Theory Of Human Nature Research Articles

Being as Having, Loving, and Doing: A Theory of Human Well-Being

Academic Stronger theory on the nature of human well-being is needed, especially as well-being indicators are increasingly utilized in policy contexts. Building on Erik Allardt, who argued that a theory of well-being is, in essence, a theory of human nature, I propose four modes of existence each capturing one dimension central to human well-being: Having recognizes humans as biological creatures requiring certain material resources for survival. Loving captures human social nature and our dependence on others for well-being. Doing highlights the active and agentic nature of human existence. Being acknowledges humans as experiencing their existence. Each mode of existence gives rise to a few more specific needs, and a full assessment of human well-being requires both subjective and objective indicators tapping into these needs. The proposed theory integrates psychological well-being research with sociological and philosophical traditions and contributes to debates about how the progress of nations and sustainability should be measured. Public Well-being is something we all value individually, and it is also a key political goal. Accordingly, how we define and measure well-being influences what physicians, managers, policy-makers, politicians, and international organizations aim to improve through their work. Better theories of well-being make better measurement of well-being possible, which makes possible more effective and evidence-based advancement of human well-being. In this spirit, the present article argues that there are four fundamental dimensions to human well-being: Having highlights that as biological creatures, we have physical needs, loving highlights human social needs, doing highlights that we are active and agentic beings with goals and strivings, and being highlights that we feel and evaluate our lives. To assess well-being, we need measures tapping into all four of these dimensions. And to assess the sustainability of well-being, we need to examine how to provide well-being for all humanity while remaining within planetary boundaries.

"Four Sentences of Hengqu" under the Perspective of Practical Studies

"Four sentences of Hengqu" include the ontology of Zhang Zai's philosophy, the theory of human nature and the academic pursuit and mission responsibility of Confucian scholars. Under the perspective of practical studies, "To set heart for Heaven and Earth; To secure life and fortune for the people" reflects that all things are born of Qi, from the perspective of Qi ontology shows that people can improve morality and become good by changing their temperament; "To inherit the ultimate truth for past sages; To establish peace for future generations" is intended to emphasize that everything are real and born in Qi, to clear and correct the name of Confucianism, follow this "right path" can realize the world peace.

The Mediating Effect of Heedful Interrelating on Self Determination and Thriving at Work Among University Faculty Members

Objective: The objective of this study is to empirically examine the mediating effect of heedful interrelating on the direct effect of self-determination and thriving at work among university faculty members. Theoretical Framework: The organismic human integration philosophy forms the theoretical underpinning for the study. The conceptual model is built by integrating self-determination theory (SDT) with the theory of heedful interrelating. Method: Following an explanatory research design, data from 396 university faculty members PAN India was used to test the conceptual model with the PLS-SEM bootstrapping technique. Results and Discussion: The findings validate a significant direct influence of self-determination on thriving at work. Furthermore, there exists a significant mediation effect of heedful interrelating between self-determination and thriving at work. Through causal mediation, it is interpreted that self-determined and autonomously motivated behaviors, stemming from the satisfaction of universal basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, play a pivotal role in fostering heed-based behavior within an individual. Research Implications: This empirical study validated the organismic integration theory of human nature in the academic sector through the positive direct effect. Implications for the sample of university faculty members suggest the use of heedful interrelating during group tasks through the dimensions of contributing, representing, and sub-ordinating. Originality/Value: This study makes significant original theoretical contributions to the SDT literature and to the SDT puzzle, firstly, by adding heed as a novel indicator to self-determination theory’s relatedness dimension and secondly, by validating the role of heedful interrelating in bridging the dialectic gap within the self-determination theory.

서예를 활용한 마음 치료 방안 연구

Calligraphy has been emphasized as an art that goes beyond mere functional acquisition, but expressing one’s temperament, character, personality, and emotions. It has evolved from the human nature theory that calligraphy represents one’s heart, establishes a close relationship between calligraphy and emotions, leads to the theory that calligraphy reflects one’s personality. Through the calligraphy theory and narrative activities, clinical experiments have shown that the calligraphy therapy plays a complementary role in treatment of adult diseases, depression, mental disorders, dementia, and autism, and effectively alleviates those symptoms. Therefore, this paper aims to explore therapeutic approaches by examining the relationship between calligraphy and mind, comparing from the stage before holding the brush to the stage at the end of the calligraphy writing with the mind-study methodology of pausing, breathing, observing, recognizing, putting down, and discovering grace. Therefore, this paper examined the process of preparing calligraphy, the process of writing by Phil-bub, the psychological effect according to the calligraphy, and the psychological purification effect through letters, sentences, and famous phrases, which are the contents of calligraphy. It confirmed that calligraphy can serve as an intervention technique in mind therapy beyond its aspects of discipline theory of body and mind. Engaging in calligraphy involves experiences of pause in the process of organizing one’s surroundings and gathering one’s mind before writing It enhances attention through breath control while using Mo-phil, finds peace of mind through concentration during overlapping strokes, and increases sense of accomplishment. Calligraphy is not only good for self-esteem recovery and strengthening immune system but also maximizing physiological activities, and promoting brain function. practicing calligraphy significantly contributes to health promotion.

Expanded Transference: A Humanities Perspective on the Generative Core of Ernest Becker’s Theory of Human Nature

The death anxiety thesis is widely considered to be Ernest Becker’s primary contribution to social theory and is associated with his most widely read book, The Denial of Death (1973). This essay suggests Becker is understood in a more sophisticated and nuanced way when his death anxiety thesis is situated in the context of his earlier work in the humanities and social sciences. The death anxiety thesis itself is one component of a much broader theoretical conceptualization of expanded transference, a constant thread through all of Becker’s writings from his doctoral dissertation through his final posthumously published works. Furthermore, the contention here is that this conceptualization of expanded transference provides a far more comprehensive and complex interpretation matrix for the understanding of human motivation, as well as cultural and political phenomena, than the death anxiety thesis does in isolation.

유교 성론(性論)에서 동중서(董仲舒)의 위상

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to re-establish the flow of Confucian human nature theory by examining the status of Dong Zhongshu’s human nature theory in Confucian nature theory.
 [Contents] To accomplish this purpose, the theory of personality before and after Dong Zhongshu was analyzed at the level of abstract idealism about nature, and the theory of personality of Dong Zhongshu was investigated as a theoretical system and guideline that is very specific and can be put into practice in reality. First, the characteristics of the traditional theory of personality from Confucius, Tzu-Tzu, Mencius, Xunzi, and Zhu Xi were briefly established. Next, the characteristics of Dong Zhongshu’s theories of personality were discussed, and the status of the Dong Zhongshu’s theories of personality based on the history and content of Confucian personality theory was established.
 [Conclusions] Based on the results of the study are as follows. First, the existing Confucian theory of personality has been organized at the level of abstract idealism from Confucius to Zhu Xi. Second, Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the Holy Trinity synthesized the characteristics of primitive Confucianism and at the same time provided a starting point for opening up the character of Confucianism. Third, Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the Holy Trinity formed a middle ground with the Confucian theory of human nature and was embodied in Orthodoxy with specific reality.

The Changing Process of Adolescents' Self-Independence Consciousness: From the Perspective of David Hume's Human Nature Theory and Freud's Psychodynamic Theory

During the mental development of contemporary teenagers, due to the influence of their own growth and the environment, many parts have more or less mental illness, which is obvious and recessive, but it is a part that needs attention in the process of understanding themselves. The emergence of self-consciousness is not a simple transfer of the object and content of consciousness, but a new stage of psychological development, which is the result of human socialization and one of the special forms of higher psychological activities. We do not know enough about other sources of adolescent consciousness, so it is worth considering carefully when the subject we propose produces consciousness rather than memory traces. The ideas that are active during adolescence will be more pronounced, and this situation will be closer to what the superego wants the individual to feel.

The Epistemological Foundations of Jihad Based on the Theory of Human Nature by Ayatollah Shahabadi

The Epistemological Foundations of Jihad Based on the Theory of Human Nature by Ayatollah Shahabadi

맹자의 본성 이론에 기반한 지혜교육 방법론

Objectives Based on Mencius’s theory of human nature, this article looks at the theory of human nature he is talk-ing about from the perspective of education for wisdom and explores its educational message.
 Methods his is a method of philosophical inquiry through Ricoeur’s theory of interpretation. This theory is com-posed of four steps by distanciation, explanation, understanding, and appropriation.
 Results To this end, I established a paradigm of foolishness―wisdom and established a theoretical frame with the help by research of Chinese character. As a result, education for wisdom is a series of educational activities that help humans move away from the foolishness they are dealing with and toward wisdom. In addition, the method of education for wisdom to achieve this was qiúfàngxīn and guăyù with the help of cúnxīnyăngxìng and hàor-ánzhīqì. This can be summarized in the paradigm of liángzhī―liángnéng, where competence is the ability to dis-cern wisdom, and capability is the activity that puts that competence into practice.
 Conclusions This world of education for wisdom teaches life skills that cannot be achieved in modern education today to help people live as wise humans. Therefore, our education stands at a time when we need a wisdom to critically look at knowledge-centered education and provide minimal education for wisdom.

浅谈《爱欲》中表现出的佛教观

Shen Congwen focuses on the idea that literature creation is rooted in human nature, expressing the root of Buddhist ideology while speaking about healthy and beautiful vitality about ‘overflowing vitality,’ ‘healthy human nature,’ and natural ‘life’ of human beings. In other words, Shen Congwen pursues human nature and beauty in human nature by describing the nature’s scene of omen in literature, creating literary values. Human nature is the starting point and cornerstone of the utopia that Shen Congwen tried to build, where creation begins. He also reflects Buddhist ideology and accommodates Buddhist stories by building his life philosophy based on the theory of human nature. Shen Congwen asserts life philosophy as the foundation for the theory of human nature by accepting Buddhism in a philosophical way, connoting the Buddhist spirit purusing freedom of mind in his literary world. In his novel 〈Moonlight Scenery〉, ‘holiness’ of life, thoughts about life and death issues, love, and beauty are affected by Buddhist ideology. The exploration of Buddhist ideology that appears in his works reveal how Shen Congwen perceives life. When he attempts to understand the essence of the human world, Buddhism allows him to gaze at holiness of life based on metaphysical speculation. Shen Congwen explores life through the comparison between the world of human nature and pathological world. He is an unusual author who tries to express human nature from the ethical aspect while inciting healthy human nature. His abstract love and alienation of beauty and secular reality allow him to reach thoughts about the most fundamental things in Buddhism, such as life and death, emptiness, eternity, and secular and sacred domains. In addition, due to the influence of Buddhist ideology, Shen Congwen perceives life philosophy that breaks away from all kinds of anguish and pursues the state of mental freedom. Such theory about the Buddhist mind and nature suggests human nature, which is the essence of life seen through Shen’s unique perspective.

퇴계 감정이해방식과 적용에 관한 연구 - 퇴계 리발기수 개념의 창조적 변용과 확장 -

Toegye is a thorough theorist on the basis of Neo-Confucianism, but he can be seen as a representative thinker who brought the philosophical characteristics mainly appearing in the history of Chinese philosophy, the cosmological characteristics centered on the concept of selfishness, to the theory of human nature and emotions, the realm of human nature and emotion. Toegye deepened this further, and made an unprecedented argument in the history of intellectuals, namely, Gobong and the four main emotions, regarding the understanding of the emotions called the four main emotions expressed in the pure nature and the emotions called the seven emotions expressed in the nature that was enshrined in the spirit and revealed through learning ten diagrams to become a saint ｢聖學十圖｣ and the Four Seven Debate that emotions must also be rational in the theory of nature, which is the core of Neo-Confucianism.
 In this paper, along with a conceptual analysis of Toegye's way of understanding emotions, we try to make creative transformation and expansion by applying it to the main concepts shown in the a Variorum of the Four Books(四書集註), which can be said to be the representative scriptures of Confucianism. There are often questionable passages among the contents that are generally introduced while reading librarians, but there are times when I wonder if it is not possible to present different judgments and thoughts due to the professional authority and weight. In fact, to mention it by leaps and bounds, violence against knowledge power is also implied in its source.
 However, Toegye's method of understanding emotions is of great significance in that it analyzes and corrects the method of understanding our daily thinking structure, rather than simply dealing with it as a subject of the Four-Seven Debate argument. Therefore, in this paper, by examining some of the major concepts of the librarian with Toegye's way of understanding emotions, that is, with Toegye's logical structure of thought, we can transform our thinking structure in dealing with things and situations into a thinking structure toward the truth, a true philosophy (Philo + Sophia) to try to convert to thinking.

A Reasoning of Xunzi’s (荀子) State Governance Ideas: A Case Study on The Theory of Human Nature (Xing性)

Xunzi was a Chinese thinker who lived in the period of Warring States (480/403-222 BCE). He was critical of philosophical ideas in his time and brought forward ideas for establishing and preserving order in society. He created a state governance system in which rituals (li 禮) and law (fa 法) worked together. He reasoned his ideas on state governance and theories about an ideal society on his theories of human nature, and he has been criticized for his negative attributions to it. However, in the book bearing his name, Xunzi, it is seen that there are different presentations of his views on human nature. This article presents these different perspectives on Xunzi’s theory of human nature and shows why he attributed negative qualities to it. It offers a better understanding of the character of his theories, in this way, enlightens the way to a better understanding of his state governance ideas.

A Reexamination of Mencian Theory of Human Nature - The relationship between biological desires and moral inclinations -

A Reexamination of Mencian Theory of Human Nature - The relationship between biological desires and moral inclinations -

Die Formierung der zweiten Natur: künstliche Natürlichkeit oder natürliche Künstlichkeit?

Abstract Transformative theories of human nature posit that the genus of animality is wholly transformed by the specific difference of reason. The aim of this paper is to show that the two most prominent transformative approaches, ‘resolute’ and dialectical’, face a dialectical impasse that Helmuth Plessner’s philosophical anthropology is able to resolve. First, I outline objections to the resolute approach which motivate the ‘dialectical’ turn to second nature. Second, I show that the dialectical approach faces a dilemma. It either runs into an internal ‘interaction problem’ by its qualitative distinction of nature and spirit. Or it assimilates both in a way that either amounts to a collapse into the resolute approach or which creates the problem of a merely ‘artificial naturalness’. Third, I reconstruct Plessner’s ‘form-typological’ approach to how the genus living being is differentiated into structural types. This enables a dilemma-free rendition of transformation as ‘natural artificiality’: it is human first nature to seek embodied expression in second nature.

The Death of White Sociology and the Academic Awakening of a Ghetto Jew

Commemorating the 50th anniversary of Joyce Ladner’s ground-breaking text, this essay traverses the border between book review and autobiography. The narrative, written in the first person, begins in Brownsville, Brooklyn in the mid-1960s. The author is a third generation Eastern European Jew who was nurtured by Black activist elders and became a white beneficiary of the educational opportunities created by the civil rights and Black power movements. Her undergraduate path was paved with classics in Black Studies, critical theory and Marxism. But it was Ladner’s seminal text that catapulted her into pursuit of an academic career in sociology. Its opening salvo - that the history of all hitherto American mainstream sociology has been the history of White sociology -held the promise that the color curtain was about to fall and that this profession was about to become an exciting place. The anticipated excitement derived partly from the book’s revelations of the hidden spurious claims underlying the discipline, its scathing criticism of research methods rooted in unproven and racist theories of human nature, and damaging distortions of Black life masquerading as “scientific sociology.” But Ladner’s volume reaches beyond critique: it illuminates the rich history of Black scholarship so long ignored by the discipline’s white gate-keepers; it offers a vision of engaged research conducted by Black scholars and their allies that would begin to remedy the damage, erase the distortions, and fortify the current generation of Black scholars against the tribulations they face in the profession. In doing so the text gives life to the project of creating a distinctive Black sociology.

Karl Marx's theory of human nature and its significance in educating people nowadays

Introduction. Social development is an objective condition for human development. Social development is a condition for each individual in society to develop. The freedom of each individual in society is the basis and driving force for creating each culture, community, and country. Materials and methods. The article uses a comprehensive and specific historical point of view of the materialist dialectical methodology. At the same time, the paper also uses analytical, synthesis, and interpretation research methods to clarify Marx about human nature and how the social human changed people's living conditions and changed people in both shape and knowledge. Human life activities, which are material production, have made individuals and social people have a dialectical relationship. Individuals and social people can encourage each other to develop together and make society more chaotic and distant. Production relations in society cause inequality and disparity between rich and poor. Research results. Summarizing Marx's theory of human nature, the paper has aspects of clarification analysis of Human Nature. First, human nature is a product of history and the subject of history. Second, human nature is nature and social characteristics; Therefore, it is necessary to educate comprehensive human development. Third, the development of each person is the development of everyone in society. Each country and individual has goals, policies, and orientations for the development of human nature. Therefore, each country and individual has plans, policies, and directions for the development of human nature. Human needs a wonderfully natural and social environment to promote their full potential. Nowadays, individuals in social people must be self-aware of existence and development by working in production to improve the natural and social environment. Today, Vietnam needs to educate the Vietnamese to develop comprehensively. The government needs to implement democracy in education. And it is necessary to inform the worker of the requirements of a globally integrated society with the development of science and technology. Vietnamese workers unite with workers worldwide to promote worker's rights in companies. Conclusion. This study allows arguing that Marx put forward the human mentioned in two aspects, human nature and social human. Marx clarified social humans in practical activities that changed human nature. For a comprehensive human overview, each country and individual needs to focus on health, intelligence, aesthetics, culture, capacity, quality, and morality and fight for freedom and democracy. Today, Marx's ideas about human are the basis for the education human nature. Marx pointed out the role of man as the master of society. Therefore, the future community is educational Vietnamese. The article is the basis for promoting the democratic rights and freedoms of people in a civilized and progressive society. Therefore, clarifying the role of educating Vietnamese people in the current process of national renewal. Keywords: human nature, individual person, social people, product of history, subject of history, Marx

The Restriction of the Basis of Human Nature to National Constitutionalism: Reading A Theory of Human Nature

The Restriction of the Basis of Human Nature to National Constitutionalism: Reading A Theory of Human Nature

소식‧소철과 호상학 사이의 본성론에 관한 유사성 검토

이 글은 蘇軾ㆍ蘇轍로 대표되는 蜀學과 胡宏으로 대표되는 湖湘學 사이의 본성론에 관한 유사성을 검토하고자 한다. 다만 이 유사성은 주희에 의해 처음으로 제기되었고, 이후 연구사에서 본격적으로 연구된 적이 없는 주제이다. 따라서 주희의 관점을 따라 유사성의 구체적인 내용을 재구성해보고자 한다. 『맹자집주』ㆍ『맹자혹문』ㆍ『주자어류』의 주희 발언을 검토하면 이 유사성에 관한 3가지 논점을 확인할 수 있다. 첫째 『주역』의 “一陰一陽之謂道” 해석에 근거한 형이상과 형이하의 구도, 둘째 『중용』의 ‘未發·已發’ 해석에 근거한 본성과 마음의 구도, 셋째 ‘道’와 ‘名’에 관한 노자 철학과의 관련성이다. 이 논점을 따라 촉학과 호상학 사이의 본성론을 비교해보면 그들의 유사성은 다음과 같다. 첫째 ‘陰陽’ 자체에 주목하여 형이상의 道를 해석한다. 촉학은 음양이 아직 발동하지 않은 고요한 상태에 주목한다면, 호상학은 음양이 짝으로 이루어진 형식이라는 점에 주목한다. 촉학과 호상학은 이러한 특성을 이용해 ‘음양’ 자체를 모든 변화작용과 현상사물을 낳을 수 있는 세계의 본체로 상정하여, 세계를 형이상과 형이하의 구도로 구분한다. 둘째 ‘음양’의 道를 인간의 심성에 유비하여 본성 개념을 정립한다. 본성은 희로애락과 같은 현상작용이 아직 드러나지 않은[未發] 형이상의 영역이라면, 마음은 현상작용이 이미 드러난[已發] 형이하의 영역이다. ‘善’ㆍ‘惡’ 또는 ‘仁’ㆍ‘不仁’은 마음의 영역에서만 성립할 수 있으므로, 본성을 ‘善惡’이나 ‘仁義禮智’로 규정할 수 없다. 셋째, 이러한 본성의 정립 방식은 ‘道’와 ‘名’으로 세계를 설명하는 노자 철학과 관련된다. ‘道’와 ‘名’을 통해 세계를 형이상과 형이하로 구분하고, 본성과 仁을 각각 형이상과 형이하의 영역에 정초하는 사유 방식은 노자에게서 그 원형이 보인다.

성 일원론[性一元論]의 재건 - 陳確 인성론의 사상적 함의 및 본보기의 의미

陳確(1604~1677)은 명말 청초의 중요한 실학자이고 그의 사상은 인성론 방면의 성취가 가장 두드러졌다. 진확은 맹자의 性善論을 견지하는 전제하에 송대의 유학자가 인성을 천명의 성[天命之性]과 기질의 성[氣質之性]으로 나누는 성 이원론의 방식에 반대하였으며, 氣ㆍ情ㆍ才는 모두 성의 내용이고 惡은 후천적 습관에서 비롯되며 ‘확충하여 재질을 다함[擴充盡才]’을 통해 선의 필연을 실현할 수 있다고 생각하였으니 논증에 있어서 비교적 엄밀한 논리적 구조와 체계를 갖추고 있었다. 진확이 재건한 일원적 인성론은 위에서부터 陽明과 蕺山을 이어받고 아래로는 顏元과 戴震의 길을 터주었으며, ‘천리를 지키고 인욕을 없앰[存理滅欲]’이라는 도덕적 엄격 주의를 비판하였을 뿐만 아니라 ‘감정을 표현하고 욕망을 성취한다. [達情遂欲]’ 라는 시대적 발전 조류도 구현하여 명청 즈음의 학술 사조에서 아주 중요한 본보기의 의미를 가지고 있다.

Pavel Novgorodtsev and the Concept of Legal Consciousness in Russian Philosophy of Law

This article explores the main contributions of Pavel Novgorodtsev (1866–1924) to Russian philosophy of law, focusing on his central idea that the rule of law depends on a neo-idealist conception of legal consciousness based on natural law and fundamentally on human dignity, or respect for the intrinsic and absolute worth of the human person. The article examines Novgorodtsev’s critique of the historical school of jurisprudence, which was the subject of his first book, as well as his understanding of natural law as a moral ideal, of personhood as the highest moral purpose of and justification for law, and of law as the basic condition of society and therefore of human perfectibility or progress. It shows that his concept of “individualism” had both a methodological meaning and a more broadly philosophical meaning coinciding with the meaning of personalism (the defense of the absolute worth of personhood). Novgorodtsev based his own personalist metaphysics on an idealist theory of human nature. He held that the “absolute ideal,” one of his main philosophical concepts, entailed the metaphysical reality of the Absolute. The second half of the article details the ways Novgorodtsev applied his theory of natural law and his conception of legal consciousness to the modern state, especially in his 1909 book, The Crisis of Modern Legal Consciousness, which presents a rich intellectual history of the concept of the Rechtstaat or правовое государство. The article concludes that Novgorodtsev’s neo-idealist conception of legal consciousness deeply shaped the thought of other philosophers associated with the Moscow school of Russian legal philosophy.