Epidemiology Of Human Papillomavirus Research Articles

Empowering India’s fight against cervical cancer: Harnessing routine HPV immunisation

ABSTRACT Cervical cancer, driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, presents a significant health challenge in India, marked by high morbidity and mortality rates among women. This systemic review synthesises the latest research on HPV epidemiology in India, evaluates the effectiveness of existing vaccination programmes and compares India’s strategies with those of countries that have successfully mitigated cervical cancer burden. Despite available vaccines targeting high-risk HPV types, vaccine coverage remains suboptimal due to challenges, such as accessibility, vaccine hesitancy and socioeconomic barriers. Comparative analysis suggests that school-based and community engagement strategies could enhance vaccination efforts. Addressing India’s cervical cancer burden requires a multifaceted approach that includes expanding HPV vaccination coverage, implementing public awareness campaigns and adopting best practices from global successes. Economic analyses affirm the cost-effectiveness of such strategies, highlighting the potential for significant public health and financial benefits.

Are there any sociodemographic factors associated with non-uptake of HPV vaccination of girls in high-income countries with school-based vaccination programmes? A systematic review.

Uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is generally high in high-income countries with school-based vaccination programmes; however, lower uptake in certain population subgroups could continue pre-immunisation inequalities in cervical cancer. Six electronic databases were searched for quantitative articles published between 1 September 2006 and 20 February 2023, which were representative of the general population, with individual-level data on routine school-based vaccination (with >50% coverage) and sociodemographic measures. Titles, abstracts and full-text articles were screened for eligibility criteria and assessed for bias. A second independent reviewer randomly screened 20% of articles at each stage. A narrative synthesis summarised findings. 24 studies based in eight countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK) were included. Studies reported vaccination uptake by individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES), parental education, religion, ethnicity and/or country of birth. 19 studies reported that more than 70% were vaccinated (range: 50.7%-93.0%). Minority ethnic groups and migrants were more likely to have lower vaccination uptake than White groups and non-migrants (11/11 studies). Lower SES was also associated with lower uptake of vaccination (11/17 studies). Associations with other sociodemographic characteristics, such as parental education and religion, were less clear. Even in high-income countries with high coverage school-based vaccination programmes, inequalities are seen. The totality of available evidence suggests girls from lower SES and minority ethnic groups tend to be less likely to be vaccinated. Findings could inform targeted approaches to mop-up vaccination and cervical cancer screening amidst changing HPV epidemiology in a vaccine era. CRD42023399648.

High Risk of HPV Related Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Vulvar Lesions in Women Living With HIV.

We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related preneoplastic and neoplastic vulvar lesions in a large cohort of women living with HIV (WLWH). We retrospectively selected 1,796 WLWH who had a gynecological examination, cervical cytology, high-risk (HR-) HPV test, vulvoscopy, and colposcopy with targeted biopsies when necessary between 1987 and 2020 at 2 Italian institutions. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were carried out to test the association of the anamnestic and clinical data with the development of precancerous and cancerous lesions. At baseline, 348 (19.4%) of 1,796 WLWH had genital warts, 30 (1.7%) had vulvar high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (VHSIL), and 2 (0.1%) had squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Among 895 WLWH who had more than 1 year of follow-up, we found 40 (4.5%) new cases of VHSIL and 7 (0.8%) cases of vulvar cancer. The cumulative incidence of VHSIL and vulvar cancer was respectively 0.56 and 0.10 per 100 person-years. Risk factors independently associated with the development of vulvar HSIL and cancer included history of injection drug use (p < .01), genital warts at baseline (p < .001), HR-HPV test positivity at diagnosis (p < .001), and severe immunodepression (CD4 cell count <200 cells/mL) at diagnosis (p < .01). WLWH are at high risk of vulvar high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer, especially those with severe immunodepression. A careful inspection of vulva, perineum and anus, possibly with the aid of colposcopy, should become part of the surveillance protocol of HIV-infected women.

The Burden and Prevention of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections and Cervical Cancer in India: A Literature Review.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread viral infection affecting the reproductive tract and is associated with multiple types of cancer. It is a significant global health concern, with cervical cancer being one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. HPV infection has been found in both married and unmarried women.The burden of cervical cancer is particularly high in middle- and low-income countries, where HPV vaccination and screening programs are often limited. India faces a substantial challenge with cervical cancer and HPV infection. Cervical cancer ranks as one of the leading cancers among women in India. Studies over recent decades have indicated varying levels of HPV prevalence in the general female population in India. Recognizing the importance of addressing this issue, the Government of India has prioritized cervical cancer elimination as a national public health goal. A strategic plan has been launched to increase cervical cancer screening coverage in adult women and HPV vaccination coverage in girls. This review examines literature published from 2000 to 2023 on the epidemiology of cervical cancer and HPV in India. It also explores the development of prevention strategies, focusing on cervical screening and HPV vaccination programs. Government policy documents were analyzed to understand the national strategic vision and targets. The review concludes by discussing ongoing challenges and future directions for cervical cancer elimination efforts in India.

Co-infection of human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus-2 with cervical dysplasia among women in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Background: The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) and co-infections with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) remains poorly characterized in Africa. High risk HPV (hrHPV) infection is the primary cause of 99.7% all cervical cancer especially in the presence of genital ulcer disease (GUD) which is usually caused by HSV-2. Herpes simplex virus-2 might interact directly with hrHPV to increase the risk of cervical cancer. Co-infection of HPV and HSV-2 in asymptomatic women could provide a clue to early diagnosis of cervical cancer and this could aid in the development of new strategies for effective management and improvement of the quality of life of women who are infected. If the synergy between HPV and HSV-2 can be prevented, there may be significant reduction of the incidence of cervical cancer. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 515 randomly selected apparently healthy women of reproductive age whose cervical samples were screened for HPV and HSV-2 in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The cervical samples were collected by liquid-based cytology (LBC) for detection of cervical epithelial cell abnormalities (CEA) and molecular detection of HPV and HSV-2 using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Extracted viral DNAs from the samples were amplified by convectional PCR using specific hrHPV (HPV 16,18, 31 and 45) primer sets and a broad spectrum MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ primers for a wider range of HPV genotypes while HSV-2 DNA was detected by florescence-based PCR assay with HSV-2 gG primers and probes. Results: PCR assay revealed that 14.7% (n=76) of the 515 selected women harbored HPV, HSV-2 or both. The prevalence of HPV, hrHPV, HSV-2 and HPV/HSV-2 co-infection among in the study participants are 11.8% (n=61), 9.3% (n=48), 5.6% 4% (n=29) and 2.3% (n=12) respectively. The frequency of HPV detection in HSV-2 infected participants (41.4%, 12/29) was significantly higher (OR=6.295, p&lt;0.0001) than in HSV-2 negative participants (10.1%, 49/437), but only co-infections of HPV-31 (p=0.004) and HPV-18 (p=0.040) with HSV-2 were significantly associated. Cervical cytology reports on the smears revealed prevalence of cervical epithelial abnormalities (CEA) of 16.7% (n=86), with cervical dysplasia prevalence of 6.4% (n=33), consisting of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) of 1.6% (n=8), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) of 4.1% (n=21) and atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASCUS) of 0.8% (n=4). The frequency of HPV detection in women with cervical dysplasia (93.9%, 31/33) was significantly higher (OR=14.22, p&lt;0.0001) than in women without cervical dysplasia (6.2%, 30/482), and all HPV genotypes were significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) with cervical dysplasia except HPV 16 (p=0.051). Also, the frequency of HPV/HSV-2 co-infection among women with cervical dysplasia (15.2%, 5/33) was significantly higher than among women without cervical dysplasia (1.5%, 7/482) (OR=12.12, p&lt;0.0001). Comparing women with cervical inflammatory and atrophic changes (n=53), women with cervical dysplasia (HGSIL, LGSIL and ASC-US) had significantly higher frequency of HPV infection (χ2=42.829, p=0.000), HSV-2 infection (χ2=25.140, p=0.001) and HPV/HSV-2 co-infections (χ2=66.602, p=0.000). Conclusion: Co-infection rate of hrHPV and HSV-2 among women in Kaduna State is 2.3%. Demographic factors significantly influencing the rate of co-infections included age and marital status. In spite of the screening method using the traditional Pap smear, GUD and cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem, thus more sensitive and specific methods such as liquid based cytology technique and polymerase chain reaction for early detection of cervical dysplasia and hrHPV or HSV-2 in asymptomatic women should be adopted for routine use

Prevalence and concordance of penile, anal, and oral human papillomavirus infections among sexually active heterosexual men in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The data on epidemiology of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in men are scarce relative to women generally, particularly among men engaging in heterosexual relationships. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for penile, anal, and oral HPV in men in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional survey involving a face-to-face interview, a clinical examination, and sample collection from participants. HPV genotyping was performed with Anyplex II 28 HPV assay. The prevalences and factors associated with HPV infections using multivariable models and concordance between sites. Of 316 men, the proportion of any HPV infection in the penile, anal, and oral sites was 40.5%, 9.7%, and 7.8%, respectively. The proportion of any high-risk HPV, low-risk HPV, and multiple HPV infections was highest in the penis followed by the anal and oral sites. Only 5/316 (1.6%) men had concordant HPV in all three sites, with the highest concordance in penile-anal sites relative to penile-oral and anal-oral sites. The odds of penile HPV were higher in men aged 25years and above. Having penile HPV was associated with higher odds of detecting anal HPV and vice versa. Oral HPV was less likely in men not living with their sexual partners. Penile HPV is the most common infection followed by anal HPV and oral HPV infections among heterosexual Nigerian men. Concordant HPV infections was highest in penile-anal sites. Nigerian men, as in other settings, are a reservoir of HPV and it is important to conduct more robust studies to appreciate their role in HPV transmission, epidemiology, and prevention.

Prevalence of human papilloma virus among cervical cancer patients in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cervical cancer, predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), is a major health challenge in India, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Given India's vast geographic and socio-economic diversity, understanding regional variations in HPV prevalence is crucial for developing targeted and effective public health interventions. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to elucidate the prevalence of HPV among cervical cancer patients in India. A literature search was executed across PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to December 07, 2023. Observational studies reporting HPV prevalence among cervical cancer patients in India are included. A Modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to determine pooled HPV prevalence, and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² statistic. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess result stability and investigate heterogeneity sources. All statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.3. The meta-analysis included 17 studies with a total of 2529 cervical cancer cases, of which 1977 were HPV-positive. The pooled HPV prevalence was 85% (95% CI: 71-92%), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 94%). Subgroup analysis by geographic zones showed notable differences: South (88%, 95% CI: 76-95%), North (73%, 95% CI: 1-100%), East (99%, 95% CI: 1-100%), Central (71%, 95% CI: 54-84%), and West (77%, 95% CI: 0-100%). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the consistency of the results, and a reanalysis, excluding influential studies, yielded a prevalence of 82% (95% CI: 67-91%). Our analysis reveals a high prevalence of HPV in cervical cancer patients in India, with significant regional variations. The observed heterogeneity highlights the complexity of HPV epidemiology in India and necessitates further research to explore underlying causes and regional characteristics. Future studies should aim to expand geographic representation and deepen understanding of the factors contributing to the variability in HPV prevalence.

Book Review ‘Infectious Disease Epidemiology: History, Transmission and Prevention’

Written by Victor Trismanjaya Hulu, Salman, Agus Supinganto, Lia Amalia, Khariri, Efendi Sianturi, Nilasari, Nurhayati Siagian, Puji Hastuti&amp;Syamdarniati, given the importance of infectious disease epidemiology in the public health field, it is highly hoped that every health workers can study and understand epidemiology infectious diseases such as epidemiological triad, natural history of disease, transmission and prevention efforts as described in this book. This book was prepared with the aim of providing undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral students in the field of Public Health Sciences can have new knowledge and basic skills related to infectious disease epidemiology, as well this book can be used as a reference book in preparing final assignments includes thesis and dissertation. The discussion of this book consists of Introduction to Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Measles Epidemiology, Tuberculosis Epidemiology, Polio Epidemiology, Pertussis Epidemiology, Tetanus Epidemiology, Diphtheria Epidemiology, Typoid Epidemiology, Hepatitis Epidemiology and Human Papilloma Virus Epidemiology. Epidemiology is a recent scientific discipline that has developed hand in hand with changes occurring in society and the emergence of new diseases. This evolution has allowed epidemiology to remain a useful tool and relevant in uncovering and understanding diseases and health events. Since its origin over a century ago, there have been many epidemiology definitions has been suggested.

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in Women’s Cervical Samples from Tehran, Iran

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the second-leading cause of cancer death among women. In this cancer, more than any other type of malignancy, the effects of prevention, early diagnosis, and timely treatment on reducing the death rate are evident. Hence the aim of this study was to Investigating the prevalence of human papilloma virus different genotypes in women’s cervical tissue samples. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1045 samples obtained from referred patients were selected for periodic cervical examinations. Then, DNA extraction from cytology liquid brush was done in accordance with the standard method. The presence of HPV was determined by PCR. By using pyrosequencing method and then BLAST online search, HPV genotypes were identified. Results: of 1045 patients, 159 (15%) had HPV infection in which 50.3% were LSIL by frequent HPV types 6, 18, 16, 11; 19.4% were HSIL by frequent HPV types 16, 18, and 30.1% were ASCUS by frequent HPV types 6, 11, respectively. The age group, 30–40 years had the highest prevalence of HPV infection (p-value = 0.6). 21.4% people diagnosed by mix genotype HPV infection. significant value identified by the pathological patterns and multiple types infections (p-value=0.007), HPV-16 infection and younger age (p-value=0.02). Conclusion: our study showed 15% HPV infection identified in studied samples and the most HPV prevalent types were 6, 18, 11, 16, respectively. HPV-16 is common in younger ages. HPV vaccination and regular screening programs are major prevention measures.

Impact of human papillomavirus age-related prevalence and vaccination levels on interpretation of cervical screening modalities: a modelling study

ObjectiveCervical screening is a life-saving intervention, which reduces the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in the population. Human papillomavirus (HPV) based screening modalities hold unique promise in improving...

High-risk human papillomavirus prevalence among South African women diagnosed with other STIs and BV.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a leading cause of cervical cancer. Although this relies on infection and persistence of HPV in epithelial cells, often occurring in the context of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV), data on the relationships between these and their relative effects on epithelial barrier integrity in women remain sparse. This study describes the epidemiology of HPV combined with STI and/or BV prevalence and the relative impact on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) among South African women. Roche Linear Array was used for HPV genotyping in menstrual cup pellets of 243 HIV-negative women participating in the CAPRISA 083 cohort study. Vulvovaginal swabs were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis using Xpert® CT/NG assay and lateral flow assay, and Gram staining was performed to diagnose BV using Nugent scoring criteria. Concentrations of 5 MMPs were measured in menstrual cup supernatants by multiplexed ELISA. Fisher's exact tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and multivariable regression models determined associations between HPV infection, STI and/or BV, and MMP concentrations. HPV was prevalent in 34% of women (83/243; median 23 years, interquartile range (IQR) 21-27 years). Low-risk (lr) (71%, 59/83) and high-risk (hr)-HPV infections (54.2%, 45/83) were common. Hr-HPV was frequently detected in STI and/or BV-positive women compared to women without STIs or BV (p = 0.029). In multivariable analysis, BV was associated with increased odds of hr-HPV detection (OR: 2.64, 95%CI: 1.02-6.87, p = 0.046). Furthermore, Gardasil®9 vaccine-type strains were more frequently detected in women diagnosed with STI and/or BV (55.2%, 32/58 vs 24%, 6/25; p = 0.009). Among STI and/or BV-positive women, HPV detection was significantly associated with increased MMP-10 concentrations (b = 0.55, 95% CI 0.79-1.01; p = 0.022). Most women with hr-HPV had another STI and/or BV, emphasizing an urgent need for STI and BV screening and intensive scale-up of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programmes. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for more extensive research to confirm and understand the relationship between HPV infection and barrier integrity.

Trend of HPV Molecular Epidemiology in the Post-Vaccine Era: A 10-Year Study.

Cervical cancer, a major health concern among women worldwide, is closely linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study explores the evolving landscape of HPV molecular epidemiology in Taiwan over a decade (2010-2020), where prophylactic HPV vaccination has been implemented since 2007. Analyzing data from 40,561 vaginal swab samples, with 42.0% testing positive for HPV, we reveal shifting trends in HPV genotype distribution and infection patterns. The 12 high-risk genotypes, in order of decreasing percentage, were HPV 52, 58, 16, 18, 51, 56, 39, 59, 33, 31, 45, and 35. The predominant genotypes were HPV 52, 58, and 16, accounting for over 70% of cases annually. The proportions of high-risk and non-high-risk HPV infections varied across age groups. High-risk infections predominated in sexually active individuals aged 30-50 and were mixed-type infections. The composition of high-risk HPV genotypes was generally stable over time; however, HPV31, 33, 39, and 51 significantly decreased over the decade. Of the strains, HPV31 and 33 are shielded by the nonavalent HPV vaccine. However, no reduction was noted for the other seven genotypes. This study offers valuable insights into the post-vaccine HPV epidemiology. Future investigations should delve into HPV vaccines' effects and their implications for cervical cancer prevention strategies. These findings underscore the need for continued surveillance and research to guide effective public health interventions targeting HPV-associated diseases.

Global and regional estimates of genital human papillomavirus prevalence among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in women has been well documented. Less is known about the epidemiology of HPV in men. We aim to provide updated global and regional pooled overall, type-specific, and age-specific prevalence estimates of genital HPV infection in men. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of genital HPV infection in the general male population. We searched Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and the Global Index Medicus for studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and June 1, 2022. Inclusion criteria were population-based surveys in men aged 15 years or older or HPV prevalence studies with a sample size of at least 50 men with no HPV-related pathology or known risk factors for HPV infection that collected samples from anogenital sites and used PCR or hybrid capture 2 techniques for HPV DNA detection. Exclusion criteria were studies conducted among populations at increased risk of HPV infection, exclusively conducted among circumcised men, and based on urine or semen samples. We screened identified reports and extracted summary-level data from those that were eligible. Data were extracted by two researchers independently and reviewed by a third, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. We extracted only data on mucosal α-genus HPVs. Global and regional age-specific prevalences for any HPV, high-risk (HR)-HPV, and individual HPV types were estimated using random-effects models for meta-analysis and grouped by UN Sustainable Development Goals geographical classification. We identified 5685 publications from database searches, of which 65 studies (comprising 44 769 men) were included from 35 countries. The global pooled prevalence was 31% (95% CI 27-35) for any HPV and 21% (18-24) for HR-HPV. HPV-16 was the most prevalent HPV genotype (5%, 95% CI 4-7) followed by HPV-6 (4%, 3-5). HPV prevalence was high in young adults, reaching a maximum between the ages of 25 years and 29 years, and stabilised or slightly decreased thereafter. Pooled prevalence estimates were similar for the UN Sustainable Development Goal geographical regions of Europe and Northern America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Australia and New Zealand (Oceania). The estimates for Eastern and South-Eastern Asia were half that of the other regions. Almost one in three men worldwide are infected with at least one genital HPV type and around one in five men are infected with one or more HR-HPV types. Our findings show that HPV prevalence is high in men over the age of 15 years and support that sexually active men, regardless of age, are an important reservoir of HPV genital infection. These estimates emphasise the importance of incorporating men in comprehensive HPV prevention strategies to reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality in men and ultimately achieve elimination of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Regional Development Fund, Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia, and Horizon 2020. For the Spanish and French translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

HPV Testing and its Role in Cervical Cancer Screening.

The recognition that persistent infection with carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical precancer and cancer has led to the introduction of HPV testing into cervical cancer screening, either as a primary screening test or in conjunction with cervical cytology (i.e., co-testing). HPV testing has much higher sensitivity for detection of cervical precancer and provides greater long-term reassurance if negative compared to cytology. However, most HPV infections are transient, and do not progress to invasive cancer, thus triage tests are required to identify individuals who should be referred to colposcopy for diagnostic evaluation. This chapter begins with a description of the biology, natural history, and epidemiology of HPV as a foundation for understanding the role of HPV in cervical carcinogenesis. This section is followed by a detailed discussion regarding the introduction of HPV-based testing and triage into cervical cancer screening and management. Summarized triage tests include cervical cytology, HPV genotyping, p16/Ki-67 dual stain, and HPV and cellular methylation markers. The final section of this chapter includes an important discussion on cervical cancer disparities, particularly within the United States, followed by concluding remarks.

Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). In recent years, the need to implement vaccination programmes that include all genders has been discussed in order to achieve herd immunity against HPV. To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Cancers Among Hispanic Males in the United States: Late-Stage Diagnosis by Country of Origin.

The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers has changed since the development of the multivalent vaccine. This is evidenced by the decline in incidence of cervical cancers in the post-vaccine era. By contrast, studies have reported the rise in incidence of these cancers in males. Though little is known regarding HPV-associated cancers in males, Hispanic males have been largely excluded from research on these cancers. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in late-stage diagnosis of HPV-associated cancers (oropharyngeal, anorectal, or penile) among subgroups of Hispanic males in the U.S. We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study using the 2005-2016 North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Cancer in North America Deluxe data file (n = 9242). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used in studying late-stage diagnosis. There were no differences in late-stage diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer between Hispanic subgroups. Higher odds of late-stage penile cancers were observed among Mexican and Puerto Rican males relative to European Spanish males. Lower odds of late-stage anorectal cancers were observed among Central or South American and Puerto Rican males. Having Medicaid or no insurance were associated with late-stage diagnosis for all cancers. Certain subgroups of Hispanic males have higher odds of late-stage HPV-associated cancer diagnosis based on country of origin and insurance status. These findings call for improved efforts to increase HPV vaccination, particularly among these subgroups of Hispanic males. Efforts to improve health care access and early detection from health care providers are also needed.

Molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus in pregnant women in Burkina Faso.

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is widespread among sexually active individuals. Several factors may contribute to increased risk of infection in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to determine the high-risk (HR-HPV) and low-risk (LR-HPV) oncogenic HPV genotypes among pregnant women in Ouagadougou. In this study, 100 endocervical samples were collected using a sterile swab on the sterile examination glove used during vaginal examination in pregnant women. DNA from each sample was amplified by PCR followed by hybridization using the HPV Direct Flow Chips kit detecting 36 HPV genotypes. Twenty-three percent (23%) of pregnant women had HPV infection. Of the 36 genotypes tested, 29 genotypes had been identified with a predominance of HPV 52 (10.34%), HPV 35 (6.89%), and HPV 82 (6.89%) for high risk and HPV 43 (10.34%), HPV 44/55 (6.90%), and HPV 62/81 (6.89%) for low risk. HPV is common among pregnant women in Burkina Faso. However, the available vaccines do not cover the frequent genotypes found in this study. HPV could therefore constitute a threat for pregnant women and a risk of infection for the newborn.

GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS CAUSING CERVICAL CANCER:&#x0D; A LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevance: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in sexually active men and women. The direct and&#x0D; proven relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer development HPV global epidemiological studies to ensure prevention in areas&#x0D; with high HPV prevalence.&#x0D; The study aimed to analyze the global age-related HPV prevalence over the past decade.&#x0D; Methods: Sources for literature review were obtained from the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases for the past ten years by the keywords&#x0D; “human papillomavirus,” “prevalence,” and “cervical cancer.” The review included randomized trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.&#x0D; Results: HPV rates were the highest in Africa (24%), Eastern Europe (21.4%), and Latin America (16.1%). The most common HPV types&#x0D; worldwide were HPV 16 (3.2%), 18 (1.4%), 52 (0.9%), 31 (0.8%), and 58 (0.7%).&#x0D; HPV prevalence in the Republic of Kazakhstan is underexplored since epidemiological studies were conducted only in some regions. HPV&#x0D; high-risk types16 and 18 prevail in the Republic of Kazakhstan.&#x0D; Conclusion: The analysis of the global HPV epidemiology revealed its high prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. HPV’s higher&#x0D; prevalence in young women justifies the need to improve and implement HPV vaccination programs.

THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS CAUSING CERVICAL CANCER: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevance: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in sexually active men and women. The direct&#x0D; and proven relationship between HPV infection and cervical cancer development HPV global epidemiological studies to ensure prevention&#x0D; in areas with high HPV prevalence.&#x0D; The study aimed to analyze the global age-related HPV prevalence over the past decade.&#x0D; Methods: Sources for the literature review were obtained from the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases for the past ten years by the&#x0D; keywords “human papillomavirus,” “prevalence,” and “cervical cancer.” The review included randomized trials, systematic reviews, and&#x0D; meta-analyses.&#x0D; Results: HPV rates were the highest in Africa (24%), Eastern Europe (21.4%), and Latin America (16.1%). The most common HPV&#x0D; types worldwide were HPV 16 (3.2%), 18 (1.4%), 52 (0.9%), 31 (0.8%), and 58 (0.7%).&#x0D; HPV prevalence in the Republic of Kazakhstan is underexplored since epidemiological studies were conducted only in some regions.&#x0D; HPV high-risk types16 and 18 prevail in the Republic of Kazakhstan.&#x0D; Conclusion: The analysis of the global HPV epidemiology revealed its high prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. HPV’s&#x0D; higher prevalence in young women justifies the need to improve and implement HPV vaccination programs.

Microbiological and behavioral determinants of genital HPV infections among adolescent girls and young women warrant the need for targeted policy interventions to reduce HPV risk.

BackgroundGenital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in most populations globally. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain a key population group at risk for HPV infection. However, the risk factors of HPV infection among AGYW, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are a subject of little investigation in published literature. Here, we investigated the factors associated with HPV infection among unvaccinated South African AGYW with a high HPV burden (prevalence: 76.1%).MethodsWe retrospectively recruited 213 AGYW learners (aged 15–25 years) from a previous cross-sectional study, the HPV Education Intervention Study, conducted in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), bacterial pathobionts, genital ulcers (due to infectious causes), candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis (BV) in the self-collected vaginal specimens were determined using the Allplex™ Panel Assays. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA v16.1. Continuous and categorical variables were computed by t-test /Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests, respectively. Logistic regression was used to determine the univariable predictors of HPV infection.ResultsThe overall detection rate of any viral STI, bacterial STI, pathobiont, genital ulcer, candidiasis, and BV among the AGYW was 75.0, 34.4, 90.7, 14.4, 26.9, and 43.6%, respectively. The main factors associated with HPV infection were alcohol consumption (p = 0.005), infection with any and multiple Candida species (p = 0.011 and 0.006, respectively), Candida albicans infection (p = 0.010), Ureaplasma urealyticum pathobiont infection (p = 0.044), BV-associated bacteria (specifically Atopobium vaginae: p = 0.039, BV-associated bacteria 2: p = 0.021, Gardnerella vaginalis: p = 0.021, Megasphaera type 1: p = 0.037), and BV (p = 0.011).ConclusionsOur study, albeit not necessarily generalizable, found social behavior as well as specific vaginal microbes as correlates of HPV infection among AGYW in South Africa. There is a need to investigate HPV epidemiology in other AGYW populations. The factors associated with genital HPV infection among AGYW burdened with HPV infection necessitate the need to formulate and implement population-specific public health strategies for creating HPV awareness and reducing its risk.