Human Papillomavirus Infection Research Articles

Detection of human papillomavirus in plantar warts and its impact on outcome.

Cutaneous warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Distinguishing plantar warts from clavus and tylosis can be difficult. A less-invasive method of examining these lesions is necessary. Previously, we collected data on 90 patients with warts and related diseases to explore differentiation methods using HPV typing of tissue from the wart surface. In that study, 21 patients were diagnosed as cases with plantar warts, however, 10 of those 21 cases showed HPV-negative by polymerase chain reaction analysis, causing some ambiguity, thus their outcomes should be confirmed. To assess the role of HPV typing in clinical practice, we followed up these 21 cases (11 HPV-positive and 10 HPV-negative) and analyzed their outcomes. The HPV-positive group included HPV1a (one case), HPV27 (four cases), HPV57 (three cases), and HPV65 (three cases). The median age of the 21 patients was 43 years, that of the 11 HPV-positive cases was 37 years, and that of the 10 HPV-negative cases was 44 years. The sex ratios (male:female) of the HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups were 6:5 and 2:8, respectively. All 21 patients were treated with liquid nitrogen after surface keratin removal, concomitant with salicylic acid topical plaster or oral administration of Yokuinin. The longest follow-up period was 548 days. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess the healing rate according to HPV-positivity. The healing rate in HPV-positive cases was significantly higher than in HPV-negative cases (P = 0.001). Although the sample size was small, the results suggest HPV typing using non-invasive surface materials facilitates accurate diagnosis and prevents prolonged treatment of plantar warts.

Human papillomavirus prevalence and genotypes in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A scoping review 2017-2024.

Cervical cancer remains a global health challenge, claiming the lives of millions annually and having a significant impact on Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary causative agent, plays a central role, with regional variations in prevalence.1 The process from HPV infection to neoplastic changes takes 5-25 years to occur, hence, knowing its prevalence in our community is vital.2. PubMed and SCOPUS were searched to identify articles related to cervical and anogenital HPV prevalence and genotypes in Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) published between 2017 and 2024. A total of 19 articles were included in this review. Eight studies were from KSA, four were from Kuwait, three were from the UAE, one was from Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain, and one presented data collectively from the KSA, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain. The prevalence of HPV ranged between 4.7% and 77% in studies from the KSA, between 15% and 54.3% in studies from Kuwait, between 14.7% and 88% in studies from the UAE, was 8.1% and 31.3% in the two studies from Qatar, and was 17.8% and 20% in the studies from Oman and Bahrain, respectively. HPV 16 was the most prevalent high-risk genotype found in studies conducted in the KSA, UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar. In Oman, HPV 82 predominated. In Bahrain, the majority had other non-HPV 16/18/45 genotypes. In the UAE and Kuwait, HPV 11 was the predominant low-risk type, followed by HPV 6. In Qatar, HPV 81 was the most common low-risk type, followed by HPV 11. In Oman, HPV 54 was the most common low-risk type, followed by HPV 42. There are no studies with data on HPV prevalence and genotypes among women who have been vaccinated against HPV in GCC countries.

Cost-effectiveness of nonavalent vs bivalent HPV vaccine in Polish setting.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with significant implications for public health. In Poland, a nationwide vaccination program offers a choice between the 9-valent (9v) and 2-valent (2v) HPV vaccines. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the 9v vs 2v vaccine from the public payer perspective in Poland. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to compare the public health and economic benefits of using 9v vs 2v vaccine in Poland over 100-year horizon using a previously published deterministic dynamic transmission model. A target population of girls and boys aged 12-13 years was considered. The model was populated with local epidemiological inputs, utilities, and costs, including vaccine and administration costs, as well as costs related to medical procedures for HPV-related diseases. The 9v vaccine reduced the prevalence of HPV infections and HPV-related diseases substantially more than 2v vaccine when both are compared to no vaccination strategy. The total discounted cost savings of using the 9v vaccine instead of 2v, excluding the vaccine costs, amounted to EUR 66 million. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio amounted to 8094 EUR per quality-adjusted life year, much below the official cost-effectiveness threshold in Poland set up at the three times the annual gross domestic product per capita. 9v cost-effectiveness ratio remained unchanged when shorter time-horizons of 20, 40, 60, or 80 years were considered. Using 9v HPV vaccine in Poland is highly cost-effective compared to the 2v vaccine.

Key informant perspectives on overcoming HPV vaccination barriers in low-immunization NY counties

ABSTRACT Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an important public health concern, with nearly 2,900 cases of HPV-related cancers reported in New York State (NYS) each year. Despite concerted efforts to enhance vaccine uptake in NYS, HPV vaccination rates among 13–15-year-olds failed to meet the 2020 healthy People target, and continue to lag behind the 2030 goal, of 80%. In counties with low immunization levels, understanding factors influencing decision-making among unvaccinated adolescents is crucial. This study aimed to identify barriers, facilitators, and potential interventions to improve HPV vaccine uptake. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants in 15 NYS counties within the lowest quartile of HPV vaccine coverage among 13-year-old adolescents. Public health representatives, including Immunization Quality Improvement for Providers (IQIP) consultants, vaccine coordinators, medical directors, and primary care providers, were identified through purposive and snowball sampling. Interviews explored vaccination coverage knowledge, barriers and facilitating factors, and recommended strategies for improvement. All conversations were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using ATLAS.ti. Forty-four interviews were conducted, revealing barriers to HPV vaccination such as limited vaccine knowledge, vaccine misinformation, and accessibility. Key informants asserted barriers could be primarily addressed through education efforts, such increased public awareness, improved parent–doctor conversations, additional provider education on vaccine benefits, and supplementary education in patient spaces. Targeted education efforts and improved provider communication strategies have the potential to bolster HPV vaccination rates in NYS. These findings offer valuable insights for guiding future initiatives in communities facing significant barriers to vaccination.

Switching from a 2-dose to a 1-dose program of gender-neutral routine vaccination against human papillomavirus in Canada: a mathematical modelling analysis.

Worldwide, countries are examining whether to implement 1-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination instead of using 2 doses. To inform policy, we sought to project the population-level impact and efficiency of switching from 2-dose to 1-dose gender-neutral routine HPV vaccination in Canada. We used HPV-ADVISE, an individual-based transmission-dynamic model of HPV infections and diseases, to mathematically model vaccination programs in 2 provinces, Quebec, a province with high HPV vaccination coverage (around 85%), and Ontario, which has lower coverage (around 65%). We examined non-inferior and pessimistic scenarios of the efficacy (vaccine efficacy of 98% or 90%) and average vaccine duration (lifelong, 30 yr, or 25 yr) of 1 dose compared with 2 doses (98% vaccine efficacy, lifelong vaccine duration). Our main outcomes were the relative reduction in HPV-16 (by sex) and cervical cancers, and the number of doses needed to prevent 1 cervical cancer. Our model projected that 1-dose HPV vaccination would avert a similar number of cervical cancers as 2 doses in Canada, under various scenarios. Under the most pessimistic scenario (25-yr vaccine duration), 1-dose vaccination would avert fewer cervical cancers than 2 doses, by about 3 percentage points over 100 years. All 1-dose scenarios were projected to lead to elimination of cervical cancer (< 4 cervical cancers/100 000 female-years) and to be a substantially more efficient use of vaccine doses than a 2-dose scenario (1-dose v. no vaccination = 800-1000 doses needed to prevent 1 cervical cancer; incremental doses for 2-dose v. 1-dose vaccination > 10 000 doses needed to prevent 1 additional cervical cancer). If the average duration of 1-dose protection is longer than 25 years, a 1-dose HPV vaccination program would protect those vaccinated during their peak ages of sexual activity and prevent a similar number of HPV-related cancers as a 2-dose program, while being a more efficient use of vaccine doses.

Epidemiology and Clinical Challenges in Early Diagnosis of Penis Cancer in Developing Countries

Penile cancer, though rare globally, has a higher incidence in several developing countries due to factors such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor hygiene, and certain cultural practices. This study aimed to improve early detection and treatment of penile cancer in developing countries, reduce the burden of disease, and develop strategies for raising education and awareness in these regions. The research method used was descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out using documentation techniques, and analysis was conducted using triangulation. The research has significant implications for public health policy and medical education in developing countries. The findings emphasize the importance of creating culturally sensitive health campaigns and improving access to early diagnostic tools, which could ultimately lead to earlier detection and improved patient outcomes.

Co-freezing localized CRISPR-Cas12a system enables rapid and sensitive nucleic acid analysis

Rapid and sensitive nucleic acid detection is vital in disease diagnosis and therapeutic assessment. Herein, we propose a co-freezing localized CRISPR-Cas12a (CL-Cas12a) strategy for sensitive nucleic acid detection. The CL-Cas12a was obtained through a 15-minute co-freezing process, allowing the Cas12a/crRNA complex and hairpin reporter confined on the AuNPs surface with high load efficiency, for rapid sensing of nucleic acid with superior performance to other localized Cas12a strategies. This CL-Cas12a based platform could quantitatively detect targets down to 98 aM in 30 min with excellent specificity. Furthermore, the CL-Cas12a successful applied to detect human papillomavirus infection and human lung cancer-associated single-nucleotide mutations. We also achieved powerful signal amplification for imaging Survivin mRNA in living cells. These findings highlight the potential of CL-Cas12a as an effective tool for nucleic acid diagnostics and disease monitoring.Graphical abstract

Understanding microRNAs in the context of bacterial versus viral infections.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, have emerged as biomarkers for differentiating infection types due to their distinct expression profiles in response to pathogens. This study explores miRNA profiling using microarray technology to identify miRNA signatures that differentiate viral from bacterial infections in plasma samples. Plasma samples were collected from patients diagnosed with either bacterial (e.g., pneumonia) or viral (e.g., human papillomavirus) infections; control samples were used to evaluate altered miRNA pattern, followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) analysis. Microarray analysis revealed distinct miRNA expression patterns for bacterial and viral infections. In bacterial infections, 11 miRNAs were significantly downregulated compared to controls. Similarly, 12 miRNAs were downregulated in viral infections. Pathway analysis indicated that the altered miRNAs in bacterial infections were linked to immune and inflammatory pathways. In contrast, viral infections were associated with miRNAs involved in cellular stress and replication processes. Plasma miRNA profiling offers a promising diagnostic tool to differentiate bacterial from viral infections, providing specific miRNA signatures underlying immune responses. These findings represent a foundation for developing miRNA-based diagnostics, improving the precision of infection diagnosis, and paving the way for targeted therapeutic interventions.

What are the essential determinants of human papillomavirus carcinogenesis?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading viral cause of cancer. Over the past several decades, research on HPVs has provided remarkable insight into human cell biology and into the pathology of viral and non-viral cancers. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins engage host cellular proteins to establish an environment in infected cells that is conducive to virus replication. They rewire host cell signaling pathways to promote proliferation, inhibit differentiation, and limit cell death. The activity of the "high-risk" HPV E6 and E7 proteins is so potent that their dysregulated expression is sufficient to drive the initiation and maintenance of HPV-associated cancers. Consequently, intensive research efforts have aimed to identify the host cell targets of E6 and E7, in part with the idea that some or all of the virus-host interactions would be essential cancer drivers. These efforts have identified a large number of potential binding partners of each oncoprotein. However, over the same time period, parallel research has revealed that a relatively small number of genetic mutations drive carcinogenesis in most non-viral cancers. We therefore propose that a high-priority goal is to identify which of the many targets of E6 and E7 are critical drivers of HPV carcinogenesis. By identifying the cancer-driving targets of E6 and E7, it should be possible to better understand the distinct roles of other targets, perhaps in the viral life cycle, and to focus efforts to develop anti-cancer therapies on the subset of virus-host interactions for which therapeutic intervention would have the greatest impact.

Barriers and facilitators for adherence to follow-up by HR-HPV-positive women with premalignant cervical lesions: a mixed-design study in Mexico

BackgroundMexico reports low follow-up completion rates among women with abnormal cervical cancer screenings. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to follow-up adherence among women with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and premalignant cervical lesions in Mexico.MethodsA mixed-methods study was conducted from February to April 2019. Participants included women undergoing follow-up care for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and premalignant lesions, along with health personnel from the Women’s Healthcare Center (CAPASAM) in Mexico. Quantitative data were obtained from the Women’s Cancer Information System and through a questionnaire about factors affecting follow-up adherence. Additionally, the health personnel involved completed a compliance checklist regarding care regulations. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews with both groups, followed by a content analysis based on identified categories. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System confirmed care process risks. Proposals to enhance the Early Detection Program for Prevention and Control of Cervical Cancer were collected from a CAPASAM health personnel nominal group.ResultsIdentified barriers to follow-up included low income among CAPASAM users, family provider roles limiting time for appointments, long waits for testing and results delivery, distant facilities, insufficient service hour communication, inadequate health personnel training, and a lack of systematic counseling. Hesitation toward follow-up was also linked to shame, apprehension, uncertainty, test aversion, fear of positive results, and limited cervical cancer and screening knowledge. Patriarchal attitudes of partners and limited access to the now-discontinued PROSPERA government program further discouraged follow-up. Facilitators comprised respectful treatment by CAPASAM staff, no-cost services, health campaigns, and positive user attitudes.ConclusionsThe study found more barriers than facilitators to follow-up adherence, highlighting the need for strategies to bolster the Early Detection Program. Future strategies must address the comprehensive array of factors and incorporate stakeholder perspectives.

Prevalence and concordance of penile, anal, and oral human papillomavirus infections among sexually active heterosexual men in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The data on epidemiology of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in men are scarce relative to women generally, particularly among men engaging in heterosexual relationships. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for penile, anal, and oral HPV in men in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional survey involving a face-to-face interview, a clinical examination, and sample collection from participants. HPV genotyping was performed with Anyplex II 28 HPV assay. The prevalences and factors associated with HPV infections using multivariable models and concordance between sites. Of 316 men, the proportion of any HPV infection in the penile, anal, and oral sites was 40.5%, 9.7%, and 7.8%, respectively. The proportion of any high-risk HPV, low-risk HPV, and multiple HPV infections was highest in the penis followed by the anal and oral sites. Only 5/316 (1.6%) men had concordant HPV in all three sites, with the highest concordance in penile-anal sites relative to penile-oral and anal-oral sites. The odds of penile HPV were higher in men aged 25years and above. Having penile HPV was associated with higher odds of detecting anal HPV and vice versa. Oral HPV was less likely in men not living with their sexual partners. Penile HPV is the most common infection followed by anal HPV and oral HPV infections among heterosexual Nigerian men. Concordant HPV infections was highest in penile-anal sites. Nigerian men, as in other settings, are a reservoir of HPV and it is important to conduct more robust studies to appreciate their role in HPV transmission, epidemiology, and prevention.

Excessive collagen fiber deposition in idiopathic scrotal calcinosis: a case report

BackgroundIdiopathic scrotal calcinosis (ISC) is a manifestation of idiopathic calcinosis cutis, and its etiology is still unknown.Case presentationWe report a 36-year-old patient manifested multiple gradually increasing yellowish-white scrotal nodules with occasional itching and stinging in the past 6 years and was successfully cured via surgical excision. The laboratory test combined with pathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of ISC. Like pathological calcinosis in other soft tissues, a large amount of collagen fiber deposition was observed around the calcification nodule, suggesting that abnormal collagen fiber deposition might be an important factor leading to idiopathic calcinosis in the scrotum. Moreover, koilocytes, which indicate human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, were also detected around calcified nodules, indicating the potential pathogenic role of HPV infection in ISC.ConclusionsHere, we report that ISC shows abnormal excessive deposition of collagen fibers around calcified nodules, which may be a vital factor contributing to the disease. Furthermore, combined with the literature review, a new pathogenic mechanism of ISC is proposed, and the site specificity of scrotal calcinosis is explained, providing a basis for further exploration of the pathogenic mechanism of ISC.

Healthy lifestyle and HPV infection risk: results from a cross-sectional study.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection constitutes a significant global public health challenge despite the widespread implementation of vaccination programs, with infection rates persistently high. Recent studies suggest that lifestyle factors including diet quality (DQ) and physical activity (PA) could play a pivotal role in the mitigation of HPV infections. This investigation explored the influence of DQ, PA, and a healthy lifestyle on the incidence of HPV infection in adult women. Data from 5,308 women aged 20-59 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016. DQ and PA were measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), respectively, creating four lifestyle groups based on how well they matched dietary and activity guidelines. The associations between key factors and HPV infection were explored using multivariate logistic regression, trend tests, and interaction tests. Fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression models revealed an inverse association between the risk of HPV infection and higher levels of PA (OR = 0.914; 95% CI: 0.854-0.979) as well as DQ (OR = 0.993; 95% CI: 0.989-0.998). Individuals in the highest tertile of DQ displayed a reduced risk of HPV infection relative to those in the lowest tertile (OR = 0.846; 95% CI: 0.726-0.986). Belonging to the third quintile of PA was linked to a lower risk of HPV infection than the lowest quintile (OR = 0.823; 95% CI: 0.681-0.995). Subgroups adhering to a healthy DQ were linked to a lower risk of HPV infection irrespective of PA meeting guideline recommendations. Our findings underscore the importance of a healthy diet in conjunction with appropriate PA in preventing HPV infection, offering new insights for public health policies and interventions.

Comprehensive Details on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections and Associated Malignancies: Awareness about Prophylaxis &amp; Treatment Options Available for HPV Infections

Human Papilloma virus (HPV) role has now been widely accepted as a causative agent for cervical as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Screening and early detection of cervical cancer remains the key element to eradicate this deadly disease. Since it has a long natural history and disease progression, this gave an opportunity for early detection through screening of precancerous lesions which was adopted in high income countries (HIC) like UK which has led to the significant reduction of the cases. Unfortunately, Low- and middle-income countries are facing huge burden because of the lack of effective screening program. FDA approved Cervarix, Gardasil and Gardasil 9 are used as prophylaxis for cervical cancer &amp; genital warts but screening is still essential after vaccination because these vaccines are not effective against all types of HPV types. HPV 16 &amp; HPV 18 are highly oncogenic types and accounts for 70% of cervical cancers. The use of vaccine reduces the risk of getting HPV infection and decrease the rate of morbidity and mortality due to the cervical cancer. In addition to vaccines, many peptides or protein-based &amp; cell or DNA-based vaccines are still in clinical trials; these prevention and management available in vaccines are likely to come up with significant benefits of health in future. Although it’s usually cured by immune system but presence of certain cofactors such as smoking, HIV etc. reduces the probability of an individual to eradicate the infection effectively. The aim of this study is to review literature regarding HPV related infections and malignancies. Moreover, it will make individuals aware about prophylaxis &amp; treatment options available for HPV infection. This review article evaluates the HPV related diseases, there screening, evaluation and management currently available. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 967-983

B-305 High-risk HPV Scenario Among Young People: Data From a Clinical Laboratory (2019-2023)

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infections and occurs early after the start of sexual life. There are more than 150 types of HPV, classified considering the affected area, symptoms, and oncogenic potential. The types of HPV that cause cancerous lesions are classified as high-risk HPV types. HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer in women and is strongly associated with penile cancer in men. Despite the existence of vaccination, it is still not easily accessible to the entire population of Brazil. In this context, the authors are periodically analyzing the positivity of high-risk HPV infection in secretion and cell scraping samples. Methods 14,806 results were analyzed from a laboratory in São Paulo/Brazil. 4,935 real-time PCR tests were carried out from January/2019 to December/2023 for the detection of HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68 high risk types. In this study, there was a special focus on HPV types 16 and 18, as they are the main high-risk types for cervical cancer. The other high-risk genotypes were detected, but not differentiated. Results The most ages affected by the infection in both sexes were 25 to 40 years old. Infections with other high-risk types HPV were more frequent in relation to types 16 and 18, Table 1. Conclusions Although the male population represented only 1.19% of processes tests, a higher frequency of HPV positive results was detected (9.04%) compared to female patients (7.55%).

B-338 Real-world data shows the effectiveness of a tetravalent vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus types 16 and 18 in Chilean women

Abstract Background Cervical uterine cancer (CUCa) is the fourth most common female neoplasm globally. At least 99% of CUCa cases are caused by persistent infection of high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types. In 2014, Chile began a mandatory immunization plan for 9-year-old girls with the GARDASIL™ vaccine, which confers immunity against types 16 and 18 that cause about 70% of CUCa. This work aims to estimate this vaccine's effectiveness in women after nine years of inoculation. Methods We evaluated the results for HPV detection from 21.676 women between 15 and 77 years old between 2019 and 2023 at Bupa Lab. HPV detection and genotyping was performed with the ROCHE Cobas® HPV Test. Effectiveness was measured as the ratio between the number of cases of HPV types 16+18 versus other HR-HPV. Results During the analyzed period, the number of tests performed increased significantly, and the positivity rate decreased from 44% in 2019 to 26,9% in 2023. Global positivity was 32% for some HR-HPV types, reaching a peak of 49,5% in the 20 to 24,9 years group. The average 16+18/other HR ratio was 0,39, which decreased significantly to 0,24 in the vaccinated group of women between 15 and 19,9 years, suggesting an effectiveness of 37,5% against HPV types 16 and 18 concerning the total HR types (Table 1). Conclusions In recent years, HPV detection has proven useful in preventive monitoring and early detection of CUCa. This increased awareness has triggered a significant rise in HPV testing and could be driving test positivity downwards. Although a more appropriate study design is required to estimate the actual effectiveness of the vaccine in Chile, our analyses showed a significant decrease in HPV types 16 and 18 in women after nine years of vaccination, which represents a crucial advance toward the eradication of CUCa.

Knowledge and attitude towards HPV infection, HPV vaccination and cervical cancer among middle- and high-school students in Gwalior

ABSTRACT Background: There is little information available regarding knowledge and attitudes towards the human papillomavirus (HPV) and its vaccines among the students in mainland India. Furthermore, there has not been much information accessible on how to increase their understanding of and readiness to receive HPV and associated vaccines, which could be crucial for the future success of vaccination campaigns. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of middle- and high-school students towards HPV infection, HPV vaccine and cervical cancer prevention. Method: The present study was an observational study conducted from July 2023 to December 2023 in the Gwalior District of Northern India among the 490 students aged 11–16 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the students. The collected data was entered into an Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for easy calculation. Frequency and percentage were calculated and significance in proportion was tested using the chi-square test. P value was judged at a 5% level of significance. Results: The average age of the student was 13.67 ± 1.95 years range between 11 years and 16 years with a 0.52:1 sex ratio. Out of the 490 enrolled participants, 41.0% of subjects had previously heard about cervical cancer. About 64.7% of students heard it from the mass media. A total of 181 (36.9%) knew that cervical cancer was caused by HPV infection. Only 168 (34.3%) participants knew the fact that men were also infected by HPV infection. Only 12.4% knew that a healthy-looking person could have an HPV infection. Only 11.6% had shown their willingness for the HPV vaccination. There was a significant difference observed among the males and females regarding knowledge questions. Males (54.76%) heard more about cervical cancer than females (33.85%). Males had more knowledge (60.1%) regarding cervical cancer caused by HPV infection as compared with females (24.8%). Conclusion: Students’ awareness of HPV and the HPV vaccine was low. Training that focusses on HPV information in addition to sex education is needed to promote HPV vaccine coverage.

Small Molecule Inhibitors of Human Papillomavirus: A Review of Research from 1997 to 2021.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the cause of warts, lesions and cancer, with different types of HPV causing different symptoms. HPV infections are the primary cause of cervical cancer. There are over 220 different types of HPV, and only nine of these can currently be vaccinated. There is a need to treat these viral infections without just treating the symptoms of the infection, as is currently the main method. There is a wide range of small molecules that have been used to inhibit various stages of the HPV infectious cycle. This review examined 132 small molecules from 121 studies that specifically target aspects of HPV infections. HPV DNA encodes for six early genes (E1 to E7, skipping E3) and two late genes (L1 and L2). According to the results, these targets for small molecule inhibitors fall into three categories: those targeting E1 and E2, targeting E6 and E7 and, finally, targeting L1 and L2. Inhibitors of E6 and E7 are the most widely studied targets, with the majority of HPV inhibition in this area. While compounds targeting both E1/E2 and E6/E7 have made it to clinical trials, there has been no significant advancement on the topic.

Differential molecular characterization of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic value.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a causative factor in the occurrence and progression of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). In recent years, clinical studies have found that HPV-positive OPSCC patients may present a better prognosis than HPV-negative patients, yet the underlying causes are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relevance of HPV infection and the prognosis of OPSCC. On this basis, we aimed to establish a prediction model to accurately predict the prognosis and guide clinical practice. We analysed the records of 233 patients with OPSCC. Cox regression was applied to identify factors associated with survival. Moreover, variables with significant discrepancies were integrated into a nomogram model to predict prognosis. The results showed that HPV was an independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS. Immunoglobulin Heavy Constant Mu (IGHM) mRNA was significantly upregulated in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. Crucially, IGHM expression was associated with better prognosis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis both confirmed that the prognostic model exhibits good performance. In summary, HPV infection were independent prognostic factors for OPSCC. IGHM may be the key contributors to the prognostic differences in HPV-associated OPSCC. This nomogram model was able to accurately predict the prognosis of patients.

Male and female human papilloma virus infection and assisted reproductive technology outcomes: A comprehensive assessment from prevalence in semen to obstetric outcomes.

Infertility, affecting approximately 16% of the global population, has led to increased reliance on reproductive medicine. The impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in one or both partners on outcomes of Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) remains unclear. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate prevalence and effects of HPV infection in subjects and couples candidates to ART. A total of n = 510 men and n = 246 women were included and n = 145 couples (n = 290 individuals) had both partners enrolled in the study. The HPV semen infection rate was 17% (95% CI: 14-20) with HPV-42, HPV-16, HPV-53 and HPV-51 as the most frequently detected genotypes. In women, 26% (95% CI: 21-32) tested HPV-positive in cervical swabs. In 6% (95% CI: 3-11) of the couples, both partners were positive but only three couples shared the same genotypes (HPV-16; HPV-39, HPV-51, and HPV-42; HPV-31). Follicular fluids were positive in 20% (95% CI: 11-33) of samples, showing genotype discrepancies with cervical tests. Semen treatment could not completely eliminate the virus in positive samples but reduced the positivity to one-third. No significant differences in semen and embryological variables, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, neonatal and obstetrics outcomes were observed in subjects with positivity in semen or cervix compared to respective negative groups. Cumulative live birth rates per oocyte retrieval in couples where both partners were negative or both were positive did not differ, being 37% (95% CI: 28%-47%) and 44% (95% CI: 19-73), respectively. In conclusion, HPV testing should not be considered a prerequisite for accessing ART treatments. Robust inferences for natural fertility cannot be made using our findings, as the ART setting does not fully reflect natural conditions.