Human Intellectual Activities Research Articles

The Meaning of Causality and the Premise and Root of Its Existence

This article aims to understand the most fundamental operating principles of the phenomenal world and figure out how phenomena within the phenomenal world are interconnected. Causality is the most basic connection, rule, logic and fact of the phenomenal world, since everything in the phenomenal world is originally in the interconnection of three elements: cause, condition and effect. Finding the causal connection between things and utilising it to achieve the goal of avoiding harm and ultimately attaining happiness is the fundamental motivation for all human intellectual activities, including scientific research, philosophical discernment, and religious beliefs. The article gives a universal definition of causation as the primordial, underlying, transcendental, inherent, intrinsic, ultimate, essential, fundamental, inevitable, invariable, timeless, universal, complex, multidimensional, dynamic connection, law, logic, and fact among the three elements of cause, condition and result in the phenomenal world. The article explains in detail why the foregoing definition is universal from both ontological and epistemological perspectives.

Human Transformation (HX) in the Age of AI and the Challenges of Education through the Post-Human Debate

Concerning a posthuman perspective, this paper attempts to provide a new perspective on future changes in teaching and learning in the age of artificial intelligence. With the development of technological civilisation, humans have adapted to the environmental world while at the same time attempting to remould it using technology and tools. Humans have survived by acquiring new skills and abilities to manipulate technology and tools. Human Transformation (HX), updated to respond to technological innovations, is now upcoming human intellectual activities through AI technology. What are the challenges of HX in the age of AI, and what perspectives will be critical in this process? This paper traces back to how machines with computational intelligence or reasoning functions were named ‘artificial intelligence’ that can reproduce human intellectual activities. It examines the wide-ranging social impact of the naming of AI and the growing phenomenon of expectations and anxieties about AI. It then notes two sources behind the posthuman debate. The first is the trend towards an upgraded stage of human intelligence over the current human by enhancing it through medical and even AI-based technology. The second trend seeks a new direction for post-humanity by focusing on its diversity, such as society and culture, through a critical examination of the view that uniformly evaluates all human conditions through a universal model of human beings. Navigating them is an excellent educational challenge. Focusing on the similarities and differences between human intelligence and artificial intelligence, the paper examines the challenges of education to develop the unique characteristics of human intelligence further and achieve freedom from AI technology, considering the legal, ethical and social issues (ELSI) of making wise use of AI.

Understanding via Exploration: Discovery of Interpretable Features With Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Understanding the environments through interactions has been one of the most important human intellectual activities in mastering unknown systems. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has already been known to achieve effective control through human-like exploration and exploitation in many applications. However, the opaque nature of deep neural network (DNN) often hides critical information about feature relevance to control, which is essential for understanding the target systems. In this article, a novel online feature selection framework, namely, the dual-world-based attentive feature selection (D-AFS), is first proposed to identify the contribution of the inputs over the whole control process. Rather than the one world used in most DRL, D-AFS has both the real world and its virtual peer with twisted features. The newly introduced attention-based evaluation (AR) module performs the dynamic mapping from the real world to the virtual world. The existing DRL algorithms, with slight modification, can learn in the dual world. By analyzing the DRL's response in the two worlds, D-AFS can quantitatively identify respective features' importance toward control. A set of experiments is performed on four classical control systems in OpenAI Gym. Results show that D-AFS can generate the same or even better feature combinations than the solutions provided by human experts and seven recent feature selection baselines. In all cases, the selected feature representations are closely correlated with the ones used by underlying system dynamic models.

Financial Causality Extraction Based on Universal Dependencies and Clue Expressions

AbstractThis paper proposes a method to extract financial causal knowledge from bi-lingual text data. Domain-specific causal knowledge plays an important role in human intellectual activities, especially expert decision making. Especially, in the financial area, fund managers, financial analysts, etc. need causal knowledge for their works. Natural language processing is highly effective for extracting human-perceived causality; however, there are two major problems with existing methods. First, causality relative to global activities must be extracted from text data in multiple languages; however, multilingual causality extraction has not been established to date. Second, technologies to extract complex causal structures, e.g., nested causalities, are insufficient. We consider that a model using universal dependencies can extract bi-lingual and nested causalities can be established using clues, e.g., “because” and “since.” Thus, to solve these problems, the proposed model extracts nested causalities based on such clues and universal dependencies in multilingual text data. The proposed financial causality extraction method was evaluated on bi-lingual text data from the financial domain, and the results demonstrated that the proposed model outperformed existing models in the experiment.

지식재산권과 디자인보호법에 관한 연구

As the economy and industry develop and the importance and value of intellectual property increase due to the advancement of science and technology, intellectual property rights are becoming a major competitiveness of the country. Accordingly, advanced countries are trying to prepare transparent legal systems and policies to protect and secure intellectual property rights. These fair legal systems and policies are to eliminate corrupt elements and factors in the field of intellectual property rights. Intellectual property is the mental product of human intellectual creative activities and has property value, and intellectual property rights that are legally recognized and protected are called intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights can be largely divided into industrial property rights and copyrights, and new technology fields that have recently emerged and are not classified by existing classification methods are classified as new intellectual property rights. The Design Protection Act protects only the design involved in the movement of goods because it aims to contribute to industrial development as one of the types of intellectual property rights. Designs that can be protected by the Design Protection Act are products that can be traded independently and produced repeatedly. As such, it is limited to the design protection of industrial concepts based on commodities, so it is necessary to expand the concept of design in a comprehensive sense including socio-cultural concepts. Recently, non-examinationism, which is made in an effort to protect unregistered designs and shorten the design review period, has been expanding worldwide. This study examined the concepts and types of intellectual property rights and design protection laws, and examples of domestic and foreign design protection systems. The case countries were Korea, the United States, the EU, Japan, and China, which account for about 90% of the world's design applications and make up the world's top five patent office partners, IP5. and design protection laws and compares design protection laws with the principal national definitions and requirements for the design to be protected, as well as its implications.ions.

Проблема эпистемического разногласия в современной философии религии Часть I

In this article I focus on the problem of religious disagreement – whether one should lose one’s confidence in his or her religious beliefs in the face of signific­ant disagreement on certain religious issues. The article consists of two large parts. In the first one, the author describes the main categories of the epistemo­logy of disagreement in the focus of religious disagreement (first-order and higher-level significance of evidences in disagreement, fundamental and super­ficial disagreements, and describes the conciliatory approach to the problem within which the question of religious disagreement is usually stated). In the second part the author describes three contemporary projects of philosophical theology (Richard Swinburne’s, Alvin Plantinga’s, and William Alston’s) and analyses how they respond to the problem of religious disagreement. It is shown that in the case of religious disagreement one cannot successfully apply the con­ciliatory approach, which says that religious person should reduce his or her con­fidence in the truth of the religious beliefs he or she holds. The author draws this conclusion relying on two intuitions: 1) we may distinguish between internal (within one belief system, hypothesis, theory) and external (collisions of belief systems, hypotheses, theories with other, competing belief systems, hypotheses and theories) epistemic disagreements; 2) epistemic disagreements are normal for some human intellectual activities, and rather their absence is abnormal and can sometimes lead to undesirable consequences.

Проблема эпистемического разногласия в современной философии религии Часть II

In this article I focus on the problem of religious disagreement – whether one should loose one’s confidence in his or her religious beliefs in the face of signi­ficant disagreement on certain religious issues. The article consists of two large parts. In the first, I describe the main categories of the epistemology of disagree­ment in the focus of religious disagreement (first-order and higher-level signific­ance of evidences in disagreement, fundamental and superficial disagreements, and describe the conciliatory approach to the problem within which the problem of religious disagreement is usually stated). In the second part I describe three contemporary projects of philosophical theology (Richard Swinburne’s, Alvin Plantinga’s, and William Alston’s) and analyse how they respond to the problem of religious disagreement. I show that in the case of religious disagreement one cannot successfully apply the conciliatory approach, which says that religious person should reduce his or her confidence in the truth of the religious beliefs he or she holds. I draw this conclusion relying on two intuitions: 1) we may distin­guish between internal (within one belief system, hypothesis, theory) and ex­ternal (collisions of belief systems, hypotheses, theories with other, competing belief systems, hypotheses and theories) epistemic disagreements; 2) epistemic disagreements is normal for some human intellectual activities, and rather their absence is abnormal and can sometimes lead to undesirable consequences.

Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Prediction Model and Diffusion Tendency of Expiratory by Simultaneous Multipoint Sensing

Recent indoor air quality studies show that even 1000 parts per million (ppm) concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) has an adverse effect on human intellectual activities. Therefore, it is required to keep the CO 2 concentration below a certain value in a room. In this study, in order to analyze the diffusion tendency of carbon dioxide by breathing, we constructed a simultaneous multi-point sensing system equipped with a carbon dioxide concentration sensor to measure indoor environment. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether the prediction model can be effectively used by comparing the prediction value by the model and the actually measured value from the sensor. The experimental results showed that CO 2 by exhaled breathing diffuses evenly throughout the room regardless of the sensor’s relative positions to the human test subjects. The existing model is sufficiently accurate in a room which has above at least a 0.67 cycle/h ventilation cycle. However, there is a large gap between the measured and the model’s predicted values in a room with a low ventilation cycle, and that suggests a measurement with a sensor still is necessary to precisely monitor the indoor air quality.

Adquisición del lenguaje y capacidades cognitivas innatas: Un enfoque desde la teoría de los modelos mentales

Según Hornstein, la gramática generativa necesita ofrecer una explicación del hecho deque los niños pueden aprender cualquier idioma viviendo en contextos con muchas limitaciones ydeficiencias desde el punto de vista lingüístico. Piensa que las teorías inductivas no son capaces deaclarar cómo acontece el aprendizaje con tales limitaciones y deficiencias. Del mismo modo, en suopinión, las teorías semánticas no muestran por qué la semántica es necesaria para explicar esehecho. No obstante, el propósito de este trabajo es argumentar a favor de la idea de que una teoríacognitiva esencialmente semántica, la teoría de los modelos mentales, puede no solo clarificar elmencionado hecho, sino también evidenciar que la semántica es fundamental en la mayor parte delas actividades intelectuales humanas.

Training future educators in using innovative technologies in preschool educational institutions

The article reveals the problem connected with the training aspects of the future educators in using innovative technologies in preschool educational institutions. It is proved that innovations reflect the dynamics of modern life in all its diversity of interconnections and inconsistencies, provide a qualitative increase in efficiency, permeate all areas of society, help to uncover the logic of human development, contribute to the determination and synthesis of ideological and methodological aspects; they are an integral part of an individual’s understanding of his / her life experience, they are the final results of human intellectual activities (fantasy, the creative process, discoveries, inventions and rationalization). The preparedness of the future educators for using innovative technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions is a complex dynamic mental unity that expresses a set of intellectual, motivational, activity-centred and emotional-volitional components of the psyche. The components (motivational and value-oriented, cognitive, operational and activity-centred), indicators and levels (insufficient, sufficient, high) of the future educators’ preparedness to use innovative technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions are defined. The diagnostics of the future educators’ proficiency level of their preparedness to apply innovative technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions has been carried out. A system of work aimed at training the future educators in using innovative technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions has been proposed. The main emphasis in the implementation of the content of the future educators’ training in using innovative technologies in the educational process of preschool educational institutions was made within the study of the educational discipline «Pedagogical creativity». The classes in the experimental group provided students with the consolidation of theoretical knowledge, the development of their skills and experience in the use of innovative technologies. The system of work aimed at training the future educators in using innovative technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions presupposed the creation of conditions close to real educational activities in preschool educational institutions. It has been proved that the developed system of work aimed at training the future educators in applying innovative technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions is effective. The analysis of the problem under study made it possible to draw conclusions about the feasibility of the future educators’ training in using innovative technologies in the educational process of preschool educational institutions.

On Multi Agent Systems Intellectics

This paper intends to precisiate the well-known and widespread definitions of both smart and intelligent agent (SA; IA), as well as the smart and intelligent multi agent system (SS/II_MAS). The use of a unified and standardized agent and multi agent system description based on definitions of the general systems theory is delivered and proposed as well. The intellectics of multi agent systems is considered as some sort of an extension of the agent intelligence. Three typical features of human intellectual activities are proposed to be implemented and simulated in an agent/multi agent system as the basic paradigms for agent and multi agent system intellectics. As underlined in the paper, the functioning according to those paradigms (recognition and classification, behavior according to a set of fuzzy rules, and the functioning according to some prescribed tendency) is solidly mathematically based (correspondingly: mathematical programing, fuzzy logic and stochastic approximation). Finally, results of a computerized modeling and simulation are delivered demonstrating the practical vitality and efficiency of the theoretical approach to the realization of the intelligent environment of IoT&S for user‘s comfort in two projects: “Research and Development of Internet Infrastructure for IoT& S in the Smart Environment (IDAPI)” and “Research on Smart Home Environment and Development of Intelligent Technologies (BIATech)”.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.44.1.8768

Parallel computing technologies

Dear Colleagues, This special issue of the journal is devoted to Parallel Computing Technologies (PaCT). Today the PaCT is the mainstream research area in parallel computing. Generally, Science of Parallel Computing Technologies studies laws of the combined use of the results obtained in many different research areas: pure and applied mathematics, computer science, hardware architectures and software technologies, subject domains, including results from any disciplines needed for proving a successful application of supercomputers in a certain application area. Contrary to research in a “narrow” area, where usually a pure mathematical theory can be developed, in the PaCT we deal with a wide range of practical problems where it is impossible to operate only with the notions of a high abstraction in the framework of a certain theory suitable for analysis. As a rule, we are forced to operate simultaneously with the notions from different levels of abstraction as well as from the different theories. This demands the development of special approaches to the software development. The basic desirable result here is a certain concrete method helping to understand how to cross a gap between pure ideas via mathematical model and a necessary practical technology. With the use of modern supercomputers it is now possible to develop and to implement on supercomputers different realistic mathematical models of natural phenomena, complex technical devises and human intellectual activities. In the area of modeling, supercomputers are now irreplaceable and universal technological tool both in research and in practice. The attractiveness of studying nuclear explosions with modeling rather than observing real nuclear explosions seems to be clear to everybody.

The Study of Linguistic Culturology in Terms of Semiotics

Abstract In terms of semiotics, all human cultural phenomena and intellectual activities are expressed by signs to present different human achievements and the significance of human existence; they are all symbolized activities. The linguistic cultural study has a long history and is well achieved, but for the in-depth research there are more fields to cultivate. The study of linguistic culturology in terms of semiotics could result in some productive attempts: the study of the text of signs providing the research basis, the focus lying in the variations of signs information, and the secondary modeling system of signs making the research sphere; the dialogic relationship of signs building up the structure, and the dynamic equilibrium of semiosphere constructing the measurement. Above all, in terms of semiotics, the study of linguistic culturology must lead to new developments and discoveries.

AN APPROACH TO A DYNAMIC SYSTEM SIMULATION BASED ON HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING

As we know that human intellectual activities are performed by the use of language; a human being thinks and reasons with language. In this paper, we propose a new simulation method which imitates human information processing based on the use of language. — An ordinary simulation method uses mathematical equations to estimate the future trends of a dynamic system, however, we propose a new simulation method which uses a model consists of natural language, which is called a linguistic model. A linguistic model does not have a fixed structure, but the structure of the model itself will be generated so that model should become the most appropriate model to estimate the future behavior of a dynamic system. We regard that human intellectual activities such as thinking, reasoning, etc. are also texts realized by context as well as a linguistic text is done by context. We show a human linguistic reasoning model generation with an example of forecast of foreign exchange rate (FER) changes.

A problem solver for quadratic functions

Several studies of mathematical and arithmetical problem solvers have been made in an attempt to build systems that perform human intellectual activities. Most of such systems, however, support only simple problems. In order to solve more complicated problems, such as those presented in university admission tests, it is necessary to combine forward reasoning and backward reasoning while using the given constraints and data. In this paper we present MAP-Q, a system for solving problems involving quadratic functions. The MAP-Q system represents quadratic function problems as an extended semantic network and finds solutions by applying rules to propagate constraints and data across the network. Experimental results show that MAP-Q is capable of solving real problems presented in admission tests. Many mathematical problems include multiple questions. In such cases, MAP-Q extracts from the extended semantic networks only those portions that are necessary for a given question. The system separates the solution process for each question, and the results obtained for one question are used for solving the following questions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(2): 32–42, 2001

Toward Everyday Language Computing - Computing from a Viewpoint of Linguistic Theory -

This paper describes our approach toward everyday language computing and shows some examples. The basic idea in the computing is that human intelligence reflects the linguistic system they use in their everyday lives, i.e., everyday language. Everyday language is, therefore, thought to be the main tool for reasoning and thinking in human intellectual activities. To find out how to apply everyday language to computing, we apply systemic functional linguistic theory that discusses the linguistic system from the viewpoint of social context. Following the ideas from this linguistic theory, we analyze the organization of human intelligence and then propose ideas for information processing using language.

Emergent media environment for idea creation support

Abstract An interactive computer system for supporting the emergent stages (or upper streams) in human intellectual activities has been developed. In the system it is intended to integrate facilities for supporting generation, collection, organisation, and presentation of ideas and advising on the divergence and convergence of the ideas. This paper explains the facilities of the system and how to use it, and describes some examples of their use.

Autonomy and the principle of respect for autonomy.

Autonomy is defined as the capacity to think, decide, and act freely and independently on the basis of such thought and decisions. Three types of autonomy are distinguished: autonomy of thought, which embraces the wide range of human intellectual activities called "thinking for oneself"; autonomy of will, or the capacity to decide to do things on the basis of one's deliberations; and autonomy of action, the absence of which is illustrated by the situation of a patient whose voluntary muscles are paralyzed by curariform drugs and who thus cannot tell the surgeon that the anesthetist has forgotten the nitrous oxide. Autonomy is viewed as a prerequisite for all the virtues, rather than as a virtue in its own right. The arguments of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill concerning the principle of respect for autonomy are summarized as exemplars respectively of the deontological and utilitarian philosophical approaches.