Human Papillomavirus Positivity Research Articles

Prevalence of abnormal Pap smear results in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study.

Development of malignancy is a pending threat for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Aim of this study was to analyze cervical dysplasia and infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) in patients with IBD. This was a prospective, single center cohort study in Germany. Consecutive IBD patients admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology were sent to Gynecology, where a questionnaire was answered and gynecological examinations including a smear for cytology and HPV were taken. Participants of a general screening program constituted controls. Descriptive statistics, 95% confidence intervals and odds ratios were calculated. A total of 101 patients were recruited of which 99 patients participated. Analysis showed a significant (p = 0.05) difference between the prevalence of abnormal smears in patients with (22%) and without (6%) immunosuppressive therapy, while the latter had cervical abnormalities comparable with healthy controls (5%). All immunosuppressants showed similarly high risks for abnormal smear results. Only 11/99 (11%) patients had positive high-risk HPV tests, which is comparable with general population. The prevalence of abnormal cervical smears is higher in IBD patients compared to healthy individuals, but the difference is confined to patients with IBD and immunosuppressive therapy. Annual screening is advisable.

Prognostic importance of DNA from human papillomavirus in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background Survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is generally low, with the likelihood of locoregional recurrence or disease progression (LR/DP). Knowledge of prognostic factors for survival is key to achieving an understanding and increased survival. The present study aimed to identify prognostic factors for patients with OSCC, especially the presence of DNA from human papillomavirus (HPV).Material and Methods Retrospective cohort study including 119 patients with OSCC treated at the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City (2009-2013). Clinical information was obtained from patient records including LR/DP. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained and used for detecting DNA from different types of HPV. Potential prognostic factors for Overall Survival (OS) were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results After model adjustment, factors associated with longer OS were a pre-treatment platelet count above 400,000/mm3 (HR=0.09, p=0.026) and response to primary treatment (HR=0.26, p=0.001). HPV DNA was present in 23 (19.3%) of the patients and importantly, type 16 found in 19 of them. Although survival of HPV-positive patients was longer, difference was not significant. However, among patients with LR/DP, HPV positivity was significantly associated with increased survival (HR=0.23, p=0.034). Importantly, survival was significantly different for HPV-positive patients with LR/DP > 6 months (HR=0.20, p=0.002), had higher absolute lymphocyte count at start of treatment (HR=0.50, p=0.028) or had local rescue treatment (HR=0.24, p=0.019).Conclusions Although HPV positivity was not associated with a longer OS of OSCC patients, a better prognosis was significantly associated with HPV positivity and recurring or progressing disease, particularly with HPV type 16. Key words:HPV, human papillomavirus, HPV-16, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer, survival, locoregional recurrence, disease progression.

Evaluation of cervical smear screening and colposcopy assessments at a tertiary obstetrics and gynecology center in the blacksea region of Turkey: Retrospective chart-review of the last 5 years

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. Furthermore, it is the 9thmost common cancer in all ages and the 4thmost common in the 25-49 age group of women in Turkey. Given these significantly high figures, it is a significant public health problem. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of patients screened for Human papillomavirus (HPV) in a tertiary-care setting in Turkey. This is a retrospective chart review of patients admitted for clinical examinations and who underwent cervical cancer screening between 1 January 2017 and 1 March 2022. The data analyses included HPV positivity, genotype distribution, cytology analyses, colposcopy results, pathological diagnoses, and follow-up methods. A total of 529 cases were included, of whom 41.6% were HPV positive. The most frequent HPV types were HPV-16 (16.6%) and HPV-high risk (HR) (12.1%). Cytology analyses revealed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) in 17.8% and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 12.7%. The most common pathological finding was cervicitis in 23.1% (n=122), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)-1 in 9.3% (n=49), CIN-3 in 4% (n=21), and CIN-2 in 3.8% (n=20) of patients. HPV-59 (p=0.027) and HPV-HR (p=0.003) genotypes were determined in higher proportions in patients with ≥ASC-US cytology, and HPV-16 was significantly higher among patients with ≥CIN-1 lesions. The HPV positivity rate was 41.6% among women admitted to our tertiary-care university hospital for gynecological assessments. Distribution differences in HPV genotypes, cytology assessments, and pathological diagnoses might reflect the population characteristics in different geographical regions from previous studies. Our results provide current data for HPV surveillance in the Turkish population.

Association of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus with squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract.

Cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) are fifth most common cancer in the world with around 10,55,000 new cases and 7,25,000 deaths worldwide. Tobacco and alcohol act synergistically and are the two most important etiological factors responsible for about 75% of SCC. Studies have reported changing trends in the incidence of SCC showing an increasing shift in epidemiology attributed to the infection by viruses. The most commonly implicated viruses are the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). To study association of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) with 100 newly diagnosed cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and correlate its association with clinical parameters, histomorphological grade and staging using immunohistochemical markers p16, LMP1, p53, p63. The study was conducted in the department of Pathology, Maulana Azad medical college and associated hospitals, New Delhi from September 2018-April 2019. Specimens was routinely processed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done using p16, LMP1, p53, p63 monoclonal antibodies. SPSS 20 software. The quantitative analysis was done using Pearson chi-square test. Probability values < 0.05 was be considered statistically significant. HPV was present in 29% cases while EBV in 38% cases. Oral cavity was the most common site involved by both HPV and EBV. Co-infectivity was found in 4% cases. There was significant male predominance in both. HPV was more prevalent in age >45 years while EBV was equally distributed in <45 years and >45 years. Moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest grade involved by both the viruses. A significant correlation was found between EBV and alcohol. p53 positivity had an inverse relationship with HPV positivity. P63 expression was higher in HPV and EBV positive cases. In resource constraint settings, p16 and Latent membrane protein 1 can be used as surrogacy markers for Human Papilloma virus and Epstein Barr virus along with p53 and p63 for its association with histomorphological grade and stage.

Tumor tissue Helicobacter pylori and human papillomavirus infection in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients and association with clinicopathological indices: A cross-sectional medical survey.

Background:The associations between Helicobacter pylori and human papillomavirus (HPV) with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are approved before. However, the association between demographic, clinicopathological, and histologic characteristics of HNSCC patients and molecular detection of HPV and H. pylori has not been enough investigated.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 62 patients with HNSCC from January 2016 to February 2020 were entered the study. For H. pylori detection 16S ribosomal RNA and glmM genes and HPV detection, MY09 and MY11 genes were used. P < 0.05 is considered as significant level.Results:There were 34 patients with advanced-stage cancer (54.8%). Grade I patients (61.3%) had the highest frequency. There were 20 (32.25%) and 7 (11.29%) patients with positive H. pylori infection among tumor tissue and healthy tissue margins, respectively. Positive HPV infections were in 8 (12.90%) and 3 (4.83%) patients, respectively, in tumor tissue and healthy tissue margins (P = 0.01). There was a significant difference between histological grade and infection to HPV among HNSCC patients (P = 0.01), and most of the positive HPV cases had well-, moderate-, and poorly-differentiated tumors, respectively. Our study showed a significant increase in HPV infection in the advanced-stage group compared to the early-stage group (P = 0.05).Conclusion:Our study findings concluded a significant relationship between HPV infection in HNSCC patients with age, stage, and grade. In summary, our findings based on polymerase chain reaction analysis concluded remarkably a potential role of HPV infection and to some extent H. pylori infection into the contribution of HNSCC malignancies.

Oncogenic HPV Infection Dysregulates Histone H3 Clipping

During infection by various pathogens, there is an accumulation of epigenetic alterations that lead to changes in gene expression or viral reactivation. Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) dysregulate various epigenetic mechanisms. Impaired histone H3 clipping constitutes an epigenetic mechanism in cervical cancer. However, if the impaired H3 clipping occurred as a primary effect of the HPV infection or if is a consequence of cervical carcinogenesis due to the high number of alterations is unknown. Using human cervical samples with negative pathology to cancer, but positive and negative to oncogenic HPV, we were able to identify that H3 clipping was low in the positive oncogenic HPV cervix compared to the negative oncogenic HPV cervix. These results suggest that low H3 clipping previously observed in cervical cancer may be a primary effect of oncogenic HPV infection.

HPV test kao primarni test skrininga u prevenciji cervikalnog karcinoma u Republici Hrvatskoj

The knowledge that persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer has led to changes in strategies for the prevention and early detection of this cancer, with aim to eradicate it. Primary prevention through the use of vaccines that prevent HPV infection has been implemented since 2006, while secondary prevention of cervical cancer has been significantly improved by the introduction of the HPV test, either as the only method of primary screening or in combination with the Pap test. Screening based on the Pap smear has been unquestionably successful in reducing incidence and mortality in the last century. More recently, there have been gradual changes in the use of the HPV test, from its use as a reflex test after the detection of mild cytological abnormalities, through co-testing, to the use of the HPV test as the only test in primary screening thanks to the evidence gathered from the use of large, randomized research and meta-analysis. The advantages of using the HPV test over the Pap test include a higher sensitivity in detecting premalignant lesions, a higher negative predictive value of the test, and a safe extension of the time interval between screenings. However, the introduction of the HPV test as a primary screening test is not so simple and requires strict testing quality control and elaborate guidelines to ensure an optimal strategy and prevent additional burden on the healthcare system. This review presents the national cervical cancer screening program in the Republic of Croatia, the problems that prevented the start of a pilot project in one Croatian county selected for the introduction of the HPV test as a primary screening test in the prevention of cervical carcinoma, and the tasks ahead in the next period which would ensure the smooth implementation of the pilot project and implement the HPV test as the primary screening test in Croatia. Based on the results of the pilot project, it is necessary to precisely define: the age at which primary HPV testing should start and stop in the cervical cancer screening program, the examination interval after a negative primary HPV test, further procedures with women with a positive primary HPV test, the procedures for conducting reflex cytological testing and further treatment of the patient in accordance with the findings, the possibilities and justification of introducing self-sampling as part of the cervical cancer screening program based on the HPV test as the primary screening test, and finally the type of HPV test that is most suitable for the primary screening in Croatia.

Genital infection by Human papillomavirus (HPV) in women from Santa Catarina/Brazil

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women. About 80% of sexually active women will have contact with this virus at some point in their lives. Most infections will be transient, but when the infection becomes persistent and associated with a high oncogenic risk of Human Papillomavirus, there may be progression to cancer, especially cervical cancer. The best way to prevent Human Papillomavirus infection is through the use of vaccines, which have been available to the public in Brazil since 2014. Objective: This study aimed to assess the most prevalent types of Human Papillomavirus in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its mesoregions and if the majority of diagnosed types are contained in the Human Papillomavirus vaccines currently available on the market. Methods: A total of 20,000 Human Papillomavirus tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of genital Human Papillomavirus infection in women from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The prevalence of infection was evaluated according to age and the city of origin of the exams. Human Papillomavirus detection was performed using molecular biology tests, such as hybrid capture (for diagnosis of the Human Papillomavirus group, high or low oncogenic risk) and polymerase chain reaction (viral genotyping) techniques. Results: The diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus infection was performed on women between 1 and 102 years of age. The age with the highest Human Papillomavirus positivity, as expected, was 20–25 years (45.6%) and the lowest after 70 years (7.1%). The highest Human Papillomavirus positivity of the exams was observed in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina state (58.9% of the exams). A high-oncogenic-risk Human Papillomavirus was detected in 93% of positive samples and was the most frequent in all age groups. Mixed infection (high- and low-risk Human Papillomavirus) was more prevalent in the 66–70 age group (29.3%) and in the Southern Region of Santa Catarina (26.4%). The most frequent genotypes in the state of Santa Catarina were non-16/18 high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus (76.9% of positive cases). Human Papillomavirus 16 was found in 17.1% of positive cases and Human Papillomavirus 18 in 6.6%. Conclusion: The most prevalent types of Human Papillomavirus in the state of Santa Catarina in the past 6 years are the non-16/18 high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus types, which are viral types not covered by the current Human Papillomavirus vaccines available in Brazil.

Can We Reduce Overtreatment of Cervical High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions?

The aim was to evaluate the cytology, colposcopic, and pathological factors associated with the absence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2-3 lesion on loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) specimens in women with high-grade cytology and/or HSIL/CIN 2-3 biopsy and the risk of disease persistence/recurrence. Two-center retrospective study of women undergoing LEEP for high-grade cervical disease between January 2014 and December 2019. Clinical, cytology, colposcopy, and pathology results were evaluated to identify independent predictive factors associated with CIN 1/negative LEEP results. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed. Follow-up data was evaluated to assess the risk of HSIL/CIN 2-3 persistence/recurrence. Six hundred thirty-nine of 801 women (79.8%) had high-grade cytology and 631 (78.8%) HSIL/CIN 2-3 biopsy. High-risk human papillomavirus test was positive in 98% of women. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure specimen showing CIN 1 or less was found in 27%-31%. Normal/low-grade colposcopy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17, CI = 1.39-3.39, p = .001) and CIN 1/negative biopsy (OR = 3.25, CI = 2.12-4.99, p < .001) were predictors of negative/CIN 1 LEEP result in women with high-grade cytology. Normal/low-grade cytology (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.19-2.64, p = .005), normal/low-grade colposcopy (OR = 1.66, CI = 1.11-2.49, p = .013), and CIN 2 biopsy (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.73-4.39, p < .001) were predictors in women with HSIL/CIN 2-3 biopsy. Women with a negative/CIN 1 LEEP had lower recurrence/persistence than those with confirmed HSIL/CIN 2-3(1 vs 31, p = .002). Positive endocervical margin (OR = 2.85, CI = 1.10-7.36, p = .03) and high-risk human papillomavirus persistence (OR = 41.3, CI = 16-106.7, p < .01) were predictors of HSIL/CIN 2-3 persistence/recurrence. A CIN 1/negative LEEP specimen in women with high-grade cytology and/or HSIL/CIN 2-3 biopsy is associated with negative/low-grade cytology, normal/low-grade colposcopic findings and CIN 2 biopsy result before treatment. The HSIL/CIN 2-3 disease persistence/recurrence is low when LEEP specimen does not confirm HSIL/CIN 2-3.

Comparison of Different HPV-based Strategies and Cytology in Routine Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in China: A Population-based Study.

The study aimed to compare the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV)-based strategies to cytology for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) in routine program in China. The study included 50,434 women ages 30-64 years from January 2015 to December 2019, to assess four strategies: cytology with HPV triage (strategy 1), primary HPV testing with reflex cytology (strategy 2), primary HPV testing with HPV-16/18 genotyping and reflex cytology for non-16-18 high-risk HPV genotypes (strategy 3), and co-testing (strategy 4). The main outcomes were sensitivity for CIN3+ and colposcopy referral rate. Overall, the rates of HPV positivity and cytologic abnormality were 7.0% [95% confidential interval (CI), 6.8-7.2] and 3.5% (95% CI, 3.3-3.6], respectively. The sensitivity for CIN3+ were 88.5% for strategy 4, 83.2% for strategy 3, 64.6% for strategy 1, and 60.1% for strategy 2. The relative sensitivity of strategy 4 and strategy 3 compared with strategy 1 for detecting CIN3+ were 1.38 (95% CI, 1.24-1.54) and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.14-1.46), respectively. The colposcopy referral rates of strategies 4 and 3 were significantly higher than that of strategy 1 (2.4% and 2.2% vs. 1.4%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, co-testing and primary HPV testing with HPV-16/18 genotyping and reflex cytology improved the sensitivity for CIN3+ compared with cytology but increased the colposcopy referral rate. Long-term negative predicted value for HPV-negative women should be studied to determine the screening interval. Our study provides further evidence to the introduction of HPV-based strategies in China. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Both co-testing and primary HPV testing with HPV-16/18 genotyping and reflex cytology triage provided higher sensitivity for detecting CIN3+; however, the number of colposcopy referrals also increased compared with cytology in a routine program. It has great public health implications for the introduction of HPV-based screening strategies in China.

HPV prevention in women aged 30-65 in Istanbul: Effect of early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVEEarlier detection and timely interventions against cancers are well known to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Screening programs provide opportunity to detect cancers as early as precancerous stages. Cancers of cervix of uterus are one of the cancers that have widely applicable screening methods and are one of the three cancer types that have population-based screening program in Turkiye. In this article, it is aimed to evaluate cervical cancer screenings in Istanbul.METHODSThe study methodology for cervical cancer screening conducted between 2015 and 2020 in Istanbul, Turkiye’s largest city, was introduced. The results obtained in the first round of screening of 723,068 women with the human papillomavirus (HPV) method as a new methodology are discussed.RESULTSAs a summary of results, the HPV positivity ratio was found to be 6.5% and the positivity rate was higher in younger women. The results also show that majority of the subjects with positive result were infected with more than 1 strains of HPV. Most prevalent subtypes detected were HPV16, HPV51, HPV31, HPV52, and HPV66, respectively. Total detection rate for any of the high-risk HPV subtypes was 29.95%.CONCLUSIONAlthough HPV-16 is the highest subtype to be infected and total percentage of infection with any high-risk strains is approximating to one-third of the total positivity, cytological results revealed only 8.1% meaningful results.

PCR-based Evaluation of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Oral Lichen Planus.

Objective:The objective of the study was to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine and compare the genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials and Methods:Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 20 OLP biopsy specimens. Conventional PCR assay employing consensus HPV primers was used to identify HPV DNA. Positive PCR samples were then subjected to PCR assay with HPV type-specific primers.Results:Out of the total 20 OLP specimens evaluated, eight samples (40%) were positive for HPV. Females had a 41.7% higher HPV-positive rate than males. The most common type in the HPV type-specific PCR assay was HPV-18 (75%), which is a high-risk type of HPV linked to malignant diseases. The erosive kind of OLP had the greatest percentage of HPV positives (50%).Conclusion:The present study confirms the detection of HPV in OLP lesions, as determined by PCR-coupled HPV gene sequencing, as well as its likely mechanism of malignant transformation.

Decreased CD1a + and CD83 + cells in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma regardless of HPV status.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the immune response against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and represent a therapeutic target in cancer.Objective:To identify and quantify DCs in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) under the influence of HPV infection.Methodology:CD1a and CD83 antibodies were used to identify immature dendritic cells and mature dendritic cells by immunohistochemistry in 33 primary TSCC and 10 normal tonsils (NTs), respectively. For the TSCC samples, the number of DCs per area was evaluated in the intra- and peritumoral compartments. For the NTs, the quantification of DCs was evaluated in the intra- and peritonsillar compartments. HPV detection methods were determined according to the ASCO Clinical Practice Guidelines from the College of American Pathologists Guideline (2018).Results:There were fewer intratumoral CD1a+ DCs in the HPV-positive and HPV-negative TSCC groups than in the NT group (p<0.05). In the peritumoral compartment, there were fewer CD83+ DCs in the HPV-positive and HPV-negative TSCC groups than in the NT group (p<0.001). The quantification of DCs subtypes showed no statistical differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative TSCC groups (p>0.137). Patients with HPV-positive TSCC had significantly better overall survival rate than those with HPV-negative TSCC (p=0.004).Conclusion:Tumor activity contributes to DC depletion regardless of intralesional HPV positivity. An improved prognosis has been reported in patients with HPV-positive TSCC.

Epidemiological Aspects of Age and Genotypical Occurrence of HPV Infection Among Females of Canton Sarajevo Over a 10-year Period.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are one of the most prevalent causes of cervical, anal, and oral cancer, and it is believed that nearly all sexually active males and females have been infected with HPV at some point in their lives. The purpose of this study is to highlight epidemiological characteristics of the age and genotypical incidence of HPV infection among females in Canton Sarajevo during a 10-year period. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the period between January 2012 and December 2021 at the medical institutions "Zavod za Ginekologiju, Perinatologiju i Neplodnost "Mehmedbašić" among females who were admitted for a routine gynaecological exam in Canton Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In total, 1517 patients who reported typical sexarche at 18.35±1.92, having one 721 (47.5%) sexual partner, regular use of contraceptive methods 820 (54.5%) with male condom 513 (62.6%) being the dominant choice of contraception and having gynacological hereditary oncological positive history 141 (9.3%), were included in the study from which 653 (43.05%) patients had positive HPV test and 864 (56.95%) had negative HPV results. HPV positive patients, 386 (59.1%) were infected either with one type of virus only, while 267 (40.9%) patients were infected with multiple virus strains where we have identified 166 virus strain combinations. Analysis showed that the patients infected by only one virus strain were one of next specific HPV viruses: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68. HPV-16 was the predominately strain 16 (22.5%) identified among all the patients. Mean age of HPV positive patients was 33.38±7.85, ranging from 18 to 61 years. This study highlights the significance of the most frequent HPV high-risk strains (HPV-16, -18, -31.-33,-45,-52, and -58) among the Bosnia and Herzegovina population as one of the most common cancer-causing strains worldwide.

Detection of Human PapillomaVirus and its Association with Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.

Aim:This study was carried out with the objective of recognizing the involvement of human papillomavirus (HPV) in conditions of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant conditions and lesions.Materials and Methods:OSCC samples from thirty patients were collected and thirty paraffin-embedded, oral premalignant specimens were collected. It was decided to use as a negative control samples gingiva from healthy individuals who had no prior history of oral proliferative leukoplakia or OSCC. The samples were then processed using a paraffin-embedded tissue block method. Deoxyribonucleic acid will be extracted from the paraffin-embedded tumor sample of sixty case subjects and tested for the presence of HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction.Results:In study Group 1, 24 samples were taken from males and 6 from females. In study Group 2, 26 cases were males and 4 were females. In Group 1, 16 cases of moderately differentiated and 14 cases of well differentiated each were present. No case of poorly differentiated were found. There was statistically no significant difference present between male and female when Group 1 and Group 2 was considered. In study Group 1, 0 samples had positive HPV DNA detection, whereas 30 samples had negative HPV DNA detection. In study Group 2, 0 samples had positive HPV DNA detection, whereas 30 samples had negative HPV expression.Conclusion:According to our findings, certain incidences of OSCC may be linked to HPV, however, this was not the case for all of the cancers.

Oncogenic papillomaviruses: reproductive problems in infected males

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) of the high-risk types cause carcinomas in cervix uteri, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, as well as in certain sites of head and neck – oral cavity, oropharynx, tonsils, larynx. HPV of types 16 and 18 are the most widespread ones. Papillomaviruses of low oncogenic risk, HPV of types 6 and 11, cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and anogenital warts. Preventive vaccinations against HPV are not included into the National mandatory immunization schedule in Russia; however, they are being executed in several country areas in a form of regional programs. Substantial contingents are not embraced by the procedures as yet. A family can make decision of its own whether to vaccinate the adolescent child on paid basis. To make decision in favor of vaccination complete awareness is needful on the HPV infection consequences. As far as viruses of the given group became primarily known as cervical cancer etiological agents certain risk persists of “feminization” of notions about unfavorable effects of the HPV infection thus resulting in debates on usefulness of boys’ preventive vaccination.In this connection the purpose of the review was consideration of HPV effects on male reproductive potential. Oncogenic HPVs are frequently found in healthy donors’ sperm. HPV DNA can penetrate from sperm into oocyte under experimental conditions. Seminal fluid of HPV-positive males is a storage tank of the virus as well as the source of its distribution throughout population. DNA of oncogenic HPV was detected in endosomes of seminal lymphocytes. The latter fact opposes the canonic notion of strict HPV epitheliotropy. Correlation exists between the seminal fluid HPV-positivity of a certain man and his fertility drop. Reproductologists believe failures of some married couples when using assisted reproductive technologies may result from partner’s seminal HPV positivity. The successful attempt is known of semen parameters’ normalization in men with reduced fertility after inoculation with the quadrivalent Gardasil vaccine.It seems reasonable to consider the data on unfavorable effects of HPV infection on male reproductive potential as an argument for boys’ preventive HPV vaccination. It would help not only to prevent the HPV-associated oncological diseases in men but the distribution of the given infection around the population as a whole; it would contribute to more successes in solving demographic problems.

Proportion of Incident Genital Human Papillomavirus Detections not Attributable to Transmission and Potentially Attributable to Latent Infections: Implications for Cervical Cancer Screening.

Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) may enter a latent state, and eventually become reactivated following loss of immune control. It is unclear what proportion of incident HPV detections are reactivations of previous latent infections vs new transmissions. The HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual activity (HITCH) cohort study prospectively followed young newly formed heterosexual partners recruited between 2005 and 2011 in Montréal, Canada. We calculated the fraction of incident HPV detections nonattributable to sexual transmission risk factors with a Bayesian Markov model. Results are the median (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) of the estimated posterior distribution. A total of 544 type-specific incident HPV detection events occurred in 849 participants; 33% of incident HPV detections occurred in participants whose HITCH partners were negative for that HPV type and who reported no other sex partners over follow-up. We estimate that 43% (38%-48%) of all incident HPV detections in this population were not attributable to recent sexual transmission and might be potentially reactivation of latent infections. A positive HPV test result in many cases may be a reactivated past infection, rather than a new infection from recent sexual behaviors or partner infidelity. The potential for reactivation of latent infections in previously HPV-negative women should be considered in the context of cervical cancer screening.

Low frequency of HPV positivity in breast tumors among patients from south-central Poland

BackgroundSome studies suggest that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is important factor in carcinogenesis of breast tumors. This study’ objective was to analyze HPV prevalence in breast cancers of patients from south-central Poland.Materials and methodsThe study was performed based on archival paraffin embebbed and formalin fixed blocks in the group of 383 patients with breast cancer. HPV prevalence and its genotype were assessed, respectively by: nested PCR (with two groups of primers: PGMY09/PGMY11 and GP5+/GP6+), quantitative PCR (qPCR). Tumors were classified as HPV positive in case of at least one positive result in nested PCR and positive results in genotyping procedure. For all HPV positive tissues P16 immunostaining was applied in order to confirm active viral infection.ResultsIn the group of 383 breast cancers, HPV positivity was found in 17 samples (4.4%) in nested PCR. All these samples were subjected to HPV genotyping. This analysis revealed presence of HPV type 16 into two tumors (0.5%). In these two cancers, P16 overexpression was reported.ConclusionIn breast tumors of patients from south-central Poland in Poland, HPV positivity is demonstrated in very low percentage of cases.

Evaluation of HPV, smear and colposcopy results in patients with diabetes

Background and aimsThis study aimed to evaluate whether there is a difference in human papillomavirus (HPV), smear, and cervical biopsy results between patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). MethodsRetrospectively, 136 patients with positive high risk (HR) HPV screening results with and without DM who underwent colposcopy between 2015 and 2019 were identified. The clinicopathological characteristics and HR HPV screening results were reported and analyzed. The results of the patients with and without DM were compared. ResultsHPV 16 positivity, Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS), and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1 (CIN 1) in smear and biopsy results were higher in patients with DM than patients without DM. ConclusionsThe higher HPV positivity in patients with diabetes may require reforming the frequency and method of cervical cancer screening to be applied to this patient group.

Detection of human papillomavirus infection in oral cancers reported at dental facility: assessing the utility of FFPE tissues.

Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral cancers is on the rise. However, epidemiological data of this subset of cancers are limited. Dental hospital poses a unique advantage in detection of HPV-positive oral malignancies. We assessed the utility of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, which are readily available, for evaluation of high-risk HPV infection in oral cancer. For protocol standardization, we used 20 prospectively collected paired FFPE and fresh tissues of histopathologically confirmed oral cancer cases reported in Oral Medicine department of a dental hospital for comparative study. Only short PCRs (~ 200bp) of DNA isolated using a modified xylene-free method displayed a concordant HPV result. For HPV analysis, we used additional 30 retrospectively collected FFPE tissues. DNA isolated from these specimens showed an overall 23.4% (11/47) HPV positivity with detection of HPV18. Comparison of HPV positivity from dental hospital FFPE specimens with overall HPV positivity of freshly collected oral cancer specimens (n = 55) from three cancer care hospitals of the same region showed notable difference (12.7%; 7/55). Further, cancer hospital specimens showed HPV16 positivity and displayed a characteristic difference in reported sub-sites and patient spectrum. Overall, using a xylene-free FFPE DNA isolation method clubbed with short amplicon PCR, we showed detection of HPV-positive oral cancer in dental hospitals.