Human Immunodeficiency Virus Progression Research Articles

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression Is Associated With Monocyte Activation and Predicts Viral Load.

Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. Persistent upregulation of interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) has previously been associated with chronic immune activation and HIV progression. Here a longitudinal analysis of the IFN and ISG response during HIV infection was performed to gain insights into the ongoing immune activation during HIV infection. IFN and ISG levels were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of people with HIV at pre-seroconversion, during acute and chronic HIV infection, and during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV infection induced the expression of a set of 4 ISGs-RSAD2, ISG15, IFI44L, and IFI27-which remained upregulated during chronic infection. This set of ISGs showed no clear correlations with T-cell activation as determined by co-expression of CD38 and HLA-DR. However, a strong correlation with monocyte activation marker soluble CD163 in serum was found. Furthermore, the expression of this ISG cluster was predictive of viral load before ART initiation and, on ART, expression levels normalized to pre-seroconversion levels. The results presented here suggests that ISG expression is linked to monocyte activation, possibly driven by viral replication.

Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications for monitoring and therapeutic strategies.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant global health concern, necessitating ongoing research and innovation in the quest for improved disease management. Traditional markers for monitoring HIV progression and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy have limitations in capturing the intricate immune responses and inflammatory dynamics in people with HIV. In recent years, the concept of inflammation ratios has gained prominence as a valuable tool for assessing and understanding the complex interplay between inflammation, immune function, and HIV. In this abstract, we provide an overview of the emerging field of utilizing inflammation ratios in the context of HIV and its implications for disease monitoring and therapeutic strategies. These ratios, such as the CD4/CD8 ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, offer a more comprehensive assessment of an individual's immune status and inflammatory state. By exploring the clinical implications of inflammation ratios, including their potential to predict disease complications and guide personalized treatment approaches, this publication sheds light on the potential benefits of incorporating inflammation ratios into routine HIV care. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field to further refine our understanding of the utility and significance of inflammation ratios in improving the lives of people with HIV.

Modified sharp regression discontinuity model to settings with fuzzy variables

ObjectiveThe goal of this study is to develop a Modified Sharp Regression Discontinuity model to predict alcohol consumption in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Previous studies focused on either fuzzy dependent or fuzzy independent variables separately. However, there is a gap in research that examines the interaction between both types of fuzzy variables thus the model considers both dependent and independent fuzzy variables.MethodsA statistical model was developed to predict the relationship between alcohol consumption and HIV progression. The model equations are solved numerically using parametric estimation.ResultsIn simulation studies, as the sample size expanded, the estimates derived from the modified sharp regression discontinuity model exhibited probabilistic convergence towards the true value, thereby validating the estimator of the Average Causal Effect’s consistency. Counseling has an average causal effect in the sharp Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) for compliers that is roughly equal to 0.199. This was the variation in Alcohol Use Detective Identification Test (AUDIT) threshold scores or the change in intercept scores when counseling was effective. Following six months of participation in the counseling program, AUDIT scores decreased, leading to an increase in Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) counts and a decrease in viral loads.ConclusionThe Modified Sharp RDD offers a robust approach to handle fuzzy variables in causal inference. Our study contributes to the advancement of RDD methodology and its applicability in real-world settings with uncertain data.

Burden of Anemia among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Adults on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy at Hawassa University Compressive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and affects 60% to 80% of patients in late-stage disease. It has a considerable impact on the progression of HIV to advanced stages. This study aimed at assessing the burden of anemia in adult HIV-infected patients who are on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and have follow-up at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HUCSH) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted among HIV-positive adults on HAART at Hawassa University Compressive Specialized Hospital. The systematic sampling method was used to choose a total of 244 study participants. Data on demographic characteristics, related factors of anemia, latest hemoglobin, CD4, and ART regimens were collected using a structured data abstraction format. The data were cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 after being manually checked for completeness. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to detect elements associated with anemia. A P value of <0.05 was used as a cutoff point to announce statistical significance. The records of 244 patients were examined in total. Anemia was present in 29.9% (95% CI 23.8-35.2) among adult HIV patients. Female sex (AOR: 2.576, 95% (CI: 1.295-5.127)), having tuberculosis (TB) (AOR: 4.873, 95% (CI: 1.534-15.484)), taking a zidovudine (ZDV)-containing ART regimen (AOR: 5.216, 95% (CI: 1.239-21.962)), having clinical WHO stage IV and III diseases (AOR: 3.077, 95% CI (1.244-7.612)), having body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 (AOR: 2.391, 95% (CI: 1.138-5.023)), and taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR: 3.860 95% (CI: 1.097-13.576)) were substantially linked to the development of anemia among adult HIV patients. Conclusion and Recommendation. This study showed that anemia is still a problem among HIV patients on HAART. The burden of anemia was found to be high among patients with advanced WHO clinical stages, having a BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2, TB/HIV coinfection, being on AZT-based ART regimens, and taking cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT). Consequently, it is suggested that early preventative interventions, such as serial hemoglobin follow-up, iron supplementation, and education about dietary consumption, be undertaken targeting the aforementioned groups. In addition, the preferred first-line ART regimen as per the latest national and WHO guidelines is recommended, especially for the above groups.

Association of CD4 cell counts and viral load with cystatin C level in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Background The ease of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved both survival rate and comorbidities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Impaired kidney function is one of the most common comorbidities of HIV. CD4 and viral load can be used to monitor HIV progression and to determine the effectiveness of ART. The most commonly used estimated-glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) technique is to use serum creatinine but often causes late detection of kidney dysfunction while serum cystatin increases at the beginning of the GFR decrease. This supports cystatin C serum as an early diagnostic tool to detect kidney function or biomarker early kidney disorders.&#x0D; Objective To evaluate a possible association between serum cystatin C as a marker of kidney function and HIV progression through CD4 levels and viral load.&#x0D; Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted through evaluation of secondary data from medical and laboratory records of pediatric patients who had routine visits to the HIV Clinic at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, in January-February 2020.&#x0D; Results Sixty subjects were reviewed in the study. Median cystatin C-based eGFR was 28.1mL/minute/1.73m2. Subjects were categorized by viral load result into &lt;40 and ?40 copies/mL. The median serum cystatin C was significantly higher [3.7 (range 2.61–6.55) mg/L] in the &gt;40 copies/mL viral load group than the &lt;40 copies/mL group [2.4 (range 0.26–13.61) mg/L]. The median absolute CD4 count, CD4 percentage, and cystatin C were 776 (range 7–1644) cells/mm3, 27.5 (range 1.6–57.4) %, and 3 (range 0.26–13.61) mg/L, respectively. There were no significant correlations (r=-0.2; P=0.1) between CD4 and serum cystatin C&#x0D; Conclusion Higher viral load associates with higher cystatin C level, while CD4 shows no correlation to cystatin C. However, patients with low CD4 tend to have increased cystatin C level.&#x0D;

Modeling the interplay between albumin-globulin metabolism and HIV infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major public health concern with 1.2 million people living with HIV in the United States. The role of nutrition in general, and albumin/globulin in particular in HIV progression has long been recognized. However, no mathematical models exist to describe the interplay between HIV and albumin/globulin. In this paper, we present a family of models of HIV and the two protein components albumin and globulin. We use albumin, globulin, viral load and target cell data from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected monkeys to perform model selection on the family of models. We discover that the simplest model accurately and uniquely describes the data. The selection of the simplest model leads to the observation that albumin and globulin do not impact the infection rate of target cells by the virus and the clearance of the infected target cells by the immune system. Moreover, the recruitment of target cells and immune cells are modeled independently of globulin in the selected model. Mathematical analysis of the selected model reveals that the model has an infection-free equilibrium and a unique infected equilibrium when the immunological reproduction number is above one. The infection-free equilibrium is locally stable when the immunological reproduction number is below one, and unstable when the immunological reproduction number is greater than one. The infection equilibrium is locally stable whenever it exists. To determine the parameters of the best fitted model we perform structural and practical identifiability analysis. The structural identifiability analysis reveals that the model is identifiable when the immune cell infection rate is fixed at a value obtained from the literature. Practical identifiability reveals that only seven of the sixteen parameters are practically identifiable with the given data. Practical identifiability of parameters performed with synthetic data sampled a lot more frequently reveals that only two parameters are practically unidentifiable. We conclude that experiments that will improve the quality of the data can help improve the parameter estimates and lead to better understanding of the interplay of HIV and albumin-globulin metabolism.

The effect of human immunodeficiency virus and human papillomavirus strain diversity on the progression of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated malignancy with increasing incidence. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a significant risk factor for anal SCC; however, it is unknown if HIV infection alters anal lesion progression and HPV strain profile. This study aims to determine whether HIV coinfection is associated with progression of HPV-mediated anal lesions and on their HPV strain diversity. This is a retrospective cohort study of adults with anal squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) who presented for anorectal sampling between 2010 and 2019. Using the full cohort, we performed clinicopathologic epidemiologic analysis of HIV coinfection on lesion progression. Using a subset of patients, we conducted molecular analysis of HPV strain diversity as related to HIV status and progression. Our cohort included 2203 individuals, of which 940 (43%) were HIV+. HIV+ status was associated with faster progression at all levels of dysplasia. Our molecular cohort included 329 adults, of which 190 (57.8%) were HIV+. HIV+status was associated with higher HPV strain diversity (median: 7 [5-9] versus median: 4 [4-6], P<.001). Latent class analysis identified specific HPV strain signatures associated with progression. We demonstrate that HIV+ individuals had faster rates of anal SIL progression and that almost all HPV strains were more prevalent in anal samples from HIV+ adults. Our results imply that HIV+ adults with anal SIL should undergo more frequent screening and obtain HPV genotyping at initial presentation, as it shows value as a biomarker of lesion progression.

HIV Infection Progression Monitoring System Based on CD4 Counts and Wishart Distribution.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that destroys the human immune system, resulting in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The management and care of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) consumes a large portion of the health budget of many countries. ART improves the lives of the HIV patients. However, benefiting from the treatment remains to be low due to the nonadherence, adverse events, and treatment failure associated with the transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs). Extra care is therefore required in prescribing switch of ART regimens for HIV-naive patients. We propose a disease monitoring system, which depends on how the HIV-naive patients respond to the ART regimen. We model cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts data measured at every 3 months in a period of 48 weeks on a cohort of 87 HIV-naive patients on ART, from Zambia. We demonstrate how to apply the Bayesian Wishart distribution to model CD4 counts, leading to an informative HIV progression monitoring system. We found a steady increase in the average of the CD4 counts (from 219 to 315) for HIV-naive patients on the ART regimen. The average was still below the expected 500 CD4 counts for a normal person. The derived precision matrix shows an increase in probability of potency of the ART regimen, which ranges from 0.1261 to 0.8678. An early detection is crucial as it allows for timely switch of regimen from first to second line or to the third line. The proposed HIV disease progression monitoring system for HIV-naive patients on ART regimen that is based on CD4 counts could enable physicians make informed decisions on the management and care of the patients.

Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV.

Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).

A Study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Dermatological Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

Background: The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients develop skin lesions at some point during the course of the disease. The occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may increase the transmission and progression of HIV. Hence, it is essential to study the various infectious and noninfectious dermatoses. Objectives: (1) To study the various STDs and to familiarize with the atypical presentation of various STDs in HIV infected individuals. (2) To study clinical and epidemiological aspects of various dermatological manifestations in HIV infected individuals. (3) To identify dermatological manifestations as indicators (markers) of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome progression. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on known HIV-positive individuals attending the outpatient department of Dermatology in Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, with symptoms suggestive of skin disease or sexually transmitted infections. A detailed clinical history and physical examination were done in all cases. Wherever necessary, relevant investigations were done to confirm the diagnosis in patients. Statistical analysis used: Results were tabulated and analyzed using simple statistical methods. Results: A total of 500 patients were recruited in the study among whom 363 (72.6%) had only dermatological manifestations, 127 (25.4%) had sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and 10 (2%) had overlap manifestations. The majority of them were in the age group of 28–37 years. The most common STI observed was herpes genitalis, followed by genital warts and genital molluscum contagiosum. Pruritic Papular Dermatoses were found to be the most common noninfectious dermatosis. Conclusions: There is a need to know the atypical manifestations of various dermatoses in HIV patients, as these conditions may pose a diagnostic dilemma to the treating dermatologist. This ensures correct diagnosis and the necessary treatment.

Clinical Significance of Plasma CD9-Positive Exosomes in HIV Seronegative and Seropositive Lung Cancer Patients

Simple SummaryThe role of exosomes in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) as well as in cancer patients seems to be pivotal. The aim of our retrospective study was to assess the potential clinical value of CD9-positive plasma exosomes in lung cancer patients, patients with lung granulomas, healthy individuals, and HIV-positive patients with or without lung cancer. This study shows that CD9-positive plasma exosome concentrations differ between healthy controls, patients with immunocompetent pulmonary granulomas and patients with lung cancer. In addition, CD9-positive plasma exosomes are increased in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative lung cancer patients compared to healthy controls, while chemotherapy-treated lung cancer patients have lower plasma exosome levels. This study also shows that in chemotherapy-naïve patients, plasma exosome levels are directly correlated with a prognosis with higher concentrations being associated with a longer, overall survival. These findings further support previous literature on the translational significance of total plasma exosomes in cancer patients, despite different immunological contexts.Recently, the role of exosomes in the progression of both cancer and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) has been described. This study investigates the clinical significance of CD9-positive plasma exosomes in lung cancer patients, healthy individuals, and HIV-positive patients with or without lung cancer. Using a verified with transmission electron microscopy double-sandwich ELISA technique, plasma-derived exosomes were isolated and quantified from 210 lung cancer patients (including 44 metastatic patients with progressive disease after chemotherapy), 49 healthy controls, 20 patients with pulmonary granulomas, 19 HIV+ patients with lung cancer, 31 HIV+ patients without cancer, and 3 HIV+ patients with pulmonary granulomas. Plasma exosome concentrations differed between healthy controls, patients with immunocompetent pulmonary granulomas and patients with lung cancer even after chemotherapy (p < 0.001). Lung cancer patients after chemotherapy had lower exosome concentrations compared to patients with untreated lung cancer or granuloma (p < 0.001 for both). HIV+ patients without lung cancer had significantly higher exosome concentrations compared to HIV+ patients with lung cancer (p = 0.016). Although exosome concentrations differed between all different lung cancer histologies and healthy controls (p < 0.001 for all histologies), adjusted statistical significance was oµy retained for patients with granulomas and SCLC (Small-cell lung cancer, p < 0.001). HIV-induced immunodeficient patients with or without lung cancer had lower plasma exosomes compared to immunocompetent granuloma and lung cancer patients (p < 0.001). Finally, higher plasma exosomes were associated both on univariate (p = 0.044), and multivariate analysis (p = 0.040) with a better 3-year survival in stage II and III NSCLC (Non-small-cell lung carcinoma) patients. In conclusion, our study shows that CD9-positive plasma exosomes are associated with both lung cancer and HIV, prior chemotherapy, as well as with survival, suggesting a possible prognostic value.

Occurrence of DAT1 (VNTR) Polymorphism in Individuals with HIV Infection

Background: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been reported to make changes in the functioning of dopaminergic neurons by altering the expression of dopamine active transporter (DAT). ART containing efavirenz drug has been related to show the adverse reactions on the central nervous system (CNS). Reported literature indicates the correlation of DAT19/10 genotype with the risk of progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the polymorphism in the human gene DAT1, including variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) from individuals having an infection of HIV. Methods: Genotyping was completed by performing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a total of 165 HIV-positive patients on ART treatment (34 were HIV-infected patients with hepatotoxicity, 131 HIV-infected patients) and 160 healthy controls without HIV infection. Results: Incidence of DAT19/9, 8/9 genotypes, and allele with 9 repeats were higher in individuals having hepatotoxicity compared to those who do not have hepatotoxicity (5.9 vs. 0.8%, OR = 7.73; 2.9 vs. 0.8%, OR = 3.86; 20.58% vs. 14.12%, OR = 1.56). DAT19/10 genotype was related to severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 1.86; P = 0.05). Upon comparison of genotype between individuals who do not have hepatotoxicity but had HIV infection and healthy controls without HIV infection, the dispersion of DAT1 10/11, 6/10 genotypes were greater in individuals with HIV infection (1.5% vs. 0.6%, OR = 2.73; 3.1% vs. 1.3%, OR = 2.73). DAT19/10 genotype was related to the people of advanced stage of HIV infection (OR = 2.05, P = 0.04). A higher incidence of DAT19/10 genotype was found in individuals with early stage of HIV infection than healthy controls (26.3 vs. 15.6%, OR = 1.93). In alcohol and tobacco consuming individuals with HIV infection and hepatotoxicity, DAT19/10 genotype has demonstrated hazard in the progression of HIV infection and an increased severity of hepatotoxic condition (OR = 1.40, P = 0.91, OR = 1.50; P = 0.91 and OR = 1.57, P = 0.39; OR = 2.70; P = 0.53). In patients with hepatotoxicity, nevirapine utilization with DAT19/10 genotype demonstrated an increase in severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 4.00, P = 0.41). In individuals with HIV infection and hepatotoxicity, alcohol and nevirapine usage, along with DAT1 9/10 genotype, indicated a risk for progression of HIV infection and severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 1.47, P = 0.85; OR = 1.73; P = 0.32). Conclusion: The genetic polymorphism with DAT19/10 genotype was linked with the progression of HIV infection and in the advancement of HIV-related illnesses.

Stem Cell Therapy and Its Significance in HIV Infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major global public health issue. Despite this, the only treatment available in mainstay is antiretroviral therapy. This treatment is not curative, it needs to be used lifelong, and there are many issues with compliance and side effects. In recent years, stem cell therapy has shown promising results in HIV management, and it can have a major impact on the future of HIV treatment and prevention. The idea behind anti-HIV hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC)-directed gene therapy is to genetically engineer patient-derived (autologous) HSPC to acquire an inherent resistance to HIV infection. Multiple stem-cell-based gene therapy strategies have been suggested that may infer HIV resistance including anti-HIV gene reagents and gene combinatorial strategies giving rise to anti-HIV gene-modified HSPCs. Such stem cells can hamper HIV progression in the body by interrupting key stages of HIV proliferation: viral entry, viral integration, HIV gene expression, etc.Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) may also protect leukocytes from being infected. Additionally, genetically engineered HSCs have the ability to continuously produce protected immune cells by prolonged self-renewal that can attack the HIV virus. Therefore, a successful treatment strategy has the potential to control the infection at a steady state and eradicate HIV from patients. This will allow for a potential future benefit with stem cell therapy in HIV treatment.

Role of Dietary Antioxidants in the Management of HIV/AIDs

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has predominantly been considered the main cause in the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, many researchers believe that there are co-factors involved along the way that may play a critical role in HIV progression to AIDs. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been established to be present at the onset of HIV infection. Additionally, the delayed response by the immune system upon infection may be due to an initial depletion of antioxidants, which play a critical role in scavenging excess ROS to maintain normal physiological conditions. This antioxidant imbalance results in a condition known as oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative Stress has been reported to be an integral element in the progression of many diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Therefore, it is presumed that dietary antioxidant treatment may provide a promising and cost-effective therapeutic approach in suppressing the viral load. The aim of this review was to synthesize and summarize existing knowledge on the role of dietary antioxidants in suppressing HIV viral load.

Relations of Antiretroviral Combinations to CD4 Levels of HIV TB Patiens in RSUD H.Abdul Manap Jambi

The cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are increasing every year. This case is a disease that is very rapidly transmitted throughout the world. HIV increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) and conversely TB infection increases HIV progression. In 2017, it is estimated that 10 million people have HIV TB. Combination of antiretrovirals is the basis for the management of antiretroviral therapy for HIV / AIDS patients, because it can reduce resistance, suppress HIV replication effectively so that transmission, opportunistic infections and other complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between antiretroviral combinations and CD4 levels in outpatient HIV TB patients at RSUD H. Abdul Manap Jambi. This study is a retrospective cohort study using medical records of outpatient HIV TB patients at RSUD H. Abdul Manap Jambi based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on research conducted on outpatient HIV TB patients at Abdul Manap Hospital, Jambi, it was found that there was no relationship between antiretroviral combinations and CD4 levels in HIV TB patients, marked by Asimp.Sig 0.778&gt; 0.05.

Psychosocial Stress Alters the Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Although social distancing is a key public health response during viral pandemics, psychosocial stressors, such as social isolation, have been implicated in adverse health outcomes in general [1] and in the context of infectious disease, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [2, 3]. A comprehensive understanding of the direct pathophysiologic effects of psychosocial stress on viral pathogenesis is needed to provide strategic and comprehensive care to patients with viral infection. To determine the effect of psychosocial stress on HIV pathogenesis during acute viral infection without sociobehavioral confounders inherent in human cohorts, we compared commonly measured parameters of HIV progression between singly (n = 35) and socially (n = 41) housed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Singly housed macaques had a higher viral load in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and demonstrated greater CD4 T-cell declines and more CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation compared with socially housed macaques throughout acute SIV infection. These data demonstrate that psychosocial stress directly impacts the pathogenesis of acute SIV infection and imply that it may act as an integral variable in the progression of HIV infection and potentially of other viral infections.

Unmapped exome reads implicate a role for Anelloviridae in childhood HIV-1 long-term non-progression

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant public health burden globally. The role of viral co-infection in the rate of progression of HIV infection has been suggested but not empirically tested, particularly among children. We extracted and classified 42 viral species from whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of 813 HIV-infected children in Botswana and Uganda categorised as either long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). The Ugandan participants had a higher viral community diversity index compared to Batswana (p = 4.6 × 10−13), and viral sequences were more frequently detected among LTNPs than RPs (24% vs 16%; p = 0.008; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6–2.3), with Anelloviridae showing strong association with LTNP status (p = 3 × 10−4; q = 0.004, OR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.74–10.25). This trend was still evident when stratified by country, sex, and sequencing platform, and after a logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, country, and the sequencing platform (p = 0.02; q = 0.03; OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.6–40.5). Torque teno virus (TTV), which made up 95% of the Anelloviridae reads, has been associated with reduced immune activation. We identify an association between viral co-infection and prolonged AIDs-free survival status that may have utility as a biomarker of LTNP and could provide mechanistic insights to HIV progression in children, demonstrating the added value of interrogating off-target WES reads in cohort studies.

Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Patients with and without HIV at Chuahit Health Center, Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia.

BackgroundHuman Immunodeficiency Virus-1/AIDS and Schistosoma mansoni are widely spread in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia and the co-infection is also prevalent, occurs commonly. Schistosoma mansoni infection has been suggested to be a risk factor for HIV transmission and progression. This study aims to assess the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated risk factors among individuals with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at Chuahit Health Center, West Dembia, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsInstitutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2019. Two hundred sixty-six study subjects were included in the study by using a systemic and convenient sampling technique. Pretested structured questionnaire was employed to collect data. Single stool samples were collected and examined for S. mansoni eggs. Finger prick and venous blood samples were collected for HIV-1 screening and viral load count. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the mean of egg counts with HIV status and viral load counts, respectively. A P-value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.ResultsThe overall prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection was 41 (15.4%) and 162.24 egg per gram of faeces (EPG), respectively. Prevalence of S. mansoni was higher in seronegative study participants though the difference is statistically insignificant. Higher intensity of infection was observed among seropositive study participants with high viral load counts (>1000 copies/mL).ConclusionRelatively higher prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection were found. Study participants’ occupation was identified as potential risk factor to S. mansoni infection. Further studies are needed to know the impact of HIV on the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection in the study area.

Pre-HAART CD4+ T-lymphocytes as biomarkers of post-HAART immune recovery in HIV-infected children with or without TB co-infection

BackgroundInfection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) dramatically increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB). Several studies have indicated that co-infection with TB increases the risk of HIV progression and death. Sub-Saharan Africa bears the brunt of these dual epidemics, with about 2.4 million HIV-infected people living with TB. The main objective of our study was to assess whether the pre-HAART CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and percentages could serve as biomarkers for post-HAART treatment immune-recovery in HIV-positive children with and without TB co-infection.MethodsThe data analyzed in this retrospective study were collected from a cohort of 305 HIV-infected children being treated with HAART. A Lehmann family of ROC curves were used to assess the diagnostic performance of pre- HAART treatment CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and percentage as biomarkers for post-HAART immune recovery. The Kaplan–Meier estimator was used to compare differences in post-HAART recovery times between patients with and without TB co-infection.ResultsWe found that the diagnostic performance of both pre-HARRT treatment CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and percentage was comparable and achieved accuracies as high as 74%. Furthermore, the predictive capability of pre-HAART CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and percentage were slightly better in TB-negative patients. Our analyses also indicate that TB-negative patients have a shorter recovery time compared to the TB-positive patients.ConclusionsPre-HAART CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and percentage are stronger predictors of immune recovery in TB-negative pediatric patients, suggesting that TB co-infection complicates the treatment of HIV in this cohort. These findings suggest that the detection and treatment of TB is essential for the effectiveness of HAART in HIV-infected pediatric patients.

The rapid CD4\u2009+\u2009T-lymphocyte decline and human immunodeficiency virus progression in females compared to males

CD4 + T-lymphocyte counts are used to assess CD4 + decline and the stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression in HIV-infected patients. Clinical observation suggests that HIV progress more rapid in females than males. Of the original 5000 HIV-infected population of Western New York HIV/AIDS, Referral Center at Erie County Medical Center (ECMC), 1422 participated in the cohort study. We identified 333 HIV-infected patients with CD4 + T-cell-counts ≥ 500/µƖ, among them 178 met the inclusion criteria for the 10-year study. Females had higher mode (600 vs. 540) and mean (741.9 vs. 712.2) CD4 + counts than males at baseline. However, CD4 + declined faster among females in a shorter time than males (234.5 vs. 158.6, P < 0.004), with rapid HIV progression. Univariate analyses determined that females had a 40% higher risk for CD4 + decline than males. The bivariate analyses specified CD4 + decline remained greater in females than males. Multivariate analyses which employed Cox’s proportional Hazard-Model to adjust for numerous variables simultaneously identified women had almost twice the risk for CD4 + decline and rapid HIV progression than males (RR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.24, 2.99). Although the biological mechanism remains unknown, findings suggest gender differences in CD4 + decline, with a higher risk of rapid HIV progression and shorter longevity in females.