Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virus Research Articles

B-224 Rapid, Extraction-Free, and Portable Molecular Detection of HIV-1 and HCV Directly From Whole Blood

Abstract Background Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is key to preventing viral transmission and improving linkage to treatment. Isothermal amplification methods, such as reverse transcription looped-mediated amplification (RT-LAMP), have enabled molecular diagnostics to expand beyond centralized laboratories. Despite the advances in molecular point-of-care (POC) testing, many of these tests are costly and still depend on a reliable power-source, specialized equipment, and cold-chain storage, making them impractical for resource-limited settings. To overcome these barriers, there is a need for innovative molecular diagnostics for blood-borne pathogens. Here, we propose a simple, extraction-free, portable workflow for detecting HIV-1 and HCV from whole blood within 40 minutes. Methods We developed singleplex RT-LAMP-based tests using modified published primer sets. Contrived whole blood samples containing HIV-1 or HCV virions were diluted in equal parts water and loaded directly into optimized RT-LAMP master mixes. To mitigate cold-chain storage dependence, RT-LAMP reactions were performed using a lyophilized master mix. The reactions were heated for 30 minutes using a hand-held, battery-powered heating device for simultaneous virion lysis and amplification. For simple visual detection, amplification was coupled with a lateral flow-based dipstick test. The analytical sensitivity of each detection test was evaluated using contrived whole blood samples ranging in HIV-1 and HCV 1a viral loads. Additionally, HCV detection was evaluated on genotypes 1b, 2b, and 3a. For result confirmation, a custom CRISPR-Cas12a-based assay was used to verify the presence or absence of pathogen-specific amplicons following amplification. Results The diagnostic workflow can be completed within 40 minutes, including less than 10 minutes of hands-on time. At optimal conditions, the HIV-1 and HCV 1a singleplex tests had lower limits of detections of 4.89 log10 cp/mL and 3.77 log10 IU/mL, respectively. Evaluation of the published literature showed that these viral loads are within the ranges observed during acute HIV-1 and HCV infection. HCV detection was also observed for genotypes 1b and 3a, albeit at a lower sensitivity than genotype 1a. No detection was observed for genotype 2b, presumably due to the lower viral loads of the samples. No cross-reactivity between the two tests was observed. Conclusions Our proposed workflow allows for rapid detection of blood-borne pathogens without the need for complex equipment or cold-chain storage, showing potential for application in resource-limited settings. Additional validation within a clinical setting using fingerstick blood remains to be tested.

The association between maternal immune activation and brain structure and function in human offspring: a systematic review.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy, as a result of infectious or inflammatory stimuli, has gained increasing attention for its potential role in adverse child neurodevelopment, with studies focusing on associations in children born preterm. This systematic review summarizes research on the link between several types of prenatal MIA and subsequent child structural and/or functional brain development outcomes. We identified 111 neuroimaging studies in five MIA areas: inflammatory biomarkers (n = 13), chorioamnionitis (n = 18), other types of infections (n = 18), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (n = 42), and Zika virus (n = 20). Overall, there was large heterogeneity in the type of MIA exposure examined and in study methodology. Most studies had a prospective single cohort design and mainly focused on potential effects on the brain up to one year after birth. The median sample size was 53 participants. Severe infections, i.e., HIV and Zika virus, were associated with various types of cerebral lesions (e.g., microcephaly, atrophy, or periventricular leukomalacia) that were consistently identified across studies. For less severe infections and chronic inflammation, findings were generally inconsistent and mostly included deviations in white matter structure/function. Current findings have been mainly observed in the infants' brain, presenting an opportunity for future studies to investigate whether these associations persist throughout development. Additionally, the inconsistent findings, encompassing both regions of interest and null results, call into question whether prenatal exposure to less severe infections and chronic inflammation exerts a small effect or no effect on child brain development.

Allergy in HIV-Infected patients (on the example of clinical observation)

The article is devoted to the study of the causes of the formation of allergic diseases in patients with HIV infection on the example of a clinical case. Patient C., 35 years old, was under medical supervision at the Victory Clinic from 2013 to 2015 with manifestations of skin allergies. Over the next four years, the patient received therapy for exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, followed a diet with the exception of dairy products and beef. The patient’s condition could be assessed as satisfactory; relapses of atopic dermatitis were noted 2 times after a violation of the diet. In 2017, after an unprotected contact, the patient noticed: weakness, weight loss, dry skin and enlarged peripheral lymph nodes. In June 2017, the patient turned to the district pediatrician, who prescribed a referral for a general blood and urine test, a blood test for AIDS and hepatitis. As a result of the examination, the patient was diagnosed with HIV infection. The patient was examined and treated at the Yakutsk AIDS center. Since August 2017, the patient has been worried about nasal congestion, sneezing, watery eyes, and headaches. In early September 2017, the patient turned to an allergist-immunologist. An examination was conducted: a blood test was taken for allergoscreen panel No. 1 and an immunogram, rhinocytogram. The following results were obtained: according to allergoscreen No. 1, allergy to birch 3.0, milk 3.2, wheat flour 2.8. Rhinocytogram data from 09/28/2017: neutrophils 67 per-field and eosinophils 10 per-field. People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have high levels of allergic conditions, including allergic rhinitis (hay fever), drug allergies and asthma. The HIV virus infects and destroys CD4+T cells, a type of white blood cell. This leads to a change in immune function, which contributes to the development of allergies, infections, cancer and other immune problems. In a patient with HIV infection, after the pathology is detected, the formation and transformation of allergic diseases is observed. The formation of allergopathology in HIV patients is associated with a reduced level of CD4+ cells, which is one of the factors contributing to the development of allergy transformation. The treatment of allergic diseases such as: bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and allergic urticaria in patients with HIV is the same as in patients not infected with HIV. Oral administration of glucocorticosteroids should be avoided due to the immunosuppressive effects of this group of drugs.

PET/CT Targeted Tissue Sampling Reveals Intravenously Administered HGN194 IgG1 Affects HIV Distribution after Rectal Exposure.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies hold great potential for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. IgG is the most abundant antibody in human serum, has a long half-life, and potent effector functions, making it a prime candidate for an HIV prevention therapeutic. We combined Positron Emission Tomography imaging and fluorescent microscopy of 64Cu-labeled, photoactivatable-green fluorescent protein HIV (PA-GFP-BaL) and fluorescently labeled HGN194 IgG1 to determine whether intravenously instilled IgG influences viral interaction with mucosal barriers and viral penetration in colorectal tissue 2 h after rectal viral challenge. Our results show that IgG1 did not alter the number of virions found throughout the colon or viral penetration into the epithelium of the rectum or descending colon. A minor increase in virions was observed in the transverse colon of IgG1 treated animals. Overall, the number of viral particles found in the mesenteric lymph nodes was low. However, IgG1 administration resulted in a significant reduction of virions found in mesenteric lymph nodes. Taken together, our results show that HGN194 IgG1 does not prevent virions from penetrating into the colorectal mucosa but may perturb HIV virion access to the lymphatic system.

OPTIMAL CONTROL ANALYSIS OF HIV/AIDS DISEASE SPREAD MODEL IN INDONESIA

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a contagious virus that weakens the immune system of infected individuals, making them more susceptible to various diseases. These individuals are referred to as those exposed to the AIDS disease, which unfortunately, cannot be cured. To effectively manage AIDS, prevention is crucial in slowing down the spread and growth of the HIV virus. Mathematical modeling can play a significant role in the optimal control of AIDS. In this study, the , , , , model with three different optimal controls were employed. Optimal control involves public health education campaigns, screening, and treatment. The goal is to minimize the number of individuals infected with HIV/AIDS using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. This principle considers various factors, such as population class coefficients, cost weights, and control variables to determine the most effective approach. The simulation results indicate that counseling control in the exposed population class ( ) yields better outcomes compared to counseling control in the susceptible class and treatment control in the HIV-infected population class. This implies that focusing on educating and counseling individuals who are exposed to HIV can be more efficient in AIDS control than targeting those already infected or at risk. By applying these optimal control strategies, it may be possible to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS and improve public health outcomes.

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, Candida Albicans Infections, and Oral Immune Mediators Associated with Oral Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Literature Review

Introduction: While Candida albicans are usually commensal and present in low density in the oral cavity of healthy individuals, an immunocompromised immune system can lead to the overgrowth of this fungal species, leading to oral microbiome “dysbiosis” and activation of immune responses. In severe cases, C. albicans overgrowth can lead to an oral infection called oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), which is associated with inflammation, lesions, and sores of the oral cavity. While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been linked to an increased risk of OPC, few studies have associated OPC and C. albicans infection with subsequent risk for oral HIV acquisition. Evidence on the oral microbiome and how it can alter HIV risk is also lacking. Methods: A literature search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and the University of Alberta Library Database from inception to November 2023. Results and Discussion: The risk of oral HIV transmission is low. OPC and C. albicans fungal infection can increase HIV susceptibility by activating immune responses associated with the clearance of microbial pathogens, inducing inflammation and elevations in cytokines related to HIV risk including IL-17, IL-6 and IL-1ß. Persistent C. albicans infections also promote the recruitment of T-helper 17 cells, which is a common HIV target cell, and neutrophils, which releases neutrophil proteases upon inflammation and mediates the cleavage of tight junction proteins, ultimately disrupting the oral microbiome. Conclusion: Increased immune cell recruitment to the mucosa and increased epithelial breakdown may facilitate the diffusion and access of HIV virions across the epithelium to immune target cells, suggesting that OPC and C.albicans infections has the potential to increase risk for oral HIV acquisition. Limited evidence of the relationship between C. albicans density, OPC, and oral HIV risk, warrants high-quality cross-sectional studies in the future.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Dental Students from Romania Regarding Self-Perceived Risk and Prevention of Infectious Diseases.

University education is a leading source of information for dental practitioners. Particular emphasis should be given to determining the extent to which students acquire positive knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and positive metacompetences beyond the scope of each studied dental discipline. We performed a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study among dentistry students from Romania to assess self-perceived risk of infectious diseases and their KAP on topics related to infectious disease prevention. The surveyed students presented good knowledge regarding personal protective equipment (PPE), and their PPE practices significantly correlated with the perceived usefulness of PPE. Only 45.1% correctly recognized all vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), but knowledge regarding VPDs significantly improved with increasing year of study (τb = 0.298, p = 0.001), confirming a positive education effect. Awareness regarding the need for screening for bloodborne viruses is poor; the majority of students had never performed a test for hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) (59.4%) or for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (60.4%). Furthermore, most respondents incorrectly considered themselves at high or very high risk of acquiring BBV, and perceived risk was inversely correlated with willingness to treat patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (τb = -0.214, p = 0.018), HCV infection (τb = -0.234, p = 0.013), or HIV infection (τb = -0.242, p = 0.006). This led to 3.0% of respondents stating that they would hypothetically deny dental treatment to a patient with HBV infection, 5.0% for HCV infection, and 10.9% for HIV infection, the proportion being significantly higher for HIV (z = -2.2, p = 0.026). In conclusion, better knowledge is needed among dental students regarding their own vaccination history, screening for bloodborne viruses, accurate estimates for their risk of acquiring bloodborne viruses during routine dental practice, and the existence of post-exposure measures following occupational exposure. Improving student knowledge and awareness could translate into a higher willingness to treat patients with chronic viral infections and into a safer and more inclusive dental practice. We propose an adaptation to the university curriculum to cover these key areas for targeted focus to empower future dental practitioners and to facilitate the improvement of across-discipline metacompetences for infection prevention and control.

A novel simulation-based analysis of a stochastic HIV model with the time delay using high order spectral collocation technique

The economic impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) goes beyond individual levels and it has a significant influence on communities and nations worldwide. Studying the transmission patterns in HIV dynamics is crucial for understanding the tracking behavior and informing policymakers about the possible control of this viral infection. Various approaches have been adopted to explore how the virus interacts with the immune system. Models involving differential equations with delays have become prevalent across various scientific and technical domains over the past few decades. In this study, we present a novel mathematical model comprising a system of delay differential equations to describe the dynamics of intramural HIV infection. The model characterizes three distinct cell sub-populations and the HIV virus. By incorporating time delay between the viral entry into target cells and the subsequent production of new virions, our model provides a comprehensive understanding of the infection process. Our study focuses on investigating the stability of two crucial equilibrium states the infection-free and endemic equilibriums. To analyze the infection-free equilibrium, we utilize the LaSalle invariance principle. Further, we prove that if reproduction is less than unity, the disease free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable. To ensure numerical accuracy and preservation of essential properties from the continuous mathematical model, we use a spectral scheme having a higher-order accuracy. This scheme effectively captures the underlying dynamics and enables efficient numerical simulations.

IFNα Subtypes in HIV Infection and Immunity.

Type I interferons (IFN), immediately triggered following most viral infections, play a pivotal role in direct antiviral immunity and act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. However, numerous viruses have evolved evasion strategies against IFN responses, prompting the exploration of therapeutic alternatives for viral infections. Within the type I IFN family, 12 IFNα subtypes exist, all binding to the same receptor but displaying significant variations in their biological activities. Currently, clinical treatments for chronic virus infections predominantly rely on a single IFNα subtype (IFNα2a/b). However, the efficacy of this therapeutic treatment is relatively limited, particularly in the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Recent investigations have delved into alternative IFNα subtypes, identifying certain subtypes as highly potent, and their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties have been extensively characterized. This review consolidates recent findings on the roles of individual IFNα subtypes during HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infections. It encompasses their induction in the context of HIV/SIV infection, their antiretroviral activity, and the diverse regulation of the immune response against HIV by distinct IFNα subtypes. These insights may pave the way for innovative strategies in HIV cure or functional cure studies.

HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS AT UDAYANA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that will enter the body and infect white blood cells (lymphocytes), causing human immunity to decrease. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage that will appear after the HIV virus attacks the immune system, causing a variety symptoms. One of the complications that can be found in HIV / AIDS is hematological abnormalities such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and lymphopenia which can disrupt the quality of life of people with HIV / AIDS. The aims of this study to determine the hematological profile of people with HIV / AIDS such as the prevalence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and lymphopenia. This study used a descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach involving 31 people. Data collection used medical records data at Udayana University Hospital. The results obtained from 31 people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS showed the majority were male at 71%, in the age group of 18-39 years at 45,1%, and in stage IV at 83,9%. Most HIV/AIDS patients experience a decrease in hemoglobin levels by 64.5%, a decrease in lymphocyte percentages by 54.8%, a normal platelet counts of 96.8%, and a normal leukocyte counts of 71%. It can be concluded that the prevalence of anemia is 64,5%, lymphopenia is 54.8%, thrombocytopenia is 3,2%, and leukopenia is 16.1% in people with HIV / AIDS.

HIV epidemiological surveillance in Ecuador, a review bibliography

Introduction: the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by attacking TCD4 cells and macrophages; with the progression of the pathology, secondary infections can develop. Objetive: to describe the theoretical foundations of the HIV epidemiological surveillance system in Ecuador. Methods: research based on bibliographic review in different databases, Epidemiological Gazettes, SIVE-ALERTA Manuals and websites of Scientific Knowledge Organizations, the PICOT question was also implemented and 25 articles based on the PRISMA method were used. Results: the surveillance procedure is based on universal surveillance with different diagnostic methods, notified through EPI INFO-SIGEPI databases registered with the Ministry of Public Health. The total number of infections in Ecuador in 2022 is 48,924, with a higher incidence in the province of Napo with 0,67 and new cases in the province of Guayas with 32,5 %. Conclusion: information from different databases on the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality and opportunistic infections of the HIV virus was synthesized

The Relationship between Plasma Glutamate Levels and Sleep Quality in HIV Patients

Background: Disturbance sleep quality is often found in sufferers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Disturbed sleep quality can affect immunity, which ultimately can increase patient morbidity and mortality. Impaired sleep quality in HIV sufferers is related to neurotoxicity due to the HIV virus, which damages sleep architecture. HIV infection can cause an increase in brain extracellular glutamate. Elevated glutamate plays a role in neuronal and glial damage and death. This study aimed to assess the relationship between plasma glutamate levels and sleep quality in HIV sufferers.
 Methods: The research uses a cross-sectional design. The samples were HIV sufferers in a polyclinic voluntary counseling test (VCT) internal medicine of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Samples are selected by consecutive methods. Sleep quality was assessed using a questionnaire called the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Plasma glutamate levels were measured using the ELISA method. Statistical analysis using SPSS with a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 Results: The research sample consisted of 82 people. The median plasma glutamate level was 16.39 µg/mL. Impaired sleep quality was found in 45 (54.9%) HIV sufferers. There was no significant relationship between plasma glutamate levels (p= 0.506), age (p=0.795), gender (p=0.547), education (p=0.358), occupation (p=0.255), disease duration (p=0.348), stage (p=0.309) and type of ARV therapy (p=0.791) with sleep quality in HIV sufferers. From this research, a significant relationship was found between sleep quality, body mass index (BMI) (p= 0.015), and marital status (p= 0.039).
 Conclusion: There is no relationship between plasma glutamate levels and sleep quality in HIV sufferers. There are other factors that influence sleep quality, namely BMI and marital status.

Education on Prevention of HIV Virus Transmission in Adolescents at SMAN 7 Kediri

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks human white blood cells and can cause decreased body immunity, this virus is very dangerous. As a result, if not treated immediately will develop into AIDS and can be life threatening. Therefore, we, students of the Bachelor of Nursing Study Program, Strada Indonesia Institute of Health Sciences, Kediri, carry out community service activities to provide education on preventing the transmission of the HIV virus to PMR teenagers at SMA 7 Kediri. We use the offline Activity Unit (SAP) method. Based on the results of the respondents' knowledge about preventing the transmission of the HIV virus in young PMR when practicing their knowledge, it showed that 33.3% or 2 respondents still did not understand what HIV was and as many as 15 respondents or 66.7% indicated that they already understood what HIV was and how to prevention. Before the activity was carried out on participants, data was obtained from 17 respondents, there were 100% who did not understand HIV as a whole, in independent activities and character building in adolescents to be aware of the importance of prevention methods and the characteristics of the HIV virus. This figure shows us that all the respondents who attended this activity did not really know HIV thoroughly.

Human papillomavirus prevalence in pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a scoping review of the literature.

Studies already pointed out the increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity and the implied risk of cervical dysplasia and even cervical carcinoma inpregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nevertheless, due to less data there is still no standardised and expanded screening for this high-risk group. Two online databases (PubMed, EMBASE) were used to identify eligible studies. Results are shown in percentages. Wherever useful the arithmetic mean was calculated. Seven studies were included. Pregnant WLWH showed HPV prevalence between 34 and 98.4 %. Different sensitivity and specificity among PCR methods for HPV detection could be a reason for the large range concerning HPV prevalence. Risk factors like Age, Smoking, Sexuality, HIV status and education level should always be taken into account. Association between HPV prevalence and level of CD4 cells or HIV virus load was seen. In which way use of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) could decries the risk for HPV infections is still discussed. When cytology was performed only few high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were found. Standardisation and expansion of preventive screening for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma for pregnant WLWH is necessary. Then better comparability of the data will also be achieved.

Association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and viral load with opportunistic pulmonary infections in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a syndrome of an opportunistic infectious disease due to decreased immune system by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and viral load were used to assess inflammatory status and the amount of HIV virus in the blood. This study aims to determine the association between NLR and viral load in HIV/AIDS patients with the opportunistic pulmonary infections. Methods: This study is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. Data was collected through the medical records of HIV/AIDS patients at Wangaya General Hospital from January 2018 - April 2023. The data analysis method used was the Chi square test as bivariate tests. Results: A total of 139 subjects, the majority of HIV/AIDS patients who had opportunistic pulmonary infections were Balinese ethnicity (45.3%), female (37.6%), age ≥36 years old (54.7%), used ART for ≥3 months (41.5%), viral load <40 copies/ml, NLR ≥2.81 (47.9%), had adherence (43.7%), types of ART were used combination of tenofovir lamivudine efavirenz (45.2%), and private employed (42.5%). A statistically significant association was found between age with opportunistic pulmonary infections (p=0.003; PR=3.082; 95% CI=1.516-6.266). NLR showed a significant association with the incidence of opportunistic pulmonary infections (p=0.003; PR=8.274; 95% CI=1.838-37.249). This study also showed pulmonary tuberculosis (42.37%) as the most common opportunistic pulmonary infections. Conclusions: There is a significant association between NLR levels in HIV/AIDS patients with opportunistic pulmonary infections at Wangaya General Hospital, which the higher NLR levels correlates with higher opportunistic pulmonary infections.

Major HIV vaccine candidates

Introduction and objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus, which is responsible for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This pathogen is widespread worldwide causing a pandemic that has been going on for decades. Researches around the world are trying to end this situation and it seems that the greatest hope lies in finding an effective vaccine. It is important due to the fact that AIDS and its consequences are responsible even nowadays for death of many people infected around the world. The aim of this study was to provide the most important information about major HIV vaccine trials and efficacy of vaccine candidates.
 Materials and methods: For the purposes of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. The database of medical publications – Pubmed datebase and other publicaly available books, database and online sites was searched, with the use of keywords such as HIV, HIV vaccine, HIV epidemiology.
 State of knowledge: According to review studies HIV vaccine trials has been going for 4 decades. Over 250 trials has been conducted since then, but unfortunately, none of them resulted in effective vaccine. The difficulties of this task are mainly connected with the nature of HIV virus. To date, one study has shown some effectiveness, but not enough to claim success. Other studies are ongoing around the world and more are planned.
 Conclusions: Developing an effective HIV vaccine is the clue to solving the problem, which is new HIV infections. Further researches, further research funding and international cooperation are needed to end this pandemic.

The Progress of AIDS Treatment Methods And Interventions

The immune system, the body's built-in system of disease prevention, is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). If left untreated, HIV can severely weaken the immune system, making it unable to resist infection. This article introduces the existing treatment methods, such as taking drugs to prevent HIV, taking blocking drugs to prevent virus invasion, antiviral treatment, and the methods being studied and expected to cure AIDS: "activation and eradication" and gene editing. This article focuses on the treatment mechanism of HIV patients in recent years and various HIV drugs and their mechanisms of action. This paper briefly introduces the mechanism of action of HIV virus pairs, and classifies and summarizes the existing mechanisms of HIV drug treatment at the molecular level with time as the axis.

HBV and HCV Coinfection in Patients Living with HIV

Coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals results in increased hepatic complications. HBV and HIV viruses are transmitted by blood and unprotected sexual intercourse. People with HIV and HBV coinfection are at increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality. HCV-related liver injury progresses more rapidly among people coinfected with HIV. HCV coinfection may also affect the management of HIV infection. This review aims to go over the management of HIV-HCV and HIV-HBV coinfections.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus in hemophilia A patients: A descriptive study

Background: Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) is a X-linked coagulopathy that affects approximately 1/10,000 male live births. In the past, the treatment of hemophilia A consisted of cryoprecipitated plasma and purified factor preparations. As a result, they experienced unusually high incidence of hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to find out the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV infection, among hemophiliacs attending a tertiary care center in Kerala, southern India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on hemophilia A patients who attended the departments of medicine and pediatrics. Demographic details and treatment history were obtained by questionnaire. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect HBV surface antigen, HCV antibodies, and HIV. The statistical data analysis was performed using SPSS software version. Results: Out of 90 hemophilia A patients who underwent testing for the seroprevalence of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, one (1.1%) patient tested positive for HIV, two (2.2%) for HCV, and one (1.1%) for HBV. Among patients with hemophilia A, the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infection was 4.4%. Patients with HIV- and HCV-positive tests belonged to the severe hemophilia A group. Moreover, the HBV-positive patient belonged to moderate hemophilia A. Conclusion: The present paradigm of management of hemophilia A patients is with plasma-derived or recombinant Factor VIII concentrates, cryoprecipitates, and fresh frozen plasma. Due to the risk, however remote, of transfusion-transmitted viral infections, all hemophiliacs should receive the hepatitis B vaccine and undergo routine testing for HIV, HCV, and HBV viruses.

Descriptive study of implementation of health protocols for people with HIV-AIDS during the pandemic of covid-19


 
 
 
 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system so that the body is susceptible to various diseases. While AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a collection of symptoms or diseases caused by decreased immunity due to infection by the HIV virus. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at high risk of being exposed to the COVID-19 virus, which is also closely related to the immune system. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavior of PLWHA in carrying out health protocols during the Covid-19 period at the Lima Puluh Health Center in Pekanbaru City in 2021. The type of research was quantitative with a descriptive design. The population in this study were all PLWHA who took drugs and were active at the Limapuluh Pekanbaru Health Center for the July-August 2020 period, totaling 151 people living with HIV. Sampling using the SLOVIN formula with a total of 60 respondents. Univariate data analysis. The results of the study found negative behavior in 34 people (56.7%). It is hoped that respondents will be given health education to comply with health protocols by implementing clean hand washing, wearing masks and keeping a distance