Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Blood Donors Research Articles

The prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection among voluntary blood donors in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through transfusion has been an imperative challenge for blood safety. Despite the implementation of screening strategies, there was still the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HIV. Considering that the prevalence of HIV infection in blood donors is significant for evaluating blood safety and potential risks to the population, meta-analysis was applied to investigate the HIV prevalence among voluntary blood donors during the past 27 years to characterize the epidemiology and related risk factors of HIV in blood donors. The literature concerning the HIV screening reactive rate and prevalence in Chinese voluntary blood donors was collected through the systematic searching of four electronic databases. After integrating data, following the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, data manipulation and statistical analyses were conducted by Stata 12.0. The results indicated that overall HIV prevalence was 0.0178% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0169%-0.0187%) with a remarkable rise, which varied from 2000 (0.0034%) to 2015 (0.027%). The HIV window period infection rate was 0.0475‱ (95%CI, 0.0304‱-0.0646‱). Importantly, subgroup analysis revealed the heterogeneity in gender, occupations, education and donation frequency. With the effective control of HIV transmission through blood, HIV prevalence declined in China to some extent in recent years, and the characteristics of HIV epidemic in some provinces have drastically changed. However, remaining relatively high HIV prevalence and overall increased trend of HIV prevalence since the 21th century demonstrates the potential residual risk of blood transfusion, and the whole society is supposed to pay close attention to HIV infection.

Head-to-head comparison of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Enhanced Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) for the detection of Transfusion Transmitted Disease (TTD) Markers; HIV, HCV and HBV in blood donors, in India

Safe blood transfusion being the cornerstone of any Blood Transfusion Services requires meticulous testing for Transfusion Transmitted Disease (TTD) markers in donated blood. We performed head-to-head comparison of ELISA and ECLIA for detection of TTD markers for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in 10,164 Indian blood donors. All concordant reactive, discordant reactive and concordant non-reactive samples were re-confirmed using Individual Donor-Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (ID-NAT) as the ‘gold standard’ test. 223 samples were found reactive; out of which 93 (four HIV, 34 HCV and 55 HBV) samples were concordant reactive and tested positive by both methods while 130 discordant reactive samples were reactive either by ELISA or ECLIA. Out of 130 discordant reactive samples ELISA-reactive and ECLIA-non-reactive samples for HIV, HCV and HBV were 15, eight, and 29 respectively while ECLIA-reactive ELISA-non-reactive samples for HIV, HCV and HBV were 39, 36 and three respectively. Sensitivity of ECLIA and ELISA was 100 % for all three TTD markers, while specificity was 99.62 % and 99.85 % for HIV; 99.64 % and 99.84 % for HCV and 99.97 % and 99.70 % for HBV respectively. Strength of agreement and Kappa Statistics for ECLIA and ELISA compared to the gold standard test was poor and fair for HIV (k = 0.169 and 0.347), moderate and good for HCV (k = 0.539 and 0.763), and very good and good for HBV (k = 0.973 and 0.783). According to this study, it can be concluded both the testing techniques; ELISA and ECLIA have 100 % sensitivity for the detection for HBV, HCV and HIV in blood donors and therefore, either can be used for TTD screening in blood banks in India.

Genetic Diversity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Asymptomatic Blood Donors in Islamabad, Pakistan

Objective The serological testing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is mandatory under the blood safety legislation of Pakistan; hence, data exist on the prevalence of HIV in blood donors. However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of HIV in the blood donor population. Therefore, the current study was designed to study the genetic diversity of HIV-1 infection in a population of apparently healthy treatment-naive blood donors in Islamabad, Pakistan. Material and Methods A total of 85,736 blood donors were tested for HIV by the chemiluminescence immunoassay. All positive donor samples were analyzed for the presence of various HIV genotypes (types and subtypes). Viral ribonucleic acid was extracted from blood samples of HIV positive donors and reverse transcribed into complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA). The cDNA of all positive donors was then analyzed for the presence of various HIV genotypes (types and subtypes) by employing subtype-specific primers in a nested polymerase chain reaction. The amplified products were run on ethidium bromide-stained 2% agarose gel and visualized using a ultraviolet transilluminator. A particular subtype was assigned to a sample if the subtype-specific reaction made a band 20% highly intense compared with the band made by the subtype-independent reaction. Results A total of 85,736 blood donors were screened for the presence of antibodies to HIV. Out of them, 114 were initially found reactive for HIV. The repeat testing resulted in 112 (0.13%) positive donors, 95% confidence interval 0.0014 (0.0011–0.0018). These 112 samples were analyzed for molecular typing of HIV-1. The predominant HIV-1 subtype was A ( n = 101) (90.1%) followed by subtype B ( n = 11) (9.9%). Conclusion These findings are key to understand the diversified HIV epidemic at the molecular level and should assist public health workers in implementing measures to lessen the further dissemination of these viruses in the country.

Comparative study of rapid 3RD & 4TH generation Elisa in diagnosis of HIV in blood donors

Background: Blood is a life saving resource but at the same times however, blood transfusion can be a source of life threatening infections, if screening is not carried out properly [1]. It is also the most efficient vehicle for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hence there is a need for accurate screening of HIV among blood donors. Material and method: The material for the study was collected from the 500 random donors coming to blood bank, N.H.L. Medical College, V.S. Hospital Ahmedabad affiliated with Gujarat University. Serum samples of donors were tested for HIV by rapid, 3rd generation ELISA & 4th generation ELISA.Results: 500 blood donors were evaluated with rapid immune chromatography, 3rd generation Elisa & 4th generation Elisa. Among them 54 donors fall in age group of 20 years & below, 192 of them were from 21-30 years, 174 of them were from 31-40 years, 65 of them were from 41-50 years & 15 of them were from 51-60 years of age group. All were negative for HIV with all methods.Conclusion: The rapid tests have advantages such as ease of use, minimal training required for the user, easy interpretation, and a long shelf life. These tests can be done with a short turnaround time, avoiding the delay incurred in batching. Thus, rapid tests can be used as an alternative to ELISAs in blood banks.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among volunteer blood donors in the National Blood Transfusion Center of Lome

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the Centre National de Transfusion (CNTS) of Lomé, Togo. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which included volunteer blood donors from 2011–2015 at the CNTS of Lomé. The age ranged from 18–60 years old. All donors were screened for HBV, HCV and HIV using ELISA and the seroprevalence of these viruses was calculated using Graph Pad Prism software. Results: Male donors (86.44%) were significantly more represented than female (13.71%). Regular donors (72.2%) were more than first time donors (28%, p<0.001). The overall seroprevalence during the study period was 2.63%, 1.58% and 0.92% for HBV, HCV and HIV, respectively. The seroprevalence of these viruses in blood donors decreased from 2011–2015. The proportion of HBV among blood-borne viral infection represented, 48.81%, 54.16%, 51.71%, 46.71% and 58.10% in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Conclusion: This study permitted to monitor the dynamics of HBV, HCV and HIV in blood donors for five years in Lomé, and revealed the need to reinforce screening, preventive and sensitization strategies to improve transfusion safety in Togo.

Investigation and analysis of human immunodeficiency virus infection status of unpaid blood donors in Binzhou City

Objective To analyze the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status of unpaid blood donors in Binzhou City Shandong Province, and to discuss the development trend of HIV infection rate of Binzhou City's unpaid donors, and thus putting forward corresponding countermeasures. Methods From January 2004 to December 2013, a total of 346 424 unpaid blood donors who donated blood in Binzhou Blood Center were chosen as research objects. Among them, there were 226 215 cases of men blood donors and 120 209 cases of women blood donors. The age was ranged from 18 to 55 years old, and the average age was 32.5 years old. All blood donors met the requirement of the Health Inspection Requirements of Blood Donors. Informed consent was obtained from all blood donors before blood collection, and they all signed in the column of informed consent. In order to guarantee the authenticity of the inspection findings, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were conducted to test blood samples twice. The results were tested and verified again by testing blood in the same test tube and blood in the blood bag if there was one reagent positive reaction in the first test. It was positive if one of two holes showed positive reaction in two-hole experiment, and then the blood samples were sent to Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention for HIV confirmation experiment. HIV positive incidence, patient occupation, educational level, age and gender ratio were analyzed by statistical methods. Results The infection rate of HIV in unpaid blood donors in Binzhou from 2004 to 2013 was 6.35/100 000 which was in low infective trend, but it was in a rising trend year by year. Among all the umpaid blood donors, the infection rate of HIV in peasant and unemployed were much higher than those of other occupations, the lower education level, the higher infection rate of HIV, the infection rate of HIV in unpaid blood donors of ≤ 35 years old was higher than those of > 35 years old, and the infection rate of HIV in male blood donors were higher than that of female blood donors, and all the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The infection rate of HIV in blood donors has shown a gradual increase during the past few years. Therefore, it is significant and important to take measures to reduce infection rate of HIV by blood transfusion and ensure safety of blood transfusion, such as strengthening HIV screening in blood donors, establishing a blood donor HIV screening computer shielding system, raising level of HIV laboratory testing, popularizing AIDS prevention knowledge and so on. Key words: Blood donors; HIV infections; Screening

Prevalence and Trends of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses among Blood Donors in Islamabad, Pakistan 2005-2013

Background: Pakistan is a developing country of 190 million people with increased burden of infectious diseases. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are the most important agents responsible for transfusion transmitted viral infections. Blood donors are considered as the healthiest population of a community and screening of HBV, HCV & HIV in blood donors will reflect the true prevalence of these infections in a population. Material and Methods: The study was conducted from July 2005 to July 2013 at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. 160,376 blood donors from the age 18 years to 60 years were enrolled in this study. Study was approved by the ethical review committee of PIMS hospital. All the samples were screened for Hepatitis B virus surface Antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV by fourth generation ELISA. Statistical analyses were carried out by using SPS software version 17. Results: Among 160,376 donors, 157,920 (98.47%) were replacement donors. The overall seroprevalence of (HBVsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV among blood donors were 2.35%, 3.26% & 0.017% respectively. The prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection was 0.084%. Conclusion: The prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency viruses are high in blood donors and should not be acceptable. There is a need to educate masses to increase the number of voluntary donors to meet the country’s requirement of blood donation

The AIDS epidemic in Tanzania: rate of spread of HIV in blood donors and pregnant women in Dar es Salaam.

The prevalence of antibodies to HIV in population groups in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has been monitored from late 1984 through 1991. In the pregnant women and blood donors the doubling time was about 2 years. If, however, the doubling time is calculated from reported cases of AIDS of the whole country, an average doubling time of 10 months is obtained. We point out factors that may bias calculations of the rate of spread of the virus and thus give rise to erroneous projections for the nearest years, especially the so-called transient effect. It is recommended that serosurveys of representative population groups are carried out at regular intervals.