Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Rates Research Articles

Social network strategies to distribute HIV self-testing kits: a global systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Social network strategies, in which social networks are utilized to influence individuals or communities, are increasingly being used to deliver human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interventions to key populations. We summarized and critically assessed existing research on the effectiveness of social network strategies in promoting HIV self-testing (HIVST). Using search terms related to social network interventions and HIVST, we searched five databases for trials published between 1st January 2010 and 30th June 2023. Outcomes included uptake of HIV testing, HIV prevalence and linkage to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or HIV care. We used network meta-analysis to assess the uptake of HIV testing through social network strategies compared with control methods. A pairwise meta-analysis of studies with a comparison arm that reported outcomes was performed to assess relative risks (RR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among the 4496 manuscripts identified, 39 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, including one quasi-experimental study, 22 randomized controlled trials and 16 observational studies. Networks HIVST testing was organized by peers (distributed to known peers, 15 studies), partners (distributed to their sexual partners, 16 studies) and peer educators (distributed to unknown peers, 8 studies). Among social networks, simulating the possibilities of ranking position, peer distribution had the highest uptake of HIV testing (84% probability), followed by partner distribution (80% probability) and peer educator distribution (74% probability). Pairwise meta-analysis showed that peer distribution (RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.54-3.39, 5 studies) and partner distribution (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.50-2.07, 10 studies) also increased the probability of detecting HIV reactivity during testing within the key population when compared to the control. All of the three social network distribution strategies enhanced the uptake of HIV testing compared to standard facility-based testing. Linkage to ART or HIV care remained comparable to facility-based testing across the three HIVST distribution strategies. Network-based HIVST distribution is considered effective in augmenting HIV testing rates and reaching marginalized populations compared to facility-based testing. These strategies can be integrated with the existing HIV care services, to fill the testing gap among key populations globally. CRD42022361782.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Improve Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Syphilis Testing Rates in Emergency Departments.

Best practice guidelines recommend that patients at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydia, should also be tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis. This prospective quality assurance study aimed to increase HIV and syphilis testing rates in emergency departments (EDs) across the Cleveland Clinic Health System from January 1, 2020 through January 1, 2022. A multidisciplinary team of emergency medicine, infectious diseases, pharmacy, and microbiology personnel convened to identify barriers to HIV and syphilis testing during ED encounters at which GC/chlamydia were tested. The following interventions were implemented in response: rapid HIV testing with new a workflow for results follow-up, a standardized STI-screening order panel, and feedback to clinicians about ordering patterns. There were 57 797 ED visits with GC/chlamydia testing completed during the study period. Human immunodeficiency virus testing was ordered at 5% of these encounters before the interventions were implemented and increased to 8%, 23%, and 36% after each successive intervention. Syphilis testing increased from 9% before the interventions to 12%, 28%, and 39% after each successive intervention. In multivariable analyses adjusted for age, gender, and location, the odds ratio for HIV and syphilis testing after all interventions was 11.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.82-12.71; P ≤.001) and 6.79 (95% CI, 6.34-7.27; P ≤.001), respectively. The multidisciplinary intervention resulted in improved testing rates for HIV and syphilis.

CRANIUM: a quasi-experimental study to improve metabolic screening and HIV testing in community mental health clinics compared to usual care

BackgroundIndividuals with serious mental illness often do not receive guideline-concordant metabolic screening and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, contributing to increased morbidity and premature mortality. This study evaluates the effectiveness of CRANIUM (Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment and treatment through a Novel Integration model for Underserved populations with Mental illness), an intervention to increase metabolic screening and HIV testing among patients with serious mental illness in a community mental health clinic compared to usual care.MethodsThe study used a quasi-experimental design, prospectively comparing a preventive care screening intervention at one community mental health clinic (n = 536 patients) to usual care at the remaining clinics within an urban behavioural health system (n = 4,847 patients). Psychiatrists at the intervention site received training in preventive health screening and had access to a primary care consultant, screening and treatment algorithms, patient registries, and a peer support specialist. Outcomes were the change in screening rates of A1c, lipid, and HIV testing post-intervention at the intervention site compared to usual care sites.ResultsRates of lipid screening and HIV testing increased significantly at the intervention site compared to usual care, with and without multivariable adjustment [Lipid: aOR 1.90, 95% CI 1.32–2.75, P = .001; HIV: aOR 23.42, 95% CI 5.94–92.41, P < .001]. While we observed a significant increase in A1c screening rates at the intervention site, this increase did not persist after multivariable adjustment (aOR 1.37, 95% CI .95–1.99, P = .09).ConclusionsThis low-cost, reverse integrated care model targeting community psychiatrist practices had modest effects on increasing preventive care screenings, with the biggest effect seen for HIV testing rates. Additional incentives and structural supports may be needed to further promote screening practices for individuals with serious mental illness.

Decreased Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis Rates Among Black and Hispanic or Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men in US Jurisdictions Supported by the THRIVE Demonstration Project, 2014-2019.

Black and Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the Targeted Highly Effective Interventions to Reverse the HIV Epidemic (THRIVE) demonstration project, 7 community collaboratives were developed to provide comprehensive HIV prevention services for these populations. We analyzed National HIV Surveillance System data to determine the number of HIV diagnoses for each year from 2014 to 2019 among Black, Hispanic/Latino, and White MSM in 7 THRIVE-eligible Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) that were awarded funding and 12 THRIVE-eligible MSAs that were not awarded funding. We used generalized linear Poisson regression models to estimate adjusted estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) with 95% confidence intervals for HIV diagnosis rates controlling for HIV prevalence, viral suppression, HIV testing rates, preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescription rates, poverty, education, and insurance status. We found larger estimated decreases in HIV diagnosis rates in THRIVE jurisdictions compared with non-THRIVE jurisdictions. The adjusted EAPC among Black MSM was -8.2 (-11.7 to -4.6) in THRIVE MSAs compared with -4.2 (-7.8 to -0.4) in non-THRIVE MSAs. The adjusted EAPC among Hispanic/Latino MSM was -8.6 (-12.2 to -4.8) in THRIVE MSAs compared with -2.6 (-5.1 to -0.1)in non-THRIVE MSAs. The adjusted EAPC among White MSM was -7.6 (-12.0 to -3.1) in THRIVE MSAs compared with 5.9 (1.8-10.1) in non-THRIVE MSAs. The THRIVE community collaborative model was associated with a decrease in HIV diagnoses among Black and Hispanic/Latino MSM. To achieve the goals of the US Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative, effective interventions aimed to increase PrEP use need to be focused on Black and Hispanic/Latino MSM.

The Optimization of HIV Testing in Eastern Indonesia: Findings from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey.

There is a concerning increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence in eastern Indonesia. HIV testing rates in this area are the lowest in the country. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of HIV testing in the Public Health Centers (PHCs) in eastern Indonesia. A cross-sectional study design was utilized using secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). We focused the survey on eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua) with PHC settings. After we weighted and removed missing data, we obtained 2118 surveys (425 males and 1693 females aged 14–54 years). Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the determinants of HIV testing optimization in eastern Indonesia with a significance level of p < 0.05. The HIV testing coverage at the PHCs in eastern Indonesia was found to be 28.28%. From the survey, we found that respondents from the province of Papua (AOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.09–1.91), those who were female (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.75–3.12), and those with more information on HIV (AOR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.41–2.51) were more likely to undergo HIV testing at the PHCs. Meanwhile, the wealthiest respondents (AOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42–0.89) and the respondents who engaged in the perpetuation of stigmatization (AOR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.42–1.02) were less likely to undergo HIV testing at the PHCs. The coverage of HIV testing in eastern Indonesia needs special attention from the Indonesian government. Increasing equity, distributing information regarding HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through social media, and creating accessible HIV testing in rural areas are vital for developing appropriate interventions.

Factors Associated With Partner Notification, Testing, and Positivity in HIV Partner Services Programs in the United States, 2013 to 2017.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) partner services are an essential component of comprehensive HIV prevention and care. We examined factors associated with partner notification, HIV testing, and HIV positivity among partners of HIV-diagnosed persons (index persons) contacted by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded state and local health departments. We analyzed partner service data submitted to the CDC by 61 state and local health departments from 2013 to 2017. Using multivariate Poisson regression-adjusted for clustering effects among partners reported by a common index person-we assessed associations between 3 outcomes of interest (partner notification, HIV testing, and HIV positivity) and the demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, geographic region, and service year of index persons and their partners. A total of 51,368 sexual and/or needle-sharing partners were matched with 33,524 index persons. Of notifiable partners, 97.2% were notified of their potential HIV exposure, and 52.3% were tested for HIV. Among 21,842 notified and tested partners, 23.8% were newly diagnosed with an HIV infection. Partner notification, HIV testing, and HIV positivity were associated with both partner and index person characteristics (individually and interactively), geographic region, and year of service. Partner service programs provided through CDC-funded health departments were effective in both partner notification and identification of undiagnosed HIV infection among partners. However, HIV testing rate among notified partners remained low. Implementing strategies to address gaps in HIV testing can contribute toward ending the HIV epidemic in the United States.

Vaccine-Induced, High-Magnitude HIV Env-Specific Antibodies with Fc-Mediated Effector Functions Are Insufficient to Protect Infant Rhesus Macaques against Oral SHIV Infection.

ABSTRACTImproved access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal care has significantly reduced in utero and peripartum mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. However, as breast milk transmission of HIV still occurs at an unacceptable rate, there remains a need to develop an effective vaccine for the pediatric population. Previously, we compared different HIV vaccine strategies, intervals, and adjuvants in infant rhesus macaques to optimize the induction of HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated effector function. In this study, we tested the efficacy of an optimized vaccine regimen against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition in infant macaques. Twelve animals were immunized with 1086.c gp120 protein adjuvanted with 3M-052 in stable emulsion and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing 1086.c HIV Env. Twelve control animals were immunized with empty MVA. The vaccine prime was given within 10 days of birth, with booster doses being administered at weeks 6 and 12. The vaccine regimen induced Env-specific plasma IgG antibodies capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). Beginning at week 15, infants were exposed orally to escalating doses of heterologous SHIV-1157(QNE)Y173H once a week until infected. Despite the induction of strong Fc-mediated antibody responses, the vaccine regimen did not reduce the risk of infection or time to acquisition compared to controls. However, among vaccinated animals, ADCC postvaccination and postinfection was associated with reduced peak viremia. Thus, nonneutralizing Env-specific antibodies with Fc effector function elicited by this vaccine regimen were insufficient for protection against heterologous oral SHIV infection shortly after the final immunization but may have contributed to control of viremia.IMPORTANCE Women of childbearing age are three times more likely to contract HIV infection than their male counterparts. Poor HIV testing rates coupled with low adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) result in a high risk of mother-to-infant HIV transmission, especially during the breastfeeding period. A preventative vaccine could curb pediatric HIV infections, reduce potential health sequalae, and prevent the need for lifelong ART in this population. The results of the current study imply that the HIV Env-specific IgG antibodies elicited by this candidate vaccine regimen, despite a high magnitude of Fc-mediated effector function but a lack of neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional T cell responses, were insufficient to protect infant rhesus macaques against oral virus acquisition.

Referral process in tuberculosis − Human immunodeficiency virus collaborative activities – Need for a relook into policy implementation in Uttarakhand

Background: Provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC), an essential component of tuberculosis (TB) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) collaborative activities, is intended to translate into the increased rates of HIV testing in TB patients. Aim: The study intends to assess compliance with the referral process and other attributes of HIV testing in TB patients. Methods: The study was conducted at various designated microscopy centres (DMCs) in four randomly selected districts in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand and included 346 patients. Results: Only 46.8% of patients went for HIV testing. The most common reason cited for not going was the absence of specific advice by the health staff at DMC. In addition, the long waiting time at Integrated Counselling and Testing Centres favoured the spread of infection to susceptibles in the waiting area. Binary logistic regression analysis also found that patient's importance towards HIV testing, advice by the health worker and higher education and age were significant predictors of HIV testing. Conclusions: The referral process at DMC requires closer monitoring and supervision for improvement in qualitative parameters. Training and supportive supervision of health staff at DMC for 'counselling' of patients during referral for testing are also necessary to preserve the essence of PITC.

STI/HIV Testing and Prevalence of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Among Persons with Their Specified-Type Sex Partner

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that sexually transmitted infections (STI) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing has varied, but STI prevalence was not estimated among patients during their health care visits in which a high-risk sexual partnership was documented. This study estimated gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV testing rates and chlamydia and gonorrhea prevalence. MethodsFrom the de-identified commercial claims data of OptumLabs Data Warehouse, we identified men and women aged 15-60 years classified as having high-risk sexual relationships as diagnosis codes: Z72.51 for opposite-sex, Z72.52 for same-sex, and Z72.53 for same-and-opposite-sex relationships, stratified by gender, age group, region, type of health plan, and HIV status. We estimated STI testing rate and prevalence for chlamydia and gonorrhea among patients with high-risk sexual relationships. HIV testing was assessed only in high-risk sexual relationship patients without HIV. ResultsAmong 8.2 million females and 7.3 million males aged 15-60 years in the database from 2016 to 2019, 115,884 patients (0.7% of female, 0.8% of male) including 3,535 patients with HIV were diagnosed with high-risk sexual relationships. The testing rates for gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV were 69.4% (confidence interval [CI]: 69.1-69.7), 68.9% (CI: 68.6-69.2), 43.4% (CI: 43.1-43.7), and 41.7% (CI: 41.4-42.0), respectively. Among patients with valid chlamydia and gonorrhea tests, 7.2% (CI: 7.0-7.5) and 2.6% (CI: 2.4-2.8) had positive chlamydia and gonorrhea test results, respectively, and varied by type of high-risk sexual relationship. ConclusionsOur study findings of suboptimal STI screening among patient in high-risk sexual relationships are consistent with previous studies. Administrative records confirmed by lab results indicate a need for STI counseling, testing, and treatment among patients who are diagnosed with high-risk sexual relationships with same-sex, opposite-sex, or same-and-opposite sex partners.

Short-term mortality from HIV-infected persons diagnosed from 2012 to 2016: Impact of late diagnosis of HIV infection.

We investigated the temporal trends of short-term mortality (death within 1 year of diagnosis) and cause-specific deaths in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons by stage of HIV infection at diagnosis. We also assessed the impact of late diagnosis (LD) on short-term mortality.Epidemiological records of HIV-infected Singapore residents from the National HIV Registry were linked to death records from the Registry of Births and Deaths for observational analyses. Newly-diagnosed HIV cases with available cluster of differentiation 4 count at time of diagnosis in a 5-year period from 2012 to 2016 were included in the study. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of LD for all deaths excluding suicides and self-inflicted or accidental injuries, and HIV/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths occurring within 1 year post-diagnosis were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustment for age at HIV/AIDS diagnosis. Population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) were then calculated using the adjusted HRs.Of the 1990 newly-diagnosed HIV cases included in the study, 7.2% had died by end of 2017, giving an overall mortality rate of 2.16 per 100 person-years (PY) (95% CI 1.82–2.54). The mortality rate was 3.81 per 100 PY (95% CI 3.15–4.56) in HIV cases with LD, compared with 0.71 (95% CI 0.46–1.05) in non-LD (nLD) cases. Short-term mortality was significantly higher in LD (9.1%) than nLD cases (1.1%). Of the 143 deaths reported between 2012 and 2017, 58.0% were HIV/AIDS-related (nLD 28.0% vs LD 64.4%). HIV/AIDS-related causes represented 70.4% of all deaths which occurred during the first year of diagnosis (nLD 36.4% vs LD 74.7%). The PARP of short-term mortality due to LD was 77.8% for all deaths by natural causes, and 87.8% for HIV/AIDS-related deaths.The mortality rate of HIV-infected persons with LD was higher than nLD, especially within 1 year of diagnosis, and HIV/AIDS-related causes constituted majority of these deaths. To reduce short-term mortality, persons at high risk of late-stage HIV infection should be targeted in outreach efforts to promote health screening and remove barriers to HIV testing and treatment.

Significant Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Care in Hospitals Affecting the First Pillar of the HIV Care Continuum.

During COVID-19 lockdown, the in-hospital number of HIV indicator conditions decreased disproportionally compared to other non-COVID-19 diseases which was accompanied by reduced HIV testing rates, number and proportion of positive HIV tests, and new HIV referrals with more late presentation after lockdown cessation, indicating a significantly impacted HIV care continuum.

Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV - China, 2011-2020.

IntroductionPrevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global health focus in most parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the dual Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis initiative and released global guidance on criteria and processes for validation of the EMTCT in 2014. The purpose of this report was to analyze the key validation indicators of EMTCT of HIV in China from 2011 to 2020 and to provide relevant basis information for the implementation of EMTCT action in China.MethodsThe report described the coverage of maternal HIV screening and antiretroviral therapy usage for HIV infected pregnant women and their infants in China using the data from the national information systems of PMTCT of HIV, syphilis, and HBV management from 2011 to 2020.ResultsThe rates of maternal HIV testing during pregnancy (predelivery and at labor) and predelivery increased from 92.9% (8,730,161/9,398,781) and 53.7% (5,050,569/9,398,781) to 99.9% (11,964,026/11,982,321) and 97.5% (11,679,924/11,982,321), respectively. The MTCT rate reduced from 7.4% to 3.6% between 2011 and 2020.ConclusionsThe data from the surveillance systems revealed that there was a marked increase in the coverage of HIV screening of pregnant women and antiretrovirals drugs use for HIV infected pregnant women and their infants in China from 2011 to 2020.

HIV Testing Among Muslim Women in the United States: Results of a National Sample Study.

Purpose: More than one million Americans are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and less than half of Americans have ever accepted an HIV test. There are no national HIV testing estimates for Muslim Americans, an underserved and often stigmatized population. Considering the lack of HIV testing estimates for this population, we conducted an exploratory study on HIV testing and potential associates in American Muslim women from across the United States.Methods: We applied logistic regression models to examine the Muslim Women's Health Project data, collected in 2015 (N=218).Results: Health care engagement and intimate partner violence were significantly associated with having been tested for HIV. Respondents using contraceptives received an influenza vaccination, and received an abnormal pap test had more than two times higher odds of having been tested for HIV (odds ratio [OR]=2.56, OR=2.43, OR=2.93, respectively; p<0.05 all). Having been sexually abused was associated with more than two times higher odds of having been tested for HIV (OR=2.49; p<0.05).Conclusion: Respondents reported higher rates of HIV testing as compared with the general public, signaling HIV knowledge, engagement in preventative health care, and possibly HIV risk. Scholars and practitioners should not assume that Muslim patients are at low risk for HIV and do not engage in HIV-risk behaviors. Thus, assumptions about Muslims women's willingness to accept HIV testing should be further examined to elucidate HIV risk among this population.

Trends in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men After Rapid Scale-up of Preexposure Prophylaxis in Victoria, Australia.

Scale-up of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has raised concerns regarding its impact on clinic capacity and access to HIV testing. We describe enrolment in PrEPX, a large PrEP implementation study in Victoria, Australia, and the impact of PrEP uptake and maintenance on existing health services. We describe enrolment between July 26, 2016, and March 31, 2018, and trends in HIV testing among PrEPX participating and nonparticipating gay and bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) at 5 study clinics participating in a sentinel surveillance system (ACCESS). We evaluated HIV and STI testing trends using segmented linear regression across the prestudy (January 2015 to June 2016) and PrEPX study (July 2016 to March 2018) periods. There were 2,049 individuals who registered interest in study participation: 72% enrolled into the study. Study clinics enrolled participants rapidly; of 4265 people enrolled in PrEPX (98% GBM), 1000 enrolled by week 3, 88% (n = 876) of whom enrolled at ACCESS sites.Prestudy period HIV testing rates were increasing at all ACCESS sites. In the month PrEPX commenced, there was an additional 247 HIV tests among PrEPX participants (P < 0.01) and no significant change among non-PrEPX GBM (P = 0.72). Across the study period, HIV testing increased by 7.2 (P < 0.01) and 8.9 (P < 0.01) tests/month among PrEPX participants and non-PrEPX GBM, respectively. The HIV testing increased among non-PrEPX GBM at sexual health clinics (18.8 tests/month, P < 0.01) and primary care clinics (7.9 tests/month, P < 0.01). Similar trends were observed across testing for all measured STIs. Rapid PrEP scale-up is possible without a reduction in HIV testing among GBM not using PrEP.

HIV risk behavior and HIV testing among rural and urban men who have sex with men in Zhejiang Province, China: A respondent-driven sampling study.

Currently, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sentinel surveillance among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China conducted in large and medium-sized cities, and no HIV sentinel surveillance conducted in rural areas. HIV testing and intervention is predominantly conducted in urban areas, there have been a limited number of studies in rural areas MSM, it is necessary to conduct the investigation of HIV risk sexual behavior, HIV testing among rural and urban MSM. Between December 2013 and August 2015, a cross-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban areas in Zhejiang Province using respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Participants completed face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire surveys and were tested for HIV. A total of 710 MSM participants were recruited, of whom 36.1% were from rural areas. The overall HIV prevalence was 16.6%, and was considerably lower among MSM living in rural areas (3.9%) than those living in urban areas (24.2%). 61.1% participants had not condom use with male sexual behavior in the past 6 months (86.7% in rural areas and 46.7% in urban areas). The social demographic and behavioral characteristics had significance difference among rural and urban MSM. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that, compared to men living in urban areas, MSM living in rural areas MSM were more likely to use dating apps to find sexual partners, were more likely to engage in bisexual behavior, and had lower condom use. 43.0% participants had been tested for HIV in the past year (41.8% in rural areas and 43.6% in urban areas). Multivariate logistic regression also revealed that among participants living in rural areas, having rural health insurance and not accepting HIV intervention were associated with lower HIV testing rates, while a higher monthly income and through use of internet to find sexual partner were associated with higher rates of HIV testing. High risk behavior was prevalent, and HIV testing rates were low among MSM living in rural areas compare to urban areas in Zhejiang Province, therefore, preventative intervention measures should be immediately among rural MSM urgently to reduce HIV transmission and to promote HIV testing.

Uptake of HIV testing among women of reproductive age in Tajikistan: An assessment of individual determinants.

Introduction:Over the past decade, the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in Tajikistan increased significantly, with women particularly vulnerable to acquiring HIV. This research assessed individual determinants associated with HIV testing among women of reproductive age.Methods:Secondary data analysis was done using data from 5,867 females aged 15-49 years. Chi-square test, t-test, and multivariate analysis were applied to find associations between women's socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive health variables, and HIV testing uptake.Results:Overall, only 26% (1,501) of women in the present research reported HIV testing in the past. Multiple regression indicated that HIV testing was significantly associated with participants' age (25-34 age group: OR 0.7, p ≤ 0.001; 35-49 age group: OR 0.2, p ≤ 0.001), education (OR 2.2, p ≤ 0.001), area of residence (OR 0.6, p ≤ 0.001), marital status (OR 2.4, p ≤ 0.001), HIV knowledge (OR 1.1, p ≤ 0.001), and pregnancy history (OR 6.7, p ≤ 0.001).Conclusion:Results of this research suggest that there is a need for culturally acceptable interventions, including outreach to increase the overall HIV testing rate among women in Tajikistan.

Missed opportunities for HIV testing persist despite a single educational intervention: how can we close this evidence-practice gap?

In Australia, one-third of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses occur late, with an estimated 11% of people with HIV unaware of their diagnosis. Undiagnosed and untreated HIV infection increases morbidity in the HIV positive person and allows onward transmission of HIV. To determine the rate of HIV testing in acute general medicine patients with HIV indicator conditions (IC) and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention in improving testing rates. Single-centre, tertiary hospital, before-after study of general medicine inpatients with IC for 12 weeks prior and 10 weeks post an educational intervention focusing on recommendations for HIV testing including IC. The REASON Cohort Discovery Tool was used to search for the IC using ICD-10 codes and laboratory data. The presence of IC was estimated, and HIV testing rates before and after the intervention were compared. Regression analysis was utilised to identify characteristics associated with HIV testing. Of 1414 admissions in the baseline period and 946 in the post-period, 161 (11.4%) and 132 (14.0%) had at least one IC present respectively. There were 18 (11.2%) HIV tests performed for admissions with IC in the pre-period which increased to 27 (20.5%) (P = 0.028) in the post-period. Younger patients were more likely to be tested and regression analysis identified the educational intervention (adjusted odds ratio) 2.2 (1.1, 4.4) to be significantly associated with testing. Although HIV testing rates for IC doubled following the intervention, they remained unacceptably low. The recently introduced electronic medical record presents opportunities to prompt HIV testing.

HIV Testing and Risks of Sexual Behavior among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in Ningbo, China.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is confirmed as a preventive strategy for HIV control. However, the testing rate and risk behaviors of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) remain unclear. We aimed to examine factors associated with HIV testing and high-risk behaviors among HIV-negative MSM. From July 2016 to June 2017, participants were recruited by snowball sampling from WeChat groups, bars, and other venues. HIV testing was performed to exclude HIV-positive MSM. Face-to-face questionnaires regarding HIV testing and high-risk behaviors were conducted; 988 MSM were included, and 57.1% of participants underwent HIV testing in the past year. The proportion of high-risk behaviors was 49.9%. Factors associated with HIV testing were bisexual orientation, substance use to adjust psychiatric disorders, and receiving acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) interventions. Being married, bisexual orientation, and receiving AIDS interventions were risk factors for high-risk sexual behaviors, while college or higher degree was a protective factor. We determined that HIV transmission factors are widespread, and the rate of HIV testing is relatively low. Attention should be given to marital status, using substances to adjust psychiatric disorders, or bisexual HIV-negative MSM, and AIDS interventions should be strengthened to promote HIV testing and reduce high-risk behaviors.

Physician-initiated HIV testing leads to missed opportunities in an East London Hospital Acute Admissions Unit

Background The United Kingdom National Guidelines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing 2008 suggest that an HIV test should be considered in all general medical admissions, when diagnosed HIV prevalence exceeds 2 in 1000 in the local population. We evaluated physician-initiated HIV testing rates in the Acute Assessment Unit of an East London hospital. Methods All acute presentations over one month were reviewed retrospectively, using electronic records. Patients with confirmed HIV were identified and the requested diagnostic HIV tests were measured. The number of patients with clinical indicator conditions for adult HIV infection, as defined in the United Kingdom National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008, who did not receive appropriate testing, was calculated. Results In the cohort of 1023 patients, two patients had known HIV. 58 diagnostic HIV tests were performed, including 40 tests in patients with no clinical indicator diseases. There were five admissions with ‘AIDS-defining conditions’, all of which were pulmonary tuberculosis and four out of five (80.0%) were tested. There were 118 admissions with ‘conditions where HIV testing should be offered’, 14 of which (11.9%) were tested. All HIV tests were negative. Conclusion Physician-initiated HIV testing was inadequate for such a high prevalence area, even in clinical indicator diseases. Physician-initiated HIV testing should be replaced with routine opt-out HIV testing in acute medical admissions units in areas of high HIV prevalence, as suggested by BHIVA (British HIV Association) guidelines, as we progress towards ending the HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom.

Towards ending the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic in the US: State of human immunodeficiency virus screening during physician and emergency department visits, 2009 to 2014.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is important for prevention and treatment. Ending the HIV epidemic is unattainable if significant proportions of people living with HIV remain undiagnosed, making HIV testing critical for prevention and treatment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HIV testing for persons aged 13 to 64 years in all health care settings. This study builds on prior research by estimating the extent to which HIV testing occurs during physician office and emergency department (ED) post 2006 CDC recommendations.We performed an unweighted and weighted cross-sectional analysis using pooled data from 2 nationally representative surveys namely National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2009 to 2014. We assessed routine HIV testing trends and predictive factors in physician offices and ED using multi-stage statistical survey procedures in SAS 9.4.HIV testing rates in physician offices increased by 105% (5.6–11.5 per 1000) over the study period. A steeper increase was observed in ED with a 191% (2.3–6.7 per 1000) increase. Odds ratio (OR) for HIV testing in physician offices were highest among ages 20 to 29 ([OR] 7.20, 99% confidence interval [CI: 4.37–11.85]), males (OR 1.34, [CI: 0.91–0.93]), African-Americans (OR 2.97, [CI: 2.05–4.31]), Hispanics (OR 1.80, [CI: 1.17–2.78]), and among visits occurring in the South (OR 2.06, [CI: 1.23–3.44]). In the ED, similar trends of higher testing odds persisted for African Americans (OR 3.44, 99% CI 2.50–4.73), Hispanics (OR 2.23, 99% CI 1.65–3.01), and Northeast (OR 2.24, 99% CI 1.10–4.54).While progress has been made in screening, HIV testing rates remains sub-optimal for ED visits. Populations visiting the ED for routine care may suffer missed opportunities for HIV testing, which delays their entry into HIV medical care. To end the epidemic, new approaches for increasing targeted routine HIV testing for populations attending health care settings is recommended.