Identification Of Human Papillomavirus Research Articles

In Situ Colorimetric LAMP Based on One-Step Modified Filter Paper to Screen Human Papillomavirus (HPV)16/18 from Clinical Samples.

Cervical cancer is among the most common malignant tumors in women. The development of rapid screening techniques plays an important role in early screening for cancer treatment. We have developed an HPV screening method, which effectively combines the high-efficiency nucleic acid enrichment of chitosan-modified filter paper and the rapid visual detectability of colorimetric LAMP, along with the enhancement of the tolerance ability of the pH-sensitive LAMP reagent to acidic original samples, making the detection of HPV 16/18 easy to carry out and reliable, which is helpful for the epidemiological prevention and control strategies of HPV-induced cancer. This technique can simultaneously exhibit the "in situ amplification" capability of chitosan-modified filter paper and the nontemperature cycle dependence of visual LAMP detection. Therefore, DNA extraction and amplification can be performed efficiently and quickly within a single reaction where all DNA is concentrated in the QF paper disc. By embedding amino-modified filter paper into the plastic chip, a simple and reliable disposable chip was prepared for rapid HPV16 and HPV18 detection from clinical endometrial samples, and the results were 100% consistent with clinical diagnosis. More importantly, even after the sample was diluted 100-fold, HPV16/18-infected cells could be accurately identified, showing the advantages of the system in early cancer screening. Moreover, for endometrial samples containing plenty of cells, the filter paper could be used to enrich cells by filtration, preventing the acidic fluid from impacting pH-induced colorimetric LAMP detection and realizing direct amplification for HPV identification without nucleic acid extraction. This easy-to-operate system that can analyze a wide range of samples will be suitable for routine on-site HPV screening, dramatically extending the applications and utility for rapid, near-patient nucleic acid testing.

Identification of human papillomavirus and Rb/E2F pathway genomic alterations in mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma.

To investigate the molecular characteristics of Rb/E2F in mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC). The clinicopathological features of MANEC were analyzed. The protein expressions of Rb, p16, and p53 were detected by the immunohistochemical method. The infection status of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) was evaluated by in situ hybridization (ISH) and the gene chip method. Thirteen cases of MANEC were divided into four molecular patterns according to Rb protein expression and HPV status. Group 1: A total of eight of the 13 cases showed positive Rb protein expression and lack of HR-HPV expression (8/13, 62%). Rb protein expression with p16 protein deletion and p53 protein abnormal expression was unique to NEC. Group 2: three cases (3/13, 23%) with negative Rb protein expression and lack of HR-HPV expression. Group 3: There was one case (1/13, 8%) with positive expression of Rb protein accompanied by HR-HPV. Group 4: There was one case of Rb protein loss with an HR-HPV-positive status. HR-HPV and Rb/p16/p53 pathway can be associated in MANEC pathogenesis, which provides the research basis for personalized treatment of MANEC.

The Role of Biomarkers in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Towards Precision Medicine.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a significant global health challenge, with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) accounting for approximately 90% of all HNC cases. These malignancies, collectively referred to as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), originate from the mucosal epithelium lining the larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity. The primary risk factors associated with HNSCC in economically disadvantaged nations have been chronic alcohol consumption and tobacco use. However, in more affluent countries, the landscape of HNSCC has shifted with the identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV-16, as a major risk factor, especially among nonsmokers. Understanding the evolving risk factors and the distinct biological behaviors of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC is critical for developing targeted treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes in this complex and diverse group of cancers. Accurate diagnosis of HPV-positive HNSCC is essential for developing a comprehensive model that integrates the molecular characteristics, immune microenvironment, and clinical outcomes. The aim of this comprehensive review was to summarize the current knowledge and advances in the identification of DNA, RNA, and protein biomarkers in bodily fluids and tissues that have introduced new possibilities for minimally or non-invasive cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and assessment of therapeutic responses.

Integrating Bioinformatics in Cervical Cancer Research: A Comprehensive Review

In this comprehensive review, we delve into the transformative impact of bioinformatics in cervical cancer research, emphasizing its role in shifting from traditional clinical and pathological approaches to a nuanced molecular and genetic understanding. We explore the evolution of cervical cancer research, highlighting the pivotal transition marked by the identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the subsequent advancements in screening and vaccination. Central to this review is the elucidation of bioinformatics' contribution in identifying gene signatures, prognostic markers, and differentially expressed genes, along with the analysis of molecular pathways critical in the progression of cervical cancer. We also examine the methodological intricacies of bioinformatics, from data retrieval and preparation through differential gene expression analysis, to more sophisticated techniques like Gene Set Enrichment and Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis. Despite the significant strides made, we acknowledge the challenges in integrating bioinformatics findings into clinical practice and propose future directions towards personalized medicine. This review underscores the pivotal role of bioinformatics in enhancing our understanding of cervical cancer and paves the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately aiming to improve patient care and survival rates.

Thermally Engineered Ferric Yolk‐Shells for Vaginal Secretion Based Cervical Cancer Screening

AbstractEngineering of materials is crucial for the advanced detection of bio‐molecules, particularly in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS). However, effective screening with enhanced LDI performance remains challenging due to the lack of engineered substrate materials. Herein, thermally engineered ferric yolk‐shells are designed for enhanced metabolic screening of cervical cancer (CC) using vaginal secretion. A facile thermal engineering strategy is developed to prepare amorphous ferric yolk‐shells with integrated properties. Notably, the amorphous mesoporous yolk‐shells offer signal amplification up to orders of magnitude in LDI‐MS for standard metabolites and diverse bio‐samples. High‐performance CC screening (including identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and CC) is achieved, with the areas under the curve of 0.842–0.963. Finally, a metabolic panel for CC screening, covering the stages of HPV, HSIL, and CC, is established. This work elucidates the LDI‐MS mechanism for enhanced metabolic detection and highlights potential applications in cancer screening.

Comparison of four different human papillomavirus genotyping methods in cervical samples: Addressing method-specific advantages and limitations

Since human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the causative agent of cervical cancer and associated with anogenital non-cervical and oropharyngeal cancers, the characterization of the HPV types circulating in different geographic regions is an important tool in screening and prevention. In this context, this study compared four methodologies for HPV detection and genotyping: real-time PCR (Cobas® HPV test), nested PCR followed by conventional Sanger sequencing, reverse hybridization (High + Low PapillomaStrip® kit) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) at an Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. Cervical samples from patients followed at the Family Health Strategy from Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were collected and subjected to the real-time PCR. Of those, 114 were included in this study according to the results obtained with the real-time PCR, considered herein as the gold standard method. For the 110 samples tested by at least one methodology in addition to real-time PCR, NGS showed the lowest concordance rates of HPV and high-risk HPV identification compared to the other three methods (67–75 %). Real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing showed the highest rates of concordance (97–100 %). All methods differed in their sensitivity and specificity. HPV genotyping contributes to individual risk stratification, therapeutic decisions, epidemiological studies and vaccine development, supporting approaches in prevention, healthcare and management of HPV infection.

Correlation between sampling site and prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in patients with oral cancer referred to Shiraz, Iran

AbstractIntroductionCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity in which there is a poor prognosis. Viruses, including human papillomavirus (HPV) play an important role in the etiology of this cancer.MethodsThis case–control study enrolled 100 individuals with diagnosed oral cancer in the case group and an equivalent number of 100 healthy individuals in the control group. Over the course of 1 year, samples were collected from Khalili Hospital in Shiraz, Iran. Tissue specimens were procured from diverse oral regions, with specimens from the healthy group exclusively sourced from the tonsillar area. Patient inclusion criteria involved manifestations like oral swelling, facial pain, tongue abnormalities, tongue paralysis, and tumors or swellings in the inner lip, gums, or chin. A questionnaire facilitated the collection of demographic data, covering variables such as age and gender. The subjects had a mean age of 53.66 ± 1.38 years, with a gender distribution of 70 individuals (34%) female and 130 (65%) males. Tissue specimens underwent molecular analysis using Nested‐PCR to detect HPV presence.ResultsAnalysis unveiled HPV identification in two cases within the control group and 14 cases within the case group, revealing a statistically significant disparity (p value = 0.008) which may be correlated to incidence of OSCC within the case group. Further exploration disclosed a predilection for HPV localization in the tongue, followed by the laryngeal region. A significant association was established between the sampling site and HPV incidence (p = 0.004).ConclusionThis investigation unveiled a compelling connection between the site of sampling and HPV infection, a phenomenon pronounced particularly among individuals grappling with oral cancer. This underscores potential relationship between the site of sampling and HPV infection within the context of oral carcinoma. The findings of this study underscore HPV's role as a significant risk factor in the initiation of oral cancer in individuals. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that additional factors, including age and gender, also contribute to this intricate process.

Human papillomavirus DNA testing with the urine sample is not yet available: the accuracy of two distinct kits.

The aim of this study was to assess the results and efficiency of two real-time polymerase chain reaction procedures for detecting human papillomavirus utilizing urine samples. This study comprised 151 patients who had previously tested positive for human papillomavirus in their cervical samples. Two different commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques were used for identification and genotyping human papillomavirus in urine specimens. The urine samples of 151 patients were evaluated via the Roche Cobas test, and the urine samples of 91 patients were also evaluated via the Qiagen test. The overall consistency of urine and cervical swab specimens for the identification of human papillomavirus in Roche Cobas and Qiagen tests were 44.8 and 44%, respectively. The rates of positive human papillomavirus results from urine samples were 57 and 70.3%, respectively. The overall concordance among Roche Cobas and Qiagen tests utilizing urine samples for human papillomavirus type 16/18 was 84.3% with a kappa value of 0.675, and for other high-risk-human papillomavirus, it was 75.60% with a kappa value of 0.535. Roche Cobas showed high concordance with Qiagen test. human papillomavirus positivity was not detected in all urine samples. It is still inappropriate to recommend the use of urine liquid biopsy for the accurate and reliable detection of human papillomavirus. Due to the lack of a standardized tool, the utilization of urine samples as a screening human papillomavirus test remains a challenge.

Genomic Profiles and Clinical Outcomes of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Elevated Tumor Mutational Burden.

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a putative biomarker of efficacy for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies of solid tumors, but not specifically for penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). To characterize biomarker features and ICI therapy outcomes associated with high TMB in PSCC in the routine clinical practice setting. In this cohort study, 397 PSCC cases were analyzed to identify genomic alterations in more than 300 cancer-associated genes and genomic signatures, including TMB, using a hybrid capture-based comprehensive genomic profiling assay. Tumor mutational burden was categorized as low (<10 mutations per megabase [mut/Mb]), high (10-19 mut/Mb), or very high (≥20 mut/Mb). Germline status of genetic alterations was predicted using a validated somatic-germline computational method. Clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic PSCC receiving first-line ICI were abstracted using the deidentified nationwide Clinico-Genomic Database (CGDB) from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2022. Comprehensive genomic profiling was performed using FoundationOne and FoundationOne CDx assays from Foundation Medicine Inc. The spectrum of genetic alterations by TMB level in PSCC, the percentage of germline genetic alterations, and the outcome (overall survival with routine clinical treatment) by TMB of chemotherapy-naive patients with PSCC who received ICI treatment up front were assessed in this descriptive study. Among 397 patients (median [IQR] age, 65 [54-73] years; 266 [67.0%] of European, 83 [20.9%] of admixed American, and 34 [8.5%] of African or other genomic ancestry), the median (IQR) age (eg, 65 [53-73] years for low TMB vs 68 [61-78] years for TMB ≥10 mut/Mb) and genomic ancestry distribution (eg, European 228 of 339 [67.3%] for low TMB vs 38 of 58 [65.5%] for TMB ≥10 mut/Mb) were similar between TMB subgroups. There were 339 PSCC cases (85.4%) with low TMB, 40 cases (10.1%) with high TMB, and 18 cases (4.5%) with very high TMB. Comparisons of TMB of 10 mut/Mb or higher vs low TMB showed an enrichment of genetic alterations in PIK3CA (48.3% vs 18.3%; P < .001) and KMT2D (29.3% vs 7.7%; P < .001) and less frequent genetic alterations in CDKN2A (25.9% vs 45.7%; P = .05). Most genetic alterations did not co-occur. Human papillomavirus identification was more frequent as TMB increased: 28.3% for low TMB, 50.0% for high, and 72.2% for very high. In total, 95 of 1377 genetic alterations (6.9%) were germline. Of 10 patients identified from the CGDB receiving frontline ICIs, median (IQR) follow-up was 9.9 months. Four patients had overall survival with clinical treatment of more than 12 months, including 2 of 3 patients with TMB of 10 mut/Mb or higher. In this cohort study of advanced metastatic PSCC based on TMB levels, significant differences were observed for biomarkers in nearly 15% of patients with a TMB of 10 mut/Mb or higher. Germline testing and ICI-based therapy should be integrated into the management of selected PSCC cases.

Assessing the capacity of methylated DNA markers of cervical squamous cell carcinoma to discriminate oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in human papillomavirus mediated disease

ObjectiveEarly identification of human papillomavirus associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV(+)OPSCC) is challenging and novel biomarkers are needed. We hypothesized that a panel of methylated DNA markers (MDMs) found in HPV(+) cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) will have similar discrimination in HPV(+)OPSCC tissues. Materials and methodsFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from patients with primary HPV(+)OPSCC or HPV(+)CSCC; control tissues included normal oropharynx palatine tonsil (NOP) and cervix (NCS). Using a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, 21 previously validated cervical MDMs were evaluated on tissue-extracted DNA. Discrimination between case and control cervical and oropharynx tissue was assessed using area under the curve (AUC). Results34 HPV(+)OPSCC, 36 HPV(+)CSCC, 26 NOP, and 24 NCS patients met inclusion criteria. Within HPV(+)CSCC, 18/21 (86%) of MDMs achieved an AUC ≥ 0.9 and all MDMs exhibited better than chance classifications relative to control cervical tissue (all p < 0.001). In contrast, within HPV(+)OPSCC only 5/21 (24%) MDMs achieved an AUC ≥ 0.90 but 19/21 (90%) exhibited better than chance classifications relative to control tonsil tissue (all p < 0.001). Overall, 13/21 MDMs had statistically significant lower AUCs in the oropharyngeal cohort compared to the cervical cohort, and only 1 MDM exhibited a statistically significant increase in AUC. ConclusionsPreviously validated MDMs exhibited robust performance in independent HPV(+)CSCC patients. However, most of these MDMs exhibited higher discrimination for HPV(+)CSCC than for HPV(+)OPSCC. This suggests that each SCC subtype requires a unique set of MDMs for optimal discrimination. Future studies are necessary to establish an MDM panel for HPV(+)OPSCC.

Presence of human papillomavirus in the buccal mucosa of blood donors

ObjectiveTo determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the oral mucosa of blood donors (BD) and risk factors associated with HPV and oral cancer. Materials and methodsProspective cross-sectional study, population matched to BD from the National Cancer Institute, Mexico for HPV identification in oral cytological samples using the CLART® Human Papillomavirus 2 Kit (35 genotypes) and risk factors. ResultsOf 352 BD with signed informed consent, 285 were selected by simple randomization. The prevalence of oral HPV was 17.5% (95% CI 13–21.9%), the genotype was identified in 13 cases, with a total of 16 genotypes (10 high-risk), the most common being 16 and 84. Five cases had multiple infections, three with at least one high-risk type. Associations were found for marital status (OR 3.3) and educational level (OR-1.9). ConclusionsThe percentage of HPV-positive cases in blood donors with no risk practices was similar to that found in Spanish-speaking population studies in which at least one risk practice was described. The presence of other genotypes with high oncogenic risk and multitype infection, described as a marker of persistence of HPV infection, is highlighted.

Presence of human papillomavirus in the buccal mucosa of blood donors

ObjectiveTo determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the oral mucosa of blood donors (BD) and risk factors associated with HPV and oral cancer. Materials and methodsProspective cross-sectional study, population matched to BD from the National Cancer Institute, Mexico for HPV identification in oral cytological samples using the CLART® Human Papillomavirus 2 Kit (35 genotypes) and risk factors. ResultsOf 352 BD with signed informed consent, 285 were selected by simple randomization. The prevalence of oral HPV was 17.5% (95% CI 13–21.9%), the genotype was identified in 13 cases, with a total of 16 genotypes (10 high-risk), the most common being 16 and 84. Five cases had multiple infections, three with at least one high-risk type. Associations were found for marital status (OR 3.3) and educational level (OR-1.9). ConclusionsThe percentage of HPV-positive cases in blood donors with no risk practices was similar to that found in Spanish-speaking population studies in which at least one risk practice was described. The presence of other genotypes with high oncogenic risk and multitype infection, described as a marker of persistence of HPV infection, is highlighted.

Abstract 6062: Viral genome structure correlates with patterns of somatic alteration in human papillomavirus associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Integration of viral DNA into the host genome has been implicated in human papillomavirus (HPV) associated tumorigenesis, and studies in HPV associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) attempting to classify viral integration status have reported associations among HPV status, viral load, and overall survival. However, few genomic studies have correlated HPV structure with commonly occurring somatic mutations in HNSCC. Here, we conducted hybrid-capture DNA sequencing using a panel of over 800 cancer related genomic targets, as well as probes specific for the full HPV16 and HPV18 genomes, in a novel cohort of 525 HNSCC cases. Paired reads were aligned to a human reference containing complete viral genomes, including all high-risk HPV types, which allowed for robust identification of HPV(+) tumors and specific HPV type. Variant calling and filtering, followed by pathway analysis of significantly mutated genes, defined the catalog of somatic driver alterations in HNSCC. Viral genome structure, integration status, and viral load were determined via initial copy number analysis of HPV-specific reads, followed by identification of viral/human breakpoints and indels with variant calling algorithms. Manual review was required in some cases due to variability in read coverage and alignment to HPV genome. We identified 252 HPV(+) tumors, the majority of which were HPV16 (n=228, 90%). Analysis of HPV16(+) tumors revealed five classes with variable viral loads: pure episome (EPI, n=54), episomal rearranged (EPI-R, n=51), episomal chimeric (EPI-C, n=22), integrated (INT, n=92), and integrated deleted (INT-A, n=12). Integrated tumors had at least one integration event (INT) and a few exhibited recurrent deletions in the viral genome (INT-A). Episomal samples had either complete HPV genomes (EPI), circular genomes with one or more indels (EPI-R), or circular genomes with HPV and human DNA (EPI-C). Interestingly, PIK3CA, the most frequently mutated gene in HPV(+) HNSCC, was mutated at a higher frequency in all integrated samples compared to all episomal types (44% vs 23%, p=0.005). We also noticed more deleterious mutations in innate immunity genes (HLA-A/B, B2M, TRAF3, BIRC3) in the episomal samples (16% vs 8%), which may allow cells with intact HPV genomes to evade anti-viral immune responses. Additionally, mutations in oxidative stress response genes that lead to the constitutive activation of NRF2 (NFE2L2, CUL3, KEAP1) were more frequent in integrated samples (11% vs 4%), which could confer radiotherapy resistance and a worse prognosis. Overall, using DNA sequencing and integrative genomic analysis in the largest cohort of HPV(+) HNSCC to date, we developed a novel classification method based on viral genome structure which associates with host somatic alterations that may contribute to variable outcomes in HNSCCs. Citation Format: Jeremiah Ray Holt, Xiaobei Zhao, Hyo Young Choi, Paul Little, Angela L. Mazul, Benjamin Wahle, Vonn Walter, Jose P. Zevallos, David Neil Hayes. Viral genome structure correlates with patterns of somatic alteration in human papillomavirus associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6062.

Coupling CRISPR/Cas12a and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification on a Stand-Alone Microfluidics Platform for Fast and Parallel Nucleic Acid Detection.

Timely identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is crucial for the prevention of cervical cancer. Current HPV detection methods mainly rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which often requires bulky equipment and a long assay time. In this work, we report a heating-membrane-assisted multiplexed microfluidics platform that couples recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR technology (termed M3-CRISPR) for fast and low-cost detection of multiple HPV subtypes. The heating membrane can provide convenient temperature control for the on-chip RPA and CRISPR assays. This stand-alone system allows simultaneous detection of HPV16 and HPV18 with high specificity and detection sensitivity (0.5 nM and 1 × 10-18 M for unamplified and amplified plasmids, respectively) in 30 min with a fluorescence-based readout. Furthermore, we introduced an optimized lateral flow dipstick (LFD) into the portable system to allow visualized detection of HPV DNA. The LFD-based readout also reached a detection sensitivity of 1 × 10-18 M for amplified plasmids and realized successful detection of HPV subtypes in the clinical samples. Finally, we established an automatic microfluidic system that enables the sample-in-answer-out detection of HPV subtypes. We believe that this fast, convenient, and affordable molecular diagnostic platform can serve as a useful tool in point-of-care testing of HPV or other pathogens.

Knowledge about HPV vaccination among Croatian university students

Abstract Background Studies have shown the low uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among university students. Knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccine can be a factor that may sway an individual’s decision to receive the vaccine. This study aimed to investigate HPV vaccine uptake and knowledge about HPV vaccination among Croatian university students. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted from February to May 2021 period. A validated, anonymous questionnaire that contained questions regarding demographic data, data about HPV vaccine uptake, and data regarding knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination was self-administered to a cross-faculty representative student sample of the University of Osijek in Eastern Croatia. Results The study sample included 840 subjects with, median age of 20 years (interquartile range 20-21), 45.8% males, and 54.2% females. The prevalence of vaccination uptake in the studied population was 20.8%. The study revealed that there were 25.6% of students with a low level of knowledge and 74.4% of students with satisfactory levels of knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination. The excellent knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination was more frequently shown by students who studied in biomedicine and health area of science (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and students with an excellent average grade of study (p &amp;lt; 0.001). HPV vaccination uptake was higher among females (p &amp;lt; 0.001), students who studied within biomedicine and health area of science (p &amp;lt; 0.001), students with an excellent average grade of study (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and students who showed excellent knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions The majority of Croatian university students had a satisfactory level of knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination but the vaccination uptake is still very modest. Additional efforts are needed to organize more appropriate education and promotion of vaccine uptake in the studied population. Key messages • The HPV vaccination uptake among Croatian university students is very modest although the majority of students have a satisfactory level of knowledge about the HPV virus and the vaccination. • Continuous examination of HPV knowledge gaps and identification of factors influencing vaccine uptake is key to increasing vaccination rates in the Croatian university student population.

Advances in early diagnosis of cervical cancer based on biosensors.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative agent of cervical cancer among women worldwide. Serological and molecular tests are commonly used to detect and identify HPV, but all the detection methods for HPV have some limitations. Nowadays, considerable advancements in nanosensors have enabled monitoring of hybridization procedures dynamically for HPV detection. Biosensors, as effective, quick, economical, and highly sensitive tools, can be used in the diagnosis of HPV as an alternative technique instead of other detection methods. Biosensor detection methods of HPV in use from 2000 to 2021 were investigated using several databasessuch as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and the Scientific Information Database. Furthermore, a manual search of the references of the retrieved articles was performed. On analyzing the most recently developed biosensors for HPV identification, we observed that three biosensor systems, electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric systems, are the main transducers used in the development of HPV biosensors. The aim of this review is to examine recent research on biosensors for the detection of HPV and perform a comparison with other diagnostic methods. Considering the importance of rapid HPV detection in the control of infection and development of public health measures, improvement of biosensors as an economical and quick method can be very useful in the diagnosis of HPV.

The Prevalence of High- and Low-Risk Types of HPV in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Patients with Chronic Tonsillitis, and Healthy Individuals Living in Poland.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus with the potential to infect human epithelial cells and an etiological agent of many types of cancer, including head and neck cancer. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), patients with chronic tonsillitis, and healthy individuals, and to establish high- and low-risk HPV genotypes in these groups. The objectives also comprised the delineation of the relationship between the infection with high- or low-risk HPV subtypes and clinicopathological and demographic characteristics of the study groups. This study was composed of 76 patients diagnosed with HNSCC, 71 patients with chronic tonsillitis, and 168 cases without either of these conditions (the control group). HPV detection and identification of subtypes were performed on isolated DNA using a test which allowed detection of 33 common high-risk and low-risk HPV subtypes. The prevalence of HPV infection was 42.1%, 25.4%, and 37.5% in HNSCC, chronic tonsillitis, and control groups, respectively. HPV 16 was the most prevalent genotype in all groups and the non-oncogenic HPV 43/44 was frequent in HNSCC patients. This analysis provides insight into the prevalence of oral oncogenic and non-oncogenic HPVs in patients with head and neck cancer, patients with chronic tonsillitis and healthy individuals, and leads to the conclusion that further investigations are warranted to examine a larger cohort of patients focusing on high- and low-risk HPV genotypes. Efforts should be focused on screening and prevention strategies, and therefore, it is important to introduce tools for effective detection of HPV genotypes. Furthermore, given the role of vaccines against oral HPV infection, our observations lead to the suggestion that HPV vaccination should be of considerable importance in public health strategies.

Low Frequency of Human Papillomavirus in Strictly Site-Coded Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Using the Latest NHI/SEER-ICD Systems: A Pilot Observational Study and Critical Review.

Simple SummaryThe incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) has increased in the last decades, and this seems to be correlated to the infectious epidemiological trend of human papillomavirus (HPV). The prevalence of HPV-positive OPSCCs is approximately 70%, with involvement mainly of the tonsillar area. On the role of HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), very few studies have investigated the prevalence of HPV in strictly site-codified OSCC, excluding the base of the tongue as distinct oropharyngeal entity. As a result, an inappropriate estimation of HPV infection in OSCC has been observed. We investigated HPV status, using a combination of detection methods, in a sample of 40 subjects with OSCC coded by the latest site classifications. Moreover, we performed a critical review of the studies with the same outcomes. The main finding of our investigation was a low frequency of HPV-positive OSCC, suggesting no significant HPV role in strictly oral carcinogenesis.The aim of this study was to evaluate HPV status in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), as coded by the latest classifications and applying a combination of detection methods used in clinical practice. Forty-two patients with suspect OSCC were consecutively recruited. Patients underwent an incisional biopsy for histological OSCC diagnosis and HPV identification by PCR DNA and p16 IHC. All lesions were coded by the latest ICD-0-3.2 site/histology classifications, as proposed for OSCC by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Programs. Moreover, a comparative analysis review, critically evaluated by the same site-coded systems and HPV detection methods, was performed. In 40 confirmed cases of OSCC, the frequency of HPV infection was 10% (4/40). Among positive patients, two cases were PCR DNA/p16 IHC positive (high-risk HPV 51, high-risk HPV 67), two cases were PCR DNA positive/p16 IHC negative (high-risk HPV 31 + 68, high-risk HPV 66). Applying the latest site coding systems for OSCC, the frequency of HPV infection in this study and in similar, reviewed investigations was low (from 3.3% to 12.5%). These results suggested no significant HPV role in oral carcinogenesis, particularly where an updated site-coded classification of OSCCs (categorically excluding the base of the tongue) had been performed.

A History of Cancer Research: Tumor Viruses.

Early studies of transmissible tumors in chickens provided evidence that viruses such as avian leukosis virus (ALV) and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) can cause cancer in these animals. Doubts about the relevance to human tumors and failures to replicate some early work meant the field of tumor virology followed a bumpy course. Nevertheless, viruses that can cause cancers in rodents and humans were ultimately identified, and several Nobel prizes were awarded for work in this area. In this excerpt from his forthcoming book on the history of cancer research, Joe Lipsick looks back at the early history of tumor virus research, from some of the early false starts and debates, to discovery of reverse transcriptase, and identification of human papilloma virus (HPV) as the major cause of cervical cancer.

Downregulation of miR-145 is associated with perineural invasion in penile carcinoma.

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a risk factor for penile cancer (PC). The miR-145 expression has been correlated to this virus genomic amplification. In this context, this work aims to determine the expression level of miR-145 in penile tumors infected by high-risk HPV and correlate it with the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor and protein expression of p53.MethodsFormalin-fixed paraffin-embedded from 52 patients with PC, at diagnosis and prior to any cancer treatment, were obtained. HPV identification was performed by nested type PCR, and miR-145 expression was obtained by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 and Ki-67 was performed.ResultsTumoral miR-145 expression was significantly lower compared to adjacent tissue. Additionally, there was a significant reduction of miR-145 expression in invasion perineural, histological associated HPV, and absence of p53 expression in positive HPV cases. HPV infection was detected in 86.5%, the most frequent HPV16. Reduced disease-free survival was observed in patients with low expression of miR-145.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the underexpression of miR-145 may be triggered by HPV action, decreasing protein expression of p53, and being correlated with perineural invasion. Therefore, the deregulation of miR-145 provides clues as to the potential role in penile carcinogenesis and is also a potential candidate for validation in noninvasive samples.