57.2%), and DRB1*07:01 (46.9%). Allele sharing was as follows: 19.6% shared none, 43.2% shared 1 only, 25.1% shared 2, and 12.5% shared 3–5. Irrespective of HLA class, grouped or in combination, the extent of allele sharing was not a significant predictor of type-specific HPV concordance in a couple (odds ratio, 1.1 [95% confidence interval, .5–2.1], for 3–5 vs none).ConclusionsWe found no evidence that the extent of HLA allele concordance influences the likelihood of HPV transmission in newly formed heterosexual couples.

Human Papillomavirus Infection: Knowledge, Risk Perceptions and Behaviors among SMW and AFAB.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States, and persistent HPV infection has been established as playing a major role in the development of cervical cancer. Providing HPV vaccination and regular screening tests have reduced the risk of developing cervical cancer or helped to detect the cancer at an early stage. Despite the above measures, cervical cancer still remains a major public health problem worldwide. Infection with HPV, and consequently cervical cancer, affects all people with an intact cervix, so not only heterosexual women, but also women from sexual minorities (SMW) together with people assigned female at birth (AFAB). These populations may be even more likely to develop cervical cancer, mainly because they are less likely to be aware of HPV transmission and prevention of cervical cancer. In our review, we summarized the current state of HPV knowledge, collected data assessing the orientation of this issue among SMW and AFAB, and indicated the causes of possible negligence in the prevention of cervical cancer.

Modeling the health and economic implications of adopting a 1-dose 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccination regimen in a high-income country setting: An analysis in the United Kingdom

Although no human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is indicated for single-dose administration, some observational evidence suggests that a 1-dose regimen might reduce HPV infection risk to that achieved with 2 doses. This study estimated the potential health and economic outcomes associated with switching from a 2-dose HPV vaccination program for girls and boys aged 13–14 years to an off-label 9-valent (9vHPV), 1-dose regimen, accounting for the uncertainty of the effectiveness and durability of a single dose. A dynamic HPV transmission infection and disease model was adapted to the United Kingdom and included a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using estimated distributions for duration of protection of 1-dose and degree of protection of 1 relative to 2 doses. One-way sensitivity analyses of key inputs were performed. Outcomes included additional cancer and disease cases and the difference in net monetary benefit (NMB). The 1-dose program was predicted to result in 81,738 additional HPV-related cancer cases in males and females over 100 years compared to the 2-dose program, ranging from 36,673 to 134,347 additional cases (2.5% and 97.5% quantiles, respectively), and had a 7.8% probability of being cost-effective at the £20,000/quality-adjusted life years willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold. In one-way sensitivity analyses, the number of additional cancer cases was sensitive to the median of the duration of protection distribution and coverage rates. The differences in NMBs were sensitive to the median of the duration of protection distribution, dose price and discount rate, but not coverage variations. Across sensitivity analyses, the probability of 1 dose being cost-effective vs 2 doses was < 50% at the standard WTP threshold. Adoption of a 1-dose 9vHPV vaccination program resulted in more vaccine-preventable HPV-related cancer and disease cases in males and females, introduced substantial uncertainty in health and economic outcomes, and had a low probability of being cost-effective compared to the 2-dose program.

Transmission and clearance of human papillomavirus infection in the oral cavity and its role in oropharyngeal carcinoma - A review.

The majority of sexually active individuals becomes infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) at least once in their lifetime. Pathways for HPV transmission vary across different mucosal sites per individual. They include autoinoculation within one host, direct transmission between individuals (including perinatal transmission and transmission during sexual activity), and indirect transmission through contact with hands. The authors aim to clarify the prevalence and route of transmission per anatomic site, inter- and intra-individually, using a narrative review of the literature. In conclusion, transmission of HPV to the oral cavity and oropharynx is hypothesised to occur mainly through sexual contact. Transmission of particles through saliva has not been proven and daily living activities are not a documented source of HPV infection. Oropharyngeal HPV related cancer survivors and their partners do not show increased risk of infection during sexual intercourse. Transmission of HPV to the oral cavity (autoinoculation with fingers or transmission through saliva in deep kissing) is probably of limited importance.

Vertical transmission of Human papillomavirus: experience from a center of southern Italy.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents a group of DNA viruses, sexually transmitted, and widely accepted as a cause of invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The virus prevalence is critical worldwide. However, the possibility of perinatal transmission during pregnancy is not well understood as well as the risks for the newborn. Our study analyzed pregnant women referred to the obstetric outpatient room of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Sant'Anna and San Sebastiano University Hospital in Caserta, Italy. Cervicovaginal samples were achieved from patients during the first trimester and tested for HPV. The specimen was repeated during the third trimester for HPV-positive patients. After the birth, we took a placenta sample and an eye, pharyngeal, mouth, and genital samples in children from HPV positive mothers, at 36-48 hours after birth and three and six months. We found out a high prevalence of HPV infections in the recruited patients: 71 participants were positive at the HPV test in the first trimester (45%), and 17 (14%) showed a positivity in the placental samples. However, there was a low prevalence of viral infection in newborns, and six newborns were positive for HPV at birth (9%). HPV vertical transmission represents a critical obstetric topic, and the transplacental passage of the virus represents a possible cause. However, further studies are necessary to deepen the pathological mechanism and assess the risks for the newborn.

HPV VACCINATION AWARENESS AND ITS RELATION TO ORAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER: A SINGLE CENTRE STUDY

Background - The recently developed HPV vaccine is highly effective against the HPV virus. It has met widespread acceptance amongst healthcare and public health professionals. However, there are still social barriers to vaccination that hampers the effects of preventing the disease caused by HPV. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the survey responses regarding the knowledge, awareness, and vaccination status among dental professionals and students in a local population and to emphasize the relationship between HPV and the increasing incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers in the current scenario. Methodology - This study was a prospective analysis of a questionnaire collected from the dentist and dental students at The Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India; regarding their knowledge, awareness, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - vaccination status.Results - 96% of the participants were aware of the HPV and only 4% were unaware of the virus. About 18.7 % of the participants were unaware of the modes of transmission of HPV. Only 66.6 % knew that HPV - 16 and 18 were responsible for Oral and cervical cancers. Conclusion - Understanding the barriers and hesitancy to vaccination is the crucial step to designing strategies that may aid in enhancing the vaccination