Human-oriented Approach Research Articles

Achieving the spatial development goals using the human-driven approach

Efficient implementation of the Spatial Development Strategy is necessary to solve the accumulated problems, and this requires defining a new methodological approach. Relying on the review of modern anthropocentric development theories, the author suggests the types of management models in terms of several elements. They include the goal setting with the focus on the human development, the goal adjustment among the stakeholders, the application of human capital characteristics as the key development factor, and the formation of management mechanisms based on the differential approach. This study explains the decision making to achieve strategic goals of the spatial development with the methodical complex within the human-oriented (human-driven) approach, comprising the method of assessing the human-oriented development, regression models of the human capital growth due to migration and reproduction processes, and the method of the regional typologization in terms of objective and subjective characteristics of the territory attractiveness for population. The method tested in this work focuses on achieving one of the most important goals of the spatial development of the 1st level on the example of the subjects of the Ural Federal District (UFD). During the test, this method allowed assessing not only the level of the human-oriented development, but also the degree of its balance in terms of the standard deviation of the structural indicators of the development components, including the economic, socio-natural and inclusive components. The results obtained allowed defining the positions of regions in the matrix “human-oriented development level — balance of components”. Combination of the matrix analysis of subjects of the UFD with the results of the typologization of these regions showed the dependence of the degree of the migrants’ reaction on the changes in the quality of life and the human-oriented development. The performed study provides the evidence towards the need to increase the level and improve the balance of components of the human-oriented development of regions from the viewpoint of the management efficiency of the human capital accommodation. This is essential for creating new centres of economic growth and ensuring the demographic security of Russia.

Human-Oriented Approach in Forming of Key Competences of Civil Servants in the Conditions of Digital Transformation of the Economy

The article is devoted to the issues of applying a human-focused approach in determining the competencies of civil servants and the directions of their qualifications development. The aim of the study is to develop a model of key competencies of state civil servants taking into account the requirements of official regulations, qualification requirements for professional knowledge and skills of civil servants, as reflected in regulatory and legal documents, as well as trends in a competence-based focus approach to development of potential of employees. There have been given the results of an expert survey conducted in 2018 among organizations of the public civil service of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The analysis showed that despite the transition of the civil service to the digital technologies and services, there had been paid not much attention to change the behavioral attitudes of personnel and their readiness for innovations. So, skills in using methods of project management, development of creative capabilities, empathy, and mentoring are not highly appreciated. As a rule, during choosing areas of advanced training, they prefer professional skills training programs, ignoring other formats aimed at development of the important soft skills in the digital economy. The use of a competence-based approach to the formation of a competencies model, methods of the analysis and in the synthesis of quantitative and qualitative parameters of the existing career management system of public civil servants allowed to substantiate the basic principles of introducing a human-oriented approach to the personnel work of state bodies. The authors proposed a model of key competencies for various groups of civil service positions. The main conclusions are formulated on the need to use analytical tools to monitor the current level of public civil service competencies development, as well as to develop recommendations about modeling in further professional and career growth. There has been proposed a classification of the “soft” skills and development instruments needed for the improvement of the professional activity of civil servants in a digitalization of the economy. The importance of the human-oriented approach in the competency model is caused by need of the work transformation of the public civil service under the conditions of the digital economy.

ҐЕНЕЗА ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА СУЧАСНИЙ ЗМІСТ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ГІДНОЇ ПРАЦІ

The article is aimed at researching the concept of decent work as a strategic direction of the labour legislation development in XXI century. De- cent work is considered as the basis for sustainable development, overcoming poverty and income inequality. The author analyses the stages of formation and development of the concept of decent work in the International Labour Organization (ILO) activity. It also determines the content of the basic dimensions of decent work for ILO standards. There are such elements of the concept of decent work as the fundamental principles and rights at work, the promotion of productive employment, social protection, social dialogue. The need for defining qualitative and quantitative indica- tors to measure progress towards decent work in each country is emphasized. The need for decent work is especially relevant in the modern period, due to the deepening of the human-oriented approach to regulating rela- tions in the field of work. The broader content of the substance of social protection has been identified in comparison with national doctrine, includ- ing measures for social security and protection of workers, as well as working conditions. It is emphasized that nowadays the decent work is the safe work. It is concluded that social dialogue is the key to achieving the goals of decent work, balancing the interests of the state, employees and employers in the field of work. The article summarises scientific approaches to determining the content and objectives of decent work nowadays. The purpose of the concept of decent work is defined as ensuring productive employment, decent working conditions, and opportunities for professional and personal devel- opment of employees on the basis of equality, fairness and security. It is emphasised that the complexity of the concept of decent work, the realiza- tion of this concept will affect not only labour relations, but also at the standard of living of employees and society as a whole. The implementation of international standards for the decent working conditions, decent wages, ensuring equal rights and opportunities allows improving the well- being of employees, their economic status, and also affects the level of the country's economic development.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ В НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПРОЦЕС ПРИНЦИПІВ ЛЮДИНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНОГО ПІДХОДУ В ДИЗАЙНІ АРХІТЕКТУРНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА

To identify the essence of the concept of a human-oriented approach in the environmental design in its modern understanding and to to evaluate the practice of its implementation in the learning process

Dharma-based person-centered approach

The Dharma-oriented personal approach is a growing approach that derives from a deep connection between Buddhism (especially Shin-Buddhism) and a person-centered approach. Professor Gisho Saiko called this approach “Dharma-based approach to a person based on Dharma (DPA)”. His research was not only Buddhism, but also counseling (especially personality-oriented approach), social well-being and education (students). His teaching style is not only intellectual, but also experienced. Regarding Buddhism, he had a coup (the spiritual experience of Aha) when he was in the 20's, and in the person-oriented approach he continued to have group experience. I believe that his works can be called “practical Buddhism” or “living Buddhism”. In his work he offers “Buddha Dharma” instead of “Buddhism”. to modern society. Communicating with client-focused therapy / person-oriented approach to him was fundamentally important. This gave him a deep awareness of himself, as he usually looked at people from above and taught them. He found that when he tried to understand people from their point of view, wonderful things happened to people. And how Buddhism has a relationship with this approach. When he was a high school teacher, he created a counseling room and he tried to practice “student-centered education” in his classes. He then created a research group for Shin-shu (Shin-Buddhism). Counseling and continuing education that promotes community development. Later in his life he called his approach “D.P.A.; Dharma-based, human-oriented approach”.

Three legacies of humanitarianism in China

The rise of China has altered the context of the international humanitarian community of donors and aid agencies. China is becoming one of the key actors in this grouping, undertaking infrastructure projects in areas in which paramount humanitarian challenges exist. The literature discusses how the Chinese approach differs from that of Western donors, but it does not pay much attention to why China concentrates on its state-centric and infrastructure-based approach. This paper seeks to shed some light on this subject by examining the historical evolution of the concept of humanitarianism in China. This evolution has produced three legacies: (i) the ideal of a well-ordered state; (ii) anti-Western sentiment; and (iii) the notion of comprehensive development based on a human-oriented approach. China's policies and discourses on assistance in humanitarian crises today rest on these three legacies. Traditional donors would be well advised to consider carefully the implications of the Chinese understanding of humanitarianism when engaging with the country.

New Joint Design to Create a More Natural and Efficient Biped

This paper presents a human-oriented approach to design the mechanical architecture and the joint controller for a biped robot. Starting from the analysis of the human lower limbs, we figured out which features of the human legs are fundamental for a correct walking motion, and can be adopted in the mechanical design of a humanoid robot. We focus here on the knee, designed as a compliant human-like knee instead of a classical pin-joint, and on the foot, characterised by the mobility and lightness of the human foot. We implemented an elastic actuator, with a simple position control paradigm that sets the joint stiffness in real time, and developed the basic controller. Results in simulation are discussed. In our approach the robot gains in adaptability and energetic efficiency, which are the most challenging issues for a biped robot.

HDR Image Archiving Optimization

The desire to get a better quality and a smaller file size is a usual dilemma in image archiving industry. One of traditional ways to reduce file size is adjusting a color encoding to characteristics of color reproduction device, while improving data precision is usually made by increasing bit capacity.By using a human-oriented color representation format that does not depend on color reproduction technique it has become possible to achieve better compression ratio at given precision compared to the most popular compression formats for high dynamic range images. The ability to store all visible colors and images with extremely high dynamic range is another benefit brought by the human-oriented approach. The accuracy of image data in this paper is measured in units based on experimental data on color visual threshold, a natural unit tied to human visual system capabilities. With a variable precision parameter it is possible to choose a desired data precision and to make a tradeoff between file size and data precision which is a useful option for digital image archiving.

Automated Pipe Defect Detection and Categorization Using Camera/Laser-Based Profiler and Artificial Neural Network

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is currently used in many inspection applications, such as the inspection of nonaccessible pipe surfaces. This human-oriented approach based on offline analysis of the raw images is highly subjective and prone to error because of the exorbitant amount of data to be assessed. Laser profilers have been recently proposed to project well-defined light patterns, improving the illumination of standard CCTV systems as well as enhancing the capability of automating the assessment process. This research shows that positional (geometrical) as well as intensity information, related to potential defects, can be extracted from the acquired laser projections. While most researchers focus on the analysis of positional information obtained from the acquired profiler signals, here the intensity information contained within the reflected light is also exploited for the purpose of defect classification and visualization. This paper describes novel strategies created for the automation of defect classification in tubular structures and explores new methods to fuse intensity and positional information, achieving improved multivariable defect classification. The acquired camera/laser images are processed in order to extract signal information for the purpose of visualization and map creation for further assessment. Then, a two-stage approach based on image processing and artificial neural networks is used to classify the images. First, a binary classifier identifies defective pipe sections, and then in a second stage, the defects are classified into different types, such as holes, cracks, and protruding obstacles. Experimental results are provided. Note to Practitioners-The method presented in this paper aims to automate the inspection of nonaccessible pipe surfaces. The method was thought to be employed in the inspection of sewers; however, it could be used in many other industrial applications and could also be extended to other shapes rather than tubular structures. A laser ring profiler, consisting, for instance, of a laser diode and a ring projector, can be easily integrated into existing closed-circuit television systems. The proposed algorithm identifies defective areas and categorizes the types of defects, analyzing the successive recorded camera images that will contain the reflected ring of light. The algorithm, that can be used online, makes use of the deformation of the reflected laser ring together with its changes in intensity. The fact of combining the two kinds of data using artificial-intelligent algorithms makes the method robust enough to work in harsh environments

Identification of Cognitive Demands for New Systems

The fast pace of technological change has pushed military procurement into a design environment in which traditional evolutionary design methods no longer satisfy the need to take advantage of emerging functionality. No aspect of this new demand is more taxing than the design for human participation. A more systematic, human-oriented approach is needed to elicit and define the cognitive requirements associated with new systems. We plan to resolve these issues by melding the constraint based approach of Cognitive Work Analysis with a task-based modeling approach in order to down-select scenarios and explore critical cases in preparation for resolving cognitive issues with constructive and Human in the Loop simulation. In this project we have so far undertaken a cognitive analysis of some aspects of our client system, the Multi-sensor Command and Control Aircraft. We have also developed strategies and formal guidelines for translating results of the cognitive analysis into forms suitable for the task-based modeling.

Dynamic Development Structures of Integrated Product Development

Summary This article describes the concept of integrated product development (IPD) which is an integrated and human-oriented approach that enables advanced companies to develop high-quality products/services within a reasonable time and costs by considering all phases of the product life cycle. IPD offers a way of mapping integrated aspects, how they should be related and how they should be implemented for minimizing product development expenses. IPD is a framework which has to be defined in the context of circumstances and strategic orientations of a particular company. IPD provides support and guidance to people who have to make the choices concerning resources, capabilities, budgets, products and the scope of activities in order to create marketable products/services.

Towards a Mind Based Technology

The 21st century is just around the corner and requests are growing for a comfortable and rich life. At the same time, the society is aging due to a drop in the birth rate, triggering serious problems due to the decrease in the working population and a rapid increase in the load on welfare. Under these circumstances, some technologies has been requested to support life and society, but industrial technologies had a tendency to forget the humanoriented standpoint and evaluation methods were apt to follow preceding technologies. A request has been made to explode a human or humanoriented engineering design or development approach. What science or technological architecture is it positioned at? What effect does it have on the industry? Mind-based technology proposed in this paper is one of these considerations and claims to establish the principle of technological development that conforms to human or social acceptability, that is, a generic technology that respects the human individuality as a view on the value or versatility to support self-realization. This is derived from the recognition that it is important to clarify acceptable human and social rules based on an engineering understanding of mind such as a direct human sense, sensitivity, feeling, consciousness, or desire and to determine the target of research and development from these rules. This paper introduces some discussions on this matter.

Evaluation of Human Pain Tolerance and Its Application to Designing Safety Robot Mechanisms for Human-Robot Coexistence

This paper describes, with reference to related studies, a human-oriented design approach to developing a safe robot system for human-robot coexistence. First, a soft covering made of a visco-elastic material is designed to achieve both effective impact force attenuation and high contact sensitivity within a human pain tolerance limit. Second, a fail-safe robot system is constructed with contact sensing and subsequent emergency stop control capabilities, primarily by using a simple disturbance observer which plays an important role of checking the normal operation of a two-link DD-motor-driven manipulator. Actual human-robot collision experiments verified that the contact forces generated at the collisions were suppressed below the human pain tolerance limit. Moreover, an additional robot speed reduction mechanism was provided to show that the human reflexive motions to avoid a severe contact with the robot within a safeguarding space contribute to enhancing the efficiency of the system to the point of reducing the speed of the robot in a safe manner when the robot comes in contact with the human.

A Study On the Human Sensibility Cognition for the Development of Household Electronic Appliance.

User's sensibility has an important effect upon appreciating household electronic appliances, and user's feeling of satisfaction with products has a good effect on the choice of product on purchasing those items. In this point of view, the human-oriented approach of product development system can be adopted as Human Sensibility Ergonomics. The target of changed development system is to define user's sensibility factors and to apply them to design and development. In this study, the human sensibility ergonomics approach and usability test have been applied to the development of an electronic product model.

Enhancing industrial performance: experiences of integrating the human factor

Enhancing Industrial Performance refers to the case book that focuses on the effective implementation of sociotechnical innovation, describing real experiences with the management of the human-computer interface. It argues for an ergonomic approach to systems design and evaluation; human factors audits in systems prototyping; user participation in the design process; human-centred organizational design; and matching human resources with technological investment. In the paper, four case studies out of 15 are briefly described. It is stressed that the human-oriented design approach should be integrated in a company-wide manufacturing excellence programme. Finally, industry as well as universities need case studies.