Monkeypox Research Articles

MPOX (Monkeypox): Current Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention Strategies

MPOX (formerly known as monkeypox) has emerged as a significant public health concern in recent years, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment options, prevention strategies, and global health impact. This literature review synthesizes the latest data on the spread and incidence of MPOX, with a focus on geographic distribution, affected populations, and emerging trends in transmission. The clinical presentation of MPOX, including symptoms, disease progression, and complications, is explored, with particular attention to variations across different demographics. Recent advances in the treatment of MPOX are analyzed, covering current antiviral therapies, the role of supportive care, and the potential of new treatments under investigation. Prevention strategies are also examined, highlighting the effectiveness of vaccination efforts, public health measures, and containment and control strategies. The review further considers the broader impact of MPOX on global health, discussing its implications for public health policy and pandemic preparedness. Through this comprehensive analysis, the review aims to provide a robust foundation for understanding MPOX and inform future research, clinical practice, and public health initiatives.

CRISPR-Cas12a-regulated DNA adsorption on MoS2 quantum dots: Enhanced enzyme mimics for sensitive colorimetric detection of human monkeypox virus and human papillomavirus DNA

Diseases caused by viruses, such as monkeypox virus (MPXV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), pose serious threats to human health and safety. Although numerous strategies have been constructed for detecting MPXV and HPV DNA, most methods require either laborious procedures or complicated instruments involving skilled professionals. In this research, a CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated colorimetric detection platform for MPXV and HPV sensing was constructed for the first time by applying probe DNA to reprogram the catalytic properties of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs). In the presence of MPXV or HPV targets, the CRISPR-Cas12a trans-cleavage activity is effectively motivated to decompose the probe DNA, leading to the suppression of enzymatic activity DNA enhancer adsorbed on MoS2 QDs, resulting in greatly decreased catalytic behaviors. The MoS2 QDs-DNA nanohybrids displayed prominent specificity and sensitivity, with detection limits at subpicomolar levels, as well as excellent stability and accuracy for determining MPXV and HPV DNA in human sera biosamples. Furthermore, the proposed colorimetric biosensing approach can be ensembled with a smartphone platform, allowing visible analysis of DNA targets. Taken together, this colorimetric strategy offers a novel diagnosis method for MPXV and HPV DNA detection, particularly favorable for highly endemic developing countries with restricted medical and instrumental support.

Exploration of common pathogenesis and candidate hub genes between HIV and monkeypox co-infection using bioinformatics and machine learning

This study explored the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and monkeypox co-infection, identifying candidate hub genes and potential drugs using bioinformatics and machine learning. Datasets for HIV (GSE 37250) and monkeypox (GSE 24125) were obtained from the GEO database. Common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in co-infection were identified by intersecting DEGs from monkeypox datasets with genes from key HIV modules screened using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). After gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, candidate hub genes were further screened based on machine learning algorithms. Transcriptional factors (TFs) and miRNA-candidate hub gene networks were constructed to understand regulatory mechanisms and protein-drug interactions to identify potential therapeutic drugs. Seven candidate hub genes—MX2, ADAR, POLR2H, RPL5, IFI16, IFIT2, and RPS5—were identified. TFs and miRNAs associated with these hub genes, playing a key role in regulating viral infection and inflammation due to the activation of antiviral innate immunity, were also identified through network analysis. Potential therapeutic drugs were screened based on these hub genes: AZT, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, suppressed viral replication in HIV and monkeypox co-infection, while mefloquine inhibited inflammation due to the activation of antiviral innate immunity. In conclusion, the study identified candidate hub genes, their transcriptional regulation, signaling pathways, and small-molecule drugs in HIV and monkeypox co-infection, contributing to understanding the pathogenesis of HIV and monkeypox co-infection and informing precise therapeutic strategies.

The dermatological manifestations and differential diagnosis of monkeypox: A narrative review.

Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The main clinical features of MPX are fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. It is usually a self-limited disease and can resolve within a few weeks in most cases. MPXV is now becoming a global concern. The world health organization declared the outbreak of MPX in 2022 a global health emergency. In this article, we focus on the mucocutaneous manifestations and differential diagnosis of MPX.

EFFECTS OF PUBLIC AWARENESS AND VACCINATION IN MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF MONKEY-POX TRANSMISSION DISEASE IN NIGERIA

Monkey-pox disease is recognized as pathogens, disturbing animals and humans, it is among the family of orthopox virus and the disease causes lymph nodes to swell. In this paper, we developed a deterministic model system for Monkey pox infection by incorporating public awareness parameter and vaccination individual. The study verified the feasible region of the system equations and non-negativity of the solutions is achieved. The disease free and endemic equilibrium states have been obtained. The study computed and analyzed the reproduction number, of the system equations. The study presented and analysed, the global stability of disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium state, it has been found that when there is no transmission between human and non-human (), then meaning it is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) at DFE and using nonlinear lyapunov function, the study shows that the endemic equilibrium state is GAS if and unstable if by comparison method of lyapunov functions. Numerical Simulations were done, it was found that the effective reproduction number decreases as vaccination of individual increases, varying the public awareness, the effective reproduction number reduces to zero and becomes stable as public awareness increases. It was discovered that effective reproduction number decreases as public awareness increases.

Prediction of lumpy skin disease virus using customized CBAM-DenseNet-attention model

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an extremely infectious, viral, and chronic skin disease that is caused by the Capripox virus. This viral disease is predominantly found in cows. Mosquitoes and ticks are the primary transmitters for the spread of this virus. Recently, LSDV has been rapidly spreading all over the world, especially in several areas of Pakistan, India, and Iran. Thousands of cows have died due to this infectious virus in Pakistan and early detection of LSDV is needed to avoid further loss. The prediction and classification of LSDV are hindered by the lack of publicly available datasets. Despite a few studies using LSDV datasets, such datasets are often small, which may lead to model overfitting. In this regard, we collect the dataset from several online sources, as well as, collecting images from veterinary farms in different areas of Pakistan. Deep learning has been widely used in the medical field for disease detection and classification. Therefore, this study leverages DenseNet deep learning models for LSDV detection and classification. Experiments are performed using VGG-16, ResNet-50, MobileNet-V2, custom-designed convolutional neural network, and Inception-V3. The DenseNet architecture presents a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and Spatial Attention (SA) for the prediction and classification of LSD. Results demonstrate that a 99.11% accuracy can be obtained on the augmented dataset while a 94.23% accuracy can be achieved with the original dataset for chicken pox, monkey pox, and LSDV. Comparison with state-of-the-art studies corroborates the superior performance of the proposed model.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LASSA FEVER TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN PREVALENT COMMUNITIES IN NIGERIA: THE CASE STUDY OF ONDO STATE

With the current waive of global health problems and resurgence of many disease around the world. Cholera, Yellow fever,SARS-CoV-2, Monkey pox and Lassa fever resurgence in some West African countries, with Ondo State recording highest number of Lassa fever case in Nigeria. Prompting Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Ondo State Primary Health (OSPH) expert and researchers begin ways to reduce transmission dynamics of Lassa Fever Disease (LFD). In this research, we developed and investigated using System of Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) mathematical model of Lassa fever disease transmission dynamics, verifying positivity of system of equation as well as feasible region of the model. However, the Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) of the model is computed and analysed with basic reproduction number $R_0$ of the model, showing the global stability of the DFE. Furthermore, we determined using model-fitting parameters the condition to attain stability. Finally, numerical simulations shows reduction in transmission with effective pest control measure.

Knowledge Regarding Human Monkey pox (HMPX) Among Nursing Students

Monkey pox is a viral infectious disease caused by the monkey pox virus, which belongs to the same family as the virus causing smallpox. Though typically self-limiting, with symptoms lasting two to four weeks, it can be transmitted through close contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated materials. Materials and Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest post-test designed study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Laptop-Assisted Teaching on knowledge regarding Human Monkey pox (HMPX) among 60 nursing students using purposive sampling technique at a selected school in Bengaluru with the Objectives, to assess the effectiveness of Laptop-Assisted Teaching in improving knowledge about Human Monkey pox (HMPX) among nursing students and to determine the association between pretest knowledge scores regarding Human monkey pox (HMPX) among Nursing students with their selected sample characteristics. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire on HMPX, validated by 10 experts. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Results: The study showed that Laptop-Assisted Teaching significantly improved students' knowledge of HMPX. The mean pretest score was 9.95 (SD = 4.01), while the mean post-test score was 17.84 (SD = 8.78). The computed paired ‘t’ test value of 6.36 at p>0.05 was significant. Additionally, there was a statistically significant association between pretest knowledge scores and selected sample characteristics such as age and family type. Conclusion: The study concluded that nursing students had inadequate knowledge about HMPX initially, but Laptop-Assisted Teaching was effective in enhancing their understanding.

Knowledge and conspiracy belief of healthcare professionals on human monkeypox virus: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Since early May 2022, the unprecedented outbreak of human monkey pox (HMPX) has been documented globally which demands assessment of knowledge on the emerging viral infection as well as the state of conspiracy belief among the healthcare professionals. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge about HMPX and its relation to conspiracy belief. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital Dhaka (CMH) among purposively selected 254 healthcare professionals from July 2022 to September 2022. Data were collected through face-to-face interview using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire with validated and reliable tools. Results: The study comprised a total of 254 respondents, including 53.9% male, 72.8% respondents having a graduate degree and 42.9% individuals aged between 26-30 years. The study revealed very poor (61.8%) knowledge on HMPX as well as higher (50.4%) belief in conspiracy theory among the respondents. The hierarchical logistic regression revealed that male had significantly higher (B=1.12, OR 3.06, 95% CI=1.714-5.463) knowledge on HMPX virus than that of the female, age group <31 years emerged as a negative and significant predictor than that of the age group >31 years (B= -1.065, OR 0.345, 95% CI=0.172-0.690), monthly income of between 60001-90000 taka also emerged as a positive and significant predictor than that of the income of >90001 taka (B=0.763, OR 2.145, 95% CI=1.002-4.595). Conclusion: The study findings demand intervention of appropriate health educational program in the medical study curriculum. JOPSOM 2023; 42(1):29-39

Network-Based Drug Repurposing and Genomic Analysis to Unveil Potential Therapeutics for Monkeypox Virus.

The emergence of the human monkeypox virus (MPXV) and the lack of effective medications have necessitated the exploration of various strategies to combat its infection. This study employs a network-based approach to drug discovery, utilizing the BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis to compare the MPXV genome with those of 18 related orthopoxviruses, revealing over 75 % genomic similarity. Through a literature review, 160 human-host proteins linked to MPXV and its relatives were identified, leading to the construction of a human-host protein interactome. Analysis of this interactome highlighted 39 central hub proteins, which were then examined for potential drug targets. The process successfully revealed 15 targets already approved for use with medications. Additionally, the functional enrichment analysis provided insights into potential pathways and disorders connected with these targets. Four medications, namely Baricitinib, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept, have been identified as potential candidates for repurposing to combat MPXV. In addition, the pharmacophore-based screening identified a molecule that is comparable to Baricitinib and has the potential to be effective against MPXV. The findings of the study suggest that ZINC22060520 is a promising medication for treating MPXV infection and proposes these medications as potential options for additional experimental and clinical assessment in the battle against MPXV.

The intention of Egyptian healthcare workers to take the monkeypox vaccine: is urgent action required?

BackgroundIn light of the ongoing monkeypox (MPOX) epidemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been in contact with various diseases. Therefore, they should take appropriate preventive and control measures to maintain their health. This study assessed Egyptian HCWs’ intentions to take MPOX vaccines.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted using social media platforms between September 27 and November 4, 2022. An anonymous online survey using the 5C scale was conducted using convenience and snowball sampling methods to assess the five psychological antecedents of vaccination (i.e., confidence, constraints, complacency, calculation, and collective responsibility).ResultsA total of 399 HCWs with a mean age of 32.6 ± 5.7 participated in this study. Of them, 89.7% were female. The five C psychological antecedents of vaccination were as follows: 55.9% were confident about vaccination, 50.6% were complacent, 56.6% experienced constraints, 60.7% calculated the risk and benefit, and 58.4% had collective responsibility. Multivariate analysis showed that high income level and having information about MPOX were significant predictors of confidence in the MPOX vaccines (adjusted odds ratio ((AOR) = 4.19, 95% CI (1.12– 15.59), P = 0.032). Participants aged 31–45 years and 19–30 years showed significant association (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI (0.85–7.15), P = 0.096) and (AOR = 4.19, 95% CI (1.39–12.64), P = 0.011), respectively. Having an idea about the MPOX vaccines significantly predicted the complacency domain (AOR = 3.77, 95%CI (1.47–9.65, P = 0.006). Moreover, precollege/undergraduate education and having an idea about MPOX vaccination were significant predictors of the constraint domain (AOR = 1.81.95% CI (1.09–2.99, P = 0.020), (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI (1.05–6.95, P = 0.038), respectively). Female sex, having a diploma, postgraduate studies, and having an idea about MPOX vaccine significantly predicted calculation domain (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI (1.05–4.04, P = 0.035), (AOR = 3.98,95% CI (1.33–11.87, P = 0.013), (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI (1.25–3.26, P = 0.004) & (AOR = 2.75. 95% CI (1.05–7.18, P = 0.039), respectively. The only significant predictor of collective responsibility was having a diploma and postgraduate studies (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI (1.21–9.78, P = 0.020), (AOR = 1.90,95% CI (1.17–3.09, P = 0.009).ConclusionsEfforts to control MPOX should focus on promoting protective measures such as the vaccination of HCWs as well as raising their awareness about the updated information regarding the virus and the approved vaccines.

Mpox: lessons learnt from previous viral outbreaks applicable to the ongoing outbreak

Human monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic infection caused by Mpox virus (MPXV) that was first identified in a smallpox suspect in 1970, and presents with smallpox-like symptoms but with less severe manifestations. The infection is initiated through rapid replication at the inoculation site, with early symptoms including fever, chills, and exhaustion. The advent of smallpox vaccines has significantly contributed to its prevention. Due to its zoonotic nature, individuals who consume or handle animals susceptible to the virus are at increased risk and should take appropriate precautions. Both vaccines and non-pharmacological interventions have proven potent in limiting the spread of the infection. This narrative review examines the emergence and spread of Mpox in humans, delving into the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and preventive strategies for Mpox, as well as the transmission dynamics of the two MPXV clades. It also highlights the increase in cases outside Africa, with a particular focus on a UK outbreak linked to travel from Nigeria. The importance of vaccination, especially smallpox vaccines, is underscored, noting recent advancements in vaccine development such as the Vaccinia Ankara vaccine. The review emphasizes the need for robust surveillance, diagnostics, and strategies to control and manage epidemics, drawing lessons from past experiences. It concludes by stressing the clinical similarities between Mpox and smallpox and the growing public health concern posed by Mpox, especially in areas with high human-wildlife interactions.

Prospective observational study on scar sequelae after MPOX infection: an analysis of 40 patients.

Monkeypox (MPOX) caused a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) outbreakbetween 2022 and 2023, with a recent rise in cases that prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare the disease a PHEIC once again. There is little information on its long-term scarring sequelae. The objective of this study was to assess the risk and characteristics of scarring in patients with MPOX in a tertiary hospital. This is a prospective cohort study including patients diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Clinical data were collected and followed up at 12-15 months to assess scarring and its impact on quality of life. Of the 40 patients, 19 (47.5%) developed scars, which were more common in those with initial cutaneous manifestations. Scars significantly affected the quality of life, especially in the genital and mucosal areas. The limited sample and loss to follow-up may affect the validity of the results. Scarring is a frequent and disfiguring sequela of MPOX, particularly in patients with early skin symptoms. Prevention and close follow-up are crucial in mitigating these complications.

Unique Kinetics of the Human Milk Antibody Response to JYNNEOS Vaccine for Prevention of Monkey Pox: A Case Study.

Background: JYNNEOS is a nonreplicating modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine currently licensed to prevent monkeypox infection, and its milk immunogenicity remains unstudied. Objective: Investigate the human milk immunogenicity of the JYNNEOS vaccine in one individual and examine the milk for evidence of vaccine components. Methods: Immunogenicity of milk and plasma samples were tested by Luminex assays against Vaccinia antigens, and vaccine components were tested using PCR and sandwich ELISA. Results: Plasma antibody (Ab) response increased up to 3.7-fold in immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer and 1.4-fold in IgA compared with baseline, confirming vaccine immunogenicity in this participant 2 weeks post dose 2. Specific plasma IgG remained 1.2- to 1.7-fold above baseline 12 weeks post dose 2, while IgA returned to baseline levels. Notably, the milk response exhibited unique kinetics, particularly for IgA. Milk IgA against all three antigens increased 0.9- to 2.2-fold 2 weeks post dose 2, reaching a peak titer increase of 1.1- to 2.7-fold at 12 weeks post dose 2. Secretory (s) Ab levels increased to 1.1- to 2-fold at 2 weeks post dose 2 and reached a peak of 2- to 3.2-fold increase at the 12-week time point. Importantly, IgA and sAb responses in milk exhibited correlation, suggesting most milk IgA was sIgA. Notably, no vaccine components (VACV protein or DNA) were detected in the milk samples. Conclusion: These data suggest that the milk Ab response to this intradermal (ID) VACV-based vaccine is distinct from that observed systemically, indicating a unique mucosal immune response and highlighting its potential to elicit protective long-lasting sIgA. This case report provides strong evidence for inclusion of this vaccine platform in future studies of maternal vaccines aimed to elicit a protective milk Ab response.

Impact of Human Immunological Responses and Viral Genetic Diversity on Outbreak of Human Monkeypox Virus. A Comprehensive Literature Review Study

Monkeypox was caused by Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) and can infect both humans and animals. An understanding of the interplay between host immunity and genetic diversity was necessary to understand the etiology and epidemiology of monkeypox disease. Objective: To clarify how genetic differences and host immune responses interact when a moneypox infection occurs. Furthermore, we also aim to provide insights into individual variability in illness outcomes and possible treatment targets by investigating how distinct genetic profiles affect immune system activation and efficacy. Methods: Recent research on monkeypox, concentrating on the immune response mechanisms of the host and genetic variables linked to virus vulnerability have thoroughly analyzed. For this purpose, the data were searched from various research engines such as google scholar, pubmed, medline etc., by using different key words i.e., monkeypox and host immunity, monkeypox and antibodies interactions, monkeypox outbreak, mnkeypox strains. Conclusions: The way a monkeypox infection progresses and turns out was greatly influenced by the interplay between host genetic differences and immunological responses. Public health initiatives and the creation of tailored treatment plans can both benefit from the identification of genetic markers linked to immunological response profiles and vulnerability.

Knowledge of Human Monkeypox Virus Infection among Healthcare Providers and Associated Factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Human monkeypox virus infection (mpox) is a reemerging viral zoonotic disease that has been occurring outside of locations where it has been endemic in Africa. To understand the shifting epidemiology of this disease and respond accordingly, increased clinical skill and professional capabilities are essential. However, there are no studies assessing the knowledge of healthcare professionals in Ethiopia on mpox. Hence, this paper aimed to assess knowledge of the infection and associated factors among healthcare providers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, specifically knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of mpox, from November 14, 2022 to November 25, 2022. A facility-based cross-sectional study design was used. Knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire, and a 70% Bloom's cutoff point was used to classify the scores. A pretest was conducted in a similar setting before data collection. Frequencies, percentages, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. The majority of participants, 128 (64.6% with 95% CI), scored below 70% on knowledge questions. Professionals with experience of 5 years or less had better knowledge than those who had worked longer (adjusted odds ratio: 0.301; 95% CI: 0.149-0.609; P = 0.000). Knowledge of mpox among healthcare providers in Addis Ababa was poor across sociodemographic and professional variables. Thus, education on mpox among healthcare providers in Ethiopia is critical in preparing the workforce and limiting potential damage to the country.

The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Monkey Pox (Mpox) Among Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students in Gujarat, India.

The global spread of monkeypox (mpox) has raised concerns about public health preparedness, particularly among young adults. This study aimed to assess and compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding mpox among undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) students in Gujarat, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 605 students (402 UG, 203 PG) from one of the tertiary hospitals (PG) and a medical colleges (UG) in Gujarat. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding mpox. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and independent t-tests. PG students demonstrated significantly higher knowledge scores than UG students (mean score 8.4 vs6.5 out of 10, p<0.001). They showed greater awareness of mpox (187/203, 92.1% vs314/402, 78.1%, p<0.001) and a better understanding of transmission routes, symptoms, and preventive measures. PG students also exhibited more positive attitudes, with a higher perception of mpox as a serious threat (152/203, 74.9% vs 241/402, 60.0%, p<0.001) and a greater willingness to get vaccinated (172/203, 84.7% vs 281/402, 69.9%, p<0.001). In terms of practices, PG students reported better adherence to preventive measures, including regular hand hygiene (127/203, 62.6% vs201/402, 50.0% always practicing, p=0.002) and wearing face masks in crowded places (168/203, 82.8% vs298/402, 74.1%, p=0.017). Significant differences in KAP regarding mpox exist between UG and PG students, with PG students consistently demonstrating higher levels of awareness, more positive attitudes, and better preventive practices. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions to enhance mpox preparedness among university students, with particular attention to undergraduate populations.

Monkeypox- need for Vigilant Health system and Regulations towards a Global Health Threat

A viral illness caused by the monkey pox virus, monkeypox is now known as Mpox. It is a zoonotic infectious disease causing painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, headache, muscle ache, backpain and low energy. According to WHO, most cases in 2022 were in Africa but later m-pox was reported from USA, Europe Australia &amp; Canada. Mpox continues to be a threat today, with upsurge of cases in Democratic Republic of Congo and other countries in Africa. Since 2022, there has also been an upsurge in mpox cases and deaths in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Over 120 countries have reported mpox between Jan 2022-Aug 2024, with over 1,00,000 laboratory-confirmed cases reported and over 220 deaths among confirmed cases. In India, MoHFW reported 30 cases in the last 2022 outbreak, with last case occurring in March 2024. The monkeypox virus was discovered in Denmark (1958) in monkeys kept for research. The first reported human case of mpox was a nine-month-old boy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1970). Mpox steadily emerged in central, east and west Africa following the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and the end of smallpox vaccination worldwide. In 2003, there was an outbreak in the United States of America, linked to imported wild animals. Since 2005, thousands of cases are reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo every year. In May 2022, an outbreak of mpox appeared suddenly and rapidly spread across Europe, the Americas and then all six WHO regions including refugee camps in the Republic of the Sudan.

The Human Monkeypox Virus and Host Immunity: Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

This article explores the Human Monkeypox Virus (MPV), a contagious virus that causes disease in both vertebrates and insects. It originated in Denmark in 1958 and expanded beyond Africa during the 1970s. The virus was initially detected in the United States in 2003 following the hospitalisation of a toddler who had been bitten by a prairie dog. The article examines the identification of the virus, its categorization into two genetic groups with dif-ferent levels of harmfulness, and its genetic changes over time due to specific influences. Additionally, it investigates the immunological reaction to MPXV, encompassing both the innate and adaptive systems. The essay also addresses the diagnostic difficulties presented by MPXV's resemblance to other orthopoxviruses and the progress made in molecular diagnos-tics. The paper analyses different therapeutic interventions, such as tecovirimat, an antiviral medication, and JYNNEOS, a vaccine, in terms of their efficacy, potential drawbacks, and the difficulties encountered in managing outbreaks. The future outlook emphasises the ne-cessity of inventive research methodologies, worldwide monitoring, and individualised med-ical treatments to counteract the dissemination of MPXV and alleviate its consequences on public health.

Modeling monkeypox virus transmission: Stability analysis and comparison of analytical techniques

Abstract Monkeypox is a highly infectious disease and spreads very easily, hence posing several health concerns or risks as it may lead to outbreak. This article proposes a new mathematical model to simulate the transmission rate of the monkeypox virus-infected fractional-order differential equations using the Caputo–Fabrizio derivative. The existence, uniqueness, and stability under contraction mapping of the fixed point of the model are discussed using Krasnoselskii’s and Banach’s fixed point theorems. To verify the model proposed, we employ data that record the actual dynamics, and based on these data, the model can capture the observed transmission patterns in Ghana. Also, the analytic algorithm is used to find the result applying the Laplace Adomian decomposition method (LADM). Performance analysis of LADM is made regarding Runge-Kutta fourth order, which is the most commonly employed method for solving second-order ordinary differential equations. This comparison therefore offers information on the truth and reliability of the two techniques toward modeling the transmission pattern of the monkey pox virus. The information obtained through this study provides a better understanding of the antibodies linked to monkeypox virus spreading and provides effective strategies to doctors and politicians. This article helps shape better strategies about combating the impact of monkeypox virus in public health since it makes it easy to predict and prevent the occurrence of the disease.