Monkeypox Research Articles

A Comparative Evaluation of Three Diagnostic Assays for the Detection of Human Monkeypox.

Accurate and early diagnosis of monkeypox virus (MPXV) is crucial for controlling epidemics and treating affected individuals promptly. This study aimed to assess the analytical and clinical performance of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay, Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA) Assay. Additionally, it aimed to compare the clinical application of antigen and nucleic acid assays to offer insights into using commercial monkeypox assay kits. Specimens from 117 clinical patients, serial diluted virus cell culture supernatant, and artificially created positive samples were tested to evaluate the performance of these assay kits for MPXV diagnostics. The Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay had a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.89 CCID50/mL, while the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay had an LoD of 15.55 CCID50/mL. The MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay had an LoD of 0.500 pg/mL. The accuracy of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay was comparable to the Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and the MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay demonstrated high sensitivity. The specificity of all three MPXV diagnostic assays for clinical specimens with potential cross-reacting substances was 100%. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the clinical application of monkeypox assays, supporting efforts to mitigate and control the spread of monkeypox.

Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox about the 2022 Outbreak: A Narrative Review

Abstract: Human Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by 2 distinct clades of human monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPXV infections can cause several clinical symptoms including fever, skin rash, back pain, and lymphadenopathy in humans. Even though MPXV infections are generally self-limiting, death is possible and fatality due to MPXV infections in humans is 3-6 percent. While the disease is endemic to Africa, its potential to cause outbreaks in other continents has been observed. The natural reservoir of MPXV in Africa and the full host range of the virus are not known, but rodents are suggested to be the reservoirs. The transmission of MPXV occurs via close contact and the prevention strategies include avoiding close contact and post-exposure prophylactic vaccination of people at risk with smallpox vaccines. In this study, the most recent information about the epidemiology of MPXV about the latest research on the 2022 outbreak of MPXV has been reviewed.

Unveiling the nexus! Understanding knowledge issues, animal contact patterns and interaction of health care providers in the context of monkeypox and COVID-19 during monkeypox outbreak 2022

Background A monkeypox (MPOX) outbreak occurred in May 2022. On June 3, 2022, the WHO Blueprint organized a consultation on MPOX research knowledge gaps and priority research questions because the engagement of health care providers (HCPs) in providing accurate information and the public's motivation to adapt protective behaviour were crucial. Thus, we conducted this study to explore the knowledge issues, animal patterns, and interactions of HCPs in the context of MPOX and COVID-19 during the MPOX outbreak. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey among 816 HCPs working in governmental health facilities from many countries, mainly Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Cameroon, in September 2022. Results Four hundred and sixty (56.37%) were aged between 18 and less than 35 years old. About 34.44% were physicians, while only 37.25% worked on the frontlines with patients. 37.99% and 5.88% received vaccinations against chickenpox and MPOX, respectively. In the meantime, 55.39% had taken courses or training programmes regarding COVID-19. Regarding knowledge-seeking behaviours (KSBs) about COVID-19, 38.73% were through passive attention, while only 28.8% got their information through active search. Most of the participants (56.86%) had a moderate level of knowledge regarding COVID-19. Only 8.82% had courses or training programmes regarding MPOX. Regarding KSB about MPOX, 50.86% were obtained through passive attention, while only 18.01% and 23.04% got their information through active and passive search, respectively. Most of the participants (57.60%) had a poor level of knowledge regarding MPOX. The regression analysis of the MPOX knowledge score revealed that individuals working on the frontlines with patients and those who had training programmes or courses were shown to have a higher score by 1.25 and 3.18 points, respectively. Conclusions The studied HCPs had poorer knowledge about the MPOX virus than they did about the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Training programmes and education courses had an impact on their knowledge.

Human monkeypox disease prediction using novel modified restricted Boltzmann machine-based equilibrium optimizer

While the globe continues to struggle to recover from the devastation brought on by the COVID-19 virus's extensive distribution, the recent worrying rise in human monkeypox outbreaks in several nations raises the possibility of a novel worldwide pandemic. The symptoms of human monkeypox resemble those of chickenpox and traditional measles, with a few subtle variations like the various kinds of skin blisters. A range of deep learning techniques have demonstrated encouraging results in image-oriented tumor cell, Covid-19 diagnosis, and skin disease prediction tasks. Hence, it becomes necessary to perform the prediction of the new monkeypox disease using deep learning techniques. In this paper, an image-oriented human monkeypox disease prediction is performed with the help of novel deep learning methodology. Initially, the data is gathered from the standard benchmark dataset called Monkeypox Skin Lesion Dataset. From the collected data, the pre-processing is accomplished using image resizing and image normalization as well as data augmentation techniques. These pre-processed images undergo the feature extraction that is performed by the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) approach. The extracted features undergo the final prediction phase using the Modified Restricted Boltzmann Machine (MRBM), where the parameter tuning in RBM is accomplished by the nature inspired optimization algorithm referred to as Equilibrium Optimizer (EO), with the consideration of error minimization as the major objective function. Simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed model performed better than the remaining models at monkeypox prediction. The proposed MRBM-EO for the suggested human monkeypox disease prediction model in terms of RMSE is 75.68%, 70%, 60.87%, and 43.75% better than PSO-SVM, Xception-CBAM-Dense, ShuffleNet, and RBM respectively. Similarly, the proposed MRBM-EO for the suggested human monkeypox disease prediction model with respect to accuracy is 9.22%, 7.75%, 3.77%, and 10.90% better than PSO-SVM, Xception-CBAM-Dense, ShuffleNet, and RBM respectively.

The willingness of healthcare workers to be vaccinated against monkeypox and their knowledge about monkeypox: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundVaccination is an important method to address the monkeypox epidemic. We aimed to analyze the knowledge of healthcare workers (HCWs) about human monkeypox and their attitudes toward vaccination.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for articles and performed a meta-analysis using Stata 14.0 with a random-effects model. This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. ResultsA total of 34 studies with 43,226 HCWs were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that 54 % (95 % CI: 0.39–0.69) of the HCWs were willing to be vaccinated against monkeypox, and only 40 % (95 % CI: 0.29–0.50) of the HCWs had good knowledge of monkeypox. By analyzing the vaccination history of HCWs, we found that history of smallpox vaccination did not significantly affect the willingness of HCWs to receive another vaccination (OR = 0.53, 95 % CI: 0.23–1.26), whereas HCWs who had been vaccinated with the influenza vaccine (OR = 2.80, 95 % CI: 1.29–6.11) or COVID-19 vaccine (OR = 3.10, 95 % CI: 2.00–4.81) showed greater willingness to receive the monkeypox vaccine. In terms of income, low-income HCWs were less willing to be vaccinated against monkeypox (OR = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.54–0.89), whereas middle-income HCWs were more willing (OR = 1.45, 95 % CI: 1.04–2.02). Notably, although HCWs with education related to monkeypox had better knowledge of monkeypox than HCWs without education related to monkeypox, the difference was not statistically significant (OR = 1.83, 95 % CI: 0.80–4.18). ConclusionsPublicity and education on monkeypox should be strengthened so that more people, especially HCWs, can have a good understanding of monkeypox and be willing to be vaccinated.

Key Interventions to Target Work Related Stress among Nurses: Overview

Work related stress is the adverse reaction as a result of excessive work pressure. As new diseases such as Corona virus, Ebola, Lassa fever, Monkey pox, etc evolves each day, so technology and new skills to tackle such diseases are required. In addition to clinical nursing care, the need to learn and practice how to use modern equipment in patients’ care to combat such diseases imposes more stress on the nurses. The world population is also on the increase, hence the need for healthcare services is also increasing. Contrarily, there are (six) 6 million global nurses’ shortage presently. The recent Covid 19 pandemic is also putting on more stress on the nursing workforce forcing many nurses to leave their job as a result of work-related stress. The study aimed at investigating key interventions that will reduce work relate and enhances nurses work performance.

Dual-Target Additively Manufactured Electrochemical Sensor for the Multiplexed Detection of Protein A29 and DNA of Human Monkeypox Virus.

Herein, we present the first 3D-printed electrochemical portable biodevice for the detection of monkeypox virus (MKPV). The electrochemical device consists of two biosensors: an immunosensor and a genosensor specifically designed for the detection of the protein A29 and a target DNA of MKPV, respectively. The electrodes were manufactured using lab-made ultraflexible conductive filaments composed of carbon black, recycled PLA from coffee pods, and castor oil as a plasticizer. The sensors created through 3D printing technology exhibited good reproducibility and repeatability of analytical responses. Furthermore, both the immunosensor and genosensor demonstrated excellent MKPV detection capabilities, with a linear range from 0.01 to 1.0 μmol L-1 for the antigen and 0.1 to 20.0 μmol L-1 for the DNA target. The biosensors achieved limits of detection of 2.7 and 29 nmol L-1 for the immunosensor and genosensor, respectively. Interference tests conducted with the biosensors demonstrated their selectivity for MKPV. Moreover, analyses of fortified human serum samples showed recoveries close to 100%, confirming the absence of significant matrix effects for MKPV analysis. Therefore, the 3D-printed multiplex device represents a viable and highly promising alternative for on-site, portable, and rapid point-of-care MKPV monitoring.

Analysis of aerobiological studies with orthopoxviruses by U.S. Department of Defense

Discontinuation of vaccination after the completion of Smallpox global eradication program led to a sharp decrease in the level of collective immunity not only to smallpox but also to other orthopoxvirus infections. Over the past 10–15 years, the world has seen an increase in the frequency of diseases caused by smallpox viruses of cows, buffaloes, camels. The outbreak of mpox (a disease caused by the monkey pox virus) occurred in 2022–2023. Analysis of the literature data on the organization of the orthopoxvirus genome suggest that smallpox could have occurred in the past as a result of evolutionary changes in the zoonotic progenitor virus. In this regard, there is a threat of a new particularly dangerous anthropozoonosis, the pathogen of which can occur both naturally and artificially. The aim of the review is to analyze open science published data on aerobiological research with OPVs conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense from 1994-2013, which was a period of restricted research and storage of smallpox virus samples. The authors did not find any publications of the results of aerobiological research with orthopoxviruses conducted by the US Department of Defense after 2013 in open scientific sources. The review presents a data analysis in Russian and English-speaking scientist publication as well as those posted on the Internet. The presented results of aerobiological studies with orthopoxviruses indicate the interest of the US military department in carrying out experimental work of dual use, including monitoring of the properties of orthopoxviruses and a possible change in their pathogenicity for humans, selection of optimal laboratory models for studying the properties of orthopoxviruses, and the possibility of modeling the properties of the smallpox virus when using other orthopoxviruses (cowpox virus, rabbit pox virus, monkey pox virus), modeling of the main characteristics of the disease caused by the smallpox virus in humans and evaluation of the effectiveness of existing and newly developed vaccines against smallpox, comparative study of effectiveness of antiviral drugs for regular or post-exposure prophylaxis of naturally occurring smallpox and monkey smallpox.

Critical appraisal of Monkeypox (Mpox) in Africa using scoping and systematic review methods

Africa remains a battlefield for the emergence and re-emergence of deadly aetiologies including the Lassa fever virus from 1969, Monkey pox (mpox) virus from 1970, and Ebola virus from 1976 till date, among others. With the recent index case of mpox following rapid spread from Africa to different continents, a critical appraisal of the disease to x-ray its dynamics in Africa is warranted. This study integrated a mix of scoping and systematic reviews to converse the epidemiology and biosecurity/environmental issues from one health perspective. Our scoping review used major scientific databases based on their relevance and reliability, while the PROSPERO-registered systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Phylogeny analysis was performed to compare recent outbreaks of mpox with the existing genotypic information. The genetic analysis focused on the H3L gene that codes for envelope proteins involved in viral attachment. Transmission of mpox virus was reported mainly in four routes. Animals implicated include monkeys, squirrels, and pigs. Risk factors include age, gender, occupation, climate, travel, political instability, and vaccination status. Different circulating strains were reported with eight-point mutations found to occur in Africa. Observed clustering within the predominant West African (WA) clade and the recent outbreak strains corroborate the reports of WA clade in other non-African and non-endemic countries. Viral adaptation in the WA clade enhanced person-to-person transmissibility, spreading to over 100 countries. Hence, there is need to address mpox host-associated physiological and biochemical changes, the development of mpox virus-specific diagnostic kits and vaccines, and studies on the disease's socio-ecological, economic and psychological consequences.

Exploring the Knowledge and Attitude of Medical and Allied Health Sciences Students towards Monkey Pox Virus

Background: Human Monkey Pox (HMPX) is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic agent Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) and remains a global health burden. After Africa, its outbreak has been reported in America, Europe, and a few other regions of Africa. While quite a few cases were also reported in Pakistan. Although it is a self-limiting disease, it remains a potential threat to the human population, with an increasing morbidity rate and case fatality rate. Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted from September to December 2022, the aim was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of medical and allied health students regarding Mpox. Three hundred students from various medical and allied health departments at Hamdard University of Karachi participated in the study using convenience sampling. They were given an electronic questionnaire to gather their responses. Results: The findings showed that participants had an average knowledge of (Χ2=1.080, p>0.05). Many participants showed positive attitudes towards disease (Χ2=67.22, p<0.001). Based on gender, the knowledge of male participants was better (Χ2=17.32, p < 0.01), whereas attitude was positive in both genders (Χ2=24.87, p<0.01). MBBS and Pharm D students demonstrated average knowledge (Χ2=81.058, p < 0.01) while DPT students showed positive attitudes toward Mpox. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding emerging pandemics needs to be improved in students of health professions. Thus, a more focused learning attitude is crucial to developing a futuristic professional attitude. Keywords: Healthcare, Knowledge, Monkeypox, Pandemic.

Manifestasi Klinis Infeksi Mpox pada Penderita HIV: Sebuah Telaah Sistematik dan Meta-Analisis

Introduction. Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus. Sexual intercourse is the biggest cause of mpox transmission. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that is also transmitted mostly through sexual routes. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to understand the clinical picture of mpox in relation to HIV infection. Methods. This meta-analysis followed MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. A systematic search for relevant studies was carried out using the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases covering the period 1 January 2022 to 31 May 2024. The keywords used were “Clinical feature” or “Clinical Manifestation” and “MPOX” or Monkey pox and “HIV”. Results. There were 8 studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Eight studies were identified with a total of 2,392 patients with and without HIV. In this meta-analysis, an analysis of each clinical manifestation appearing in patients was conducted, resulting in statistically significant findings, including lymphadenopathy (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82-0.96), perianal lesions (RR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01-1.37), proctitis (RR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.37-2.35), rectal pain (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.16-1.52), rectal bleeding (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.16-1.52), and tenesmus (RR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.34-1.99). Conclusions. Enlarged lymph nodes, perianal lesions, proctitis, rectal pain, rectal bleeding, and tenesmus are the dominant clinical manifestations in mpox patients accompanied by HIV infection.

Monkeypox infection and pregnancy in lower and middle-income countries: Precautions & recommendations.

Monkeypox (MPX), an orthopoxviral disease endemic in Africa, is now a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) as declared by the World Health Organization in July 2023. Although it is generally mild, the overall case fatality rate was reported to be 3%, and the basic reproduction number (R0) is > 1 in men who have sex with men (MSM, i.e., Portugal (1.4), the United Kingdom (1.6), and Spain (1.8)). However, R0 is < 1 in other settings. In concordance with the smallpox virus, it is also expected to increase the risk of adverse outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. The outcomes of the disease in an immunocompromised state of pregnancy are scary, showing high mortality and morbidity of both mother and fetus, with up to a 75% risk of fetal side effects and a 25% risk of severe maternal diseases. Therefore, it warrants timely diagnosis and intervention. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) test is the standard approach to diagnosis. We summarized the recent findings of MPX on pregnancy, and the associated risk factors. We also give recommendations for active fetal surveillance, perinatal care, and good reporting to improve outcomes. The available vaccines have shown promise for primary disease prevention.

The Emergence of Human Monkeypox Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fears of a New Pandemic

The Emergence of Human Monkeypox Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fears of a New Pandemic

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Monkeypox: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: The World Health Organization declared monkeypox (MPX), a global health crisis, in July 2022. Its symptoms include fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, myalgias, and fatigue; there have also been the reports of neurological manifestations and no data on psychiatric manifestations. In our study, we aimed to study neurologic and psychiatric manifestations in MPX patients. Methodology: Our study used the TriNetX database to identify MPX patients along with their age, gender, race, ethnicity, and geographic location data. Using International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision codes for neurological, psychiatric symptoms, and diagnoses, we identified 331 individuals on November 22, 2022, who had neuropsychiatric signs within a month of diagnosis with MPX (n = 1,006). Results: The most common neurological symptom was pain (17.3%) followed by headache (10.3%), while the most frequent psychiatric symptoms were mood disorders (11.9%), emotional issues (10.5%), and anxiety (9.4%). Conclusion: In this study, neuropsychiatric symptoms were present in about one-third of MPX patients. Physicians, neurologists, and psychiatrists should be aware of the potential for neuropsychiatric side effects associated with MPX infection in patients.

Multi‐model deep learning system for screening human monkeypox using skin images

AbstractPurposeHuman monkeypox (MPX) is a viral infection that transmits between individuals via direct contact with animals, bodily fluids, respiratory droplets, and contaminated objects like bedding. Traditional manual screening for the MPX infection is a time‐consuming process prone to human error. Therefore, a computer‐aided MPX screening approach utilizing skin lesion images to enhance clinical performance and alleviate the workload of healthcare providers is needed. The primary objective of this work is to devise an expert system that accurately classifies MPX images for the automatic detection of MPX subjects.MethodsThis work presents a multi‐modal deep learning system through the fusion of convolutional neural network (CNN) and machine learning algorithms, which effectively and autonomously detect MPX‐infected subjects using skin lesion images. The proposed framework, termed MPXCN‐Net is developed by fusing deep features of three pre‐trained CNNs: MobileNetV2, DarkNet19, and ResNet18. Three classifiers—K‐nearest neighbour, support vector machine (SVM), and ensemble classifier—with various kernel functions, are used to identify infected patients. To validate the efficacy of our proposed system, we employ a publicly accessible MPX skin lesion dataset.ResultsBy amalgamating features extracted from all three CNNs and utilizing the medium Gaussian kernel of the SVM classifier, our proposed system achieves an outstanding average classification accuracy of 90.4%.ConclusionsDeveloped MPXCN‐Net is suitable for testing with a large diversified dataset before being used in clinical settings.

Human monkeypox virus: A review on the globally emerging virus

Human monkeypox virus: A review on the globally emerging virus

Nursing student perception of monkey pox virus at the technical health institute of imbaba

Nursing student perception of monkey pox virus at the technical health institute of imbaba

Structure and flexibility of the DNA polymerase holoenzyme of vaccinia virus.

The year 2022 was marked by the mpox outbreak caused by the human monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is approximately 98% identical to the vaccinia virus (VACV) at the sequence level with regard to the proteins involved in DNA replication. We present the production in the baculovirus-insect cell system of the VACV DNA polymerase holoenzyme, which consists of the E9 polymerase in combination with its co-factor, the A20-D4 heterodimer. This led to the 3.8 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the DNA-free form of the holoenzyme. The model of the holoenzyme was constructed from high-resolution structures of the components of the complex and the A20 structure predicted by AlphaFold 2. The structures do not change in the context of the holoenzyme compared to the previously determined crystal and NMR structures, but the E9 thumb domain became disordered. The E9-A20-D4 structure shows the same compact arrangement with D4 folded back on E9 as observed for the recently solved MPXV holoenzyme structures in the presence and the absence of bound DNA. A conserved interface between E9 and D4 is formed by a cluster of hydrophobic residues. Small-angle X-ray scattering data show that other, more open conformations of E9-A20-D4 without the E9-D4 contact exist in solution using the flexibility of two hinge regions in A20. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) showed that the E9-D4 interaction is indeed weak and transient in the absence of DNA although it is very important, as it has not been possible to obtain viable viruses carrying mutations of key residues within the E9-D4 interface.

A model for the control of transmission dynamics of human monkeypox disease in Sub-Saharan Africa

The Human Monkeypox virus has received significant research interest in recent times. While few researchers have studied the effects of vaccination on human-to-animal or animal-to-human Monkeypox transmission, others just studied the effects of treatment on human Monkeypox. In this article, we made the proposition of a deterministic vaccine model that deals with the dynamics of the effects of vaccination and treatment on human Monkeypox in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigated the effects of vaccination on the various epidemiological classes qualitatively. The findings from the analysis of the model are that the model possesses two equilibria, locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium (DFE) when an epidemiological threshold - the effective reproductive number is less than unity, and locally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium when the number is greater than unity. We then corroborated the theoretical findings with numerical simulations, which reveal that when the rate of vaccination is increased resulting in many newly born persons in the populace being vaccinated, the prevalence of the deadly scourge is significantly reduced, while newly born individuals that miss vaccination experience a drastic torment of the deadly disease that often occasion death. Further revelation from the simulations is that when greater efforts

Epidemiological Aspects and Basic Directions of the Protective Medications against Monkeypox Development

Relevance. After smallpox eradication, in conditions of population immunity to orthopoxviruses absence, Monkeypox virus became most significant orthopoxvirus, pathogenic for humans. Therefore the generalization of data on the areas of infection outbreaks, human diseases and methods of prevention and treatment of monkey pox is important task. Aim. To characterize the problem of monkeypox in the world based on an analysis of foreign scientific publications over the past 20 years. Materials and methods. The work used publications presented in the main international medical information databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, etc. To analyze the publications, the analytical epidemiological method was used. Results and discussion. Monkeypox virus, obtained and identified in 1958, by genetic and phenotypic differences divides on two clades: West-African with lethality 3.6% and Central-African (Congo Basin) with lethality 10%. Monkeypox virus transmission to men happens in two ways, either from animal-to-human or human-to-human. Monkey pox is endemic only on African continent, but In 2003 year the first outbreak, numbering 47 confirmed cases, was occurred in non-endemic country – USA and the largest monkeypox outbreak began in Nigeria in September 2017 year and continue to the present. Comparison of the genome sequences of strains, isolated from patients in non-endemic countries, showed, that it genetically close to West-african strains, belong to II clades and were descended from a common ancestor. Many cases of disease in humans in the current outbreak have been traced to sexual transmission especially among men, who identify ourselves as gay or bisexual. The basis method for identification of agent in present time is PCR-RT targeting on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene. Usually monkeypox of human is mild, self-limiting disease. The symptoms of monkeypox are varied and non-specific. One of the most frequently observed clinical symptoms is lymphadenopathy. Most patients recover during some weeks. However, specific antiviral treatment – tecovirimat (S-246) and brincidofovir (CMX-001) – may be used for seriously ill or immunocompromised individuals. For prophylactic disease in present time are use vaccines JYNNEOSTM, ACAM2000R and Aventis Pasteur (APSV). Conclusion. General vaccination against monkeypox don't develop accordingly to modern recommendations WHO. Ring vaccination is recommended to conduct for suppression of spread virus in nidus of infection among population. Timely international coordination is needed to prevent the global spread of a disease with epidemic potential.