Cells Of Human Immune System Research Articles

A Novel Nonlinear Dynamic Model Describing the Spread of Virus

This study proposes a nonlinear mathematical model of virus transmission. The interaction between viruses and immune cells is investigated using phase-space analysis. Specifically, the work focuses on the dynamics and stability behavior of the mathematical model of a virus spread in a population and its interaction with human immune system cells. The endemic equilibrium points are found, and local stability analysis of all equilibria points of the related model is obtained. Further, the global stability analysis, either at disease-free equilibria or in endemic equilibria, is discussed by constructing the Lyapunov function, which shows the validity of the concern model. Finally, a simulated solution is achieved, and the relationship between viruses and immune cells is highlighted.

Rapid Downregulation of H3K4me3 Binding to Immunoregulatory Genes in Altered Gravity in Primary Human M1 Macrophages

The sensitivity of human immune system cells to gravity changes has been investigated in numerous studies. Human macrophages mediate innate and thus rapid immune defense on the one hand and activate T- and B-cell-based adaptive immune response on the other hand. In this process they finally act as immunoeffector cells, and are essential for tissue regeneration and remodeling. Recently, we demonstrated in the human Jurkat T cell line that genes are differentially regulated in cluster structures under altered gravity. In order to study an in vivo near system of immunologically relevant human cells under physically real microgravity, we performed parabolic flight experiments with primary human M1 macrophages under highly standardized conditions and performed chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for whole-genome epigenetic detection of the DNA-binding loci of the main transcription complex RNA polymerase II and the transcription-associated epigenetic chromatin modification H3K4me3. We identified an overall downregulation of H3K4me3 binding loci in altered gravity, which were unequally distributed inter- and intrachromosomally throughout the genome. Three-quarters of all affected loci were located on the p arm of the chromosomes chr5, chr6, chr9, and chr19. The genomic distribution of the downregulated H3K4me3 loci corresponds to a substantial extent to immunoregulatory genes. In microgravity, analysis of RNA polymerase II binding showed increased binding to multiple loci at coding sequences but decreased binding to central noncoding regions. Detection of altered DNA binding of RNA polymerase II provided direct evidence that gravity changes can lead to altered transcription. Based on this study, we hypothesize that the rapid transcriptional response to changing gravitational forces is specifically encoded in the epigenetic organization of chromatin.

N2O2‐chelate metal complexes with Schiff base ligand: Synthesis, characterisation and contribution as a promising antiviral agent against human cytomegalovirus

A new Schiff base, (N,N\‐phenylene‐(bis‐1‐ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐7‐(piperazine‐1‐yl)‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acid) and (Nor‐o‐phdn.2H2O), and its derived complexes with nickel (II), cobalt (II), copper (II), iron (III), yttrium (III), lanthanum (III), zirconium (IV) and uranium (VI) were synthesised and distinguished by different tools such as elemental analyses, magnetic properties, molar conductivity, spectroscopic methods (UV‐Vis., IR and1H‐NMR), mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Depending on the spectroscopic data, Schiff base Nor‐o‐phdn.2H2O is coordinated to metal centres as a potentially tetradentate ligand via N2O2atoms. UV‐Vis. and magnetic data suggest an octahedral‐geometry for all mentioned complexes. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the existence of water molecules inside and outside complex sphere. The thermodynamics‐related parameters were analysed through using Horowitz–Metzger and Coats–Redfern formula. Schiff base as well as its metal‐derived complexes were assessed for their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral bioactivities. As anticipated, Schiff base and its metal complexes showed high antibacterial profile againstEscherichia coliandSalmonellatyphi. In case ofStaphylococcus aureusandBacillus cereus, it was observed that metal‐derived complexes exhibited more bactericidal features than the uncomplexed ligands. However, there are no antifungal bioactivities detected. Regarding the antiviral bioactivity, we determined in an innovative manner the effectiveness of Schiff base and metal‐derived complexes on the replication of human cytomegalovirus (huCMV‐DNA). In this regard, we utilised a humanised mouse model (huNOG‐EXL) that was implanted with human immune system cells and was subsequently infected with huCMV. The infected mice divided into drug‐treated mice and the drug‐untreated vehicle control. After postinfection and during the course of treatment, Fe (III) and Zr (IV) complexes were impactful in obstructing huCMV replication by 10‐15 fold when compared with the vehicle control, concomitantly with inducing the immune recognition of T‐cytotoxic CD8+cells towards the huCMV. The complexes are believed to be the best nominees for further research and development as huCMV inhibitors.

Abstract 5120: Deciphering melanoma CTC signatures leading to immune escape and brain metastasis: The first MRI CTC xenograft model

Abstract Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) is a devastating disease which is diagnosed in up to 60% of melanoma patients and 80% of patients at autopsy. While microarray studies identified many genes differentially expressed between MBM and extracranial metastasis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the established technology to evaluate clinical MBM. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are “seeds” of fatal metastasis and smallest functional units of cancer. Defining mechanisms which regulate the spatial and temporal competence of patient-isolated CTCs driving MBM thus presents the opportunity to suppress its occurrence. Hypothesis is that MRI has fundamental translational relevance to validate preclinical CTC models and that MBM onset depends upon the absence or presence of human immune system cells (Hu-mice), and mice gender and age. We isolated CTCs from blood of primary/metastatic melanoma patients, and confirmed CTC detection by CellSearch࣪, Parsortix࣪, high-definition microscopy and RNA-Seq profiling. Second, we injected melanoma CTCs in immunodeficient but also immunocompetent xenografts (NBSGW female/male mice generated by multiple donors CD34+ cells), and assessed tumor progression by IVIS and MRI with parallel monitoring of CTC gene-specific transcriptional activation. Third, we discovered specific differences in number of CTCs/CTC clustering patterns and CTC signatures which were dependent upon MBM status. Quantitation of melanoma CTC-derived signatures enabled serial noninvasive monitoring of tumor burden. Lastly, we found that these differences and the occurrence, severity and spatial distribution of MBM highly depended from gender, age, and immunocompetency status of injected animals. Thus, by reporting the first MRI CTC xenograft model, its use for melanoma CTC interrogation can provide a platform for early monitoring of response to immunotherapeutic and/or targeted interventions in melanoma, and contribute to rational therapy applications, notably for MBM prediction or prevention. Citation Format: Tetiana Bowley, Dario Marchetti. Deciphering melanoma CTC signatures leading to immune escape and brain metastasis: The first MRI CTC xenograft model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5120.

SARS-CoV-2 productively infects primary human immune system cells in vitro and in COVID-19 patients.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a hyperinflammatory state and lymphocytopenia, a hallmark that appears as both signature and prognosis of disease severity outcome. Although cytokine storm and a sustained inflammatory state are commonly associated with immune cell depletion, it is still unclear whether direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells could also play a role in this scenario by harboring viral replication. We found that monocytes, as well as both B and T lymphocytes, were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, accumulating double-stranded RNA consistent with viral RNA replication and ultimately leading to expressive T cell apoptosis. In addition, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 was frequently detected in monocytes and B lymphocytes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The rates of SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COVID-19 patients increased over time from symptom onset, with SARS-CoV-2-positive monocytes, B cells, and CD4+ T lymphocytes also detected in postmortem lung tissue. These results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection of blood-circulating leukocytes in COVID-19 patients might have important implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, immune dysfunction, and virus spread within the host.

Sialylated N‐glycans mediate monocyte uptake of extracellular vesicles secreted from Plasmodium falciparum‐infected red blood cells

AbstractGlycoconjugates on extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a vital role in internalization and mediate interaction as well as regulation of the host immune system by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. During their intraerythrocytic life‐cycle stages, malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) mediate the secretion of EVs by infected red blood cells (RBCs) that carry a diverse range of parasitic and host‐derived molecules. These molecules facilitate parasite‐parasite and parasite‐host interactions to ensure parasite survival.To date, the number of identified Pf genes associated with glycan synthesis and the repertoire of expressed glycoconjugates is relatively low. Moreover, the role of Pf glycans in pathogenesis is mostly unclear and poorly understood. As a result, the expression of glycoconjugates on Pf‐derived EVs or their involvement in the parasite life‐cycle has yet to be reported.Herein, we show that EVs secreted by Pf‐infected RBCs carry significantly higher sialylated complex N‐glycans than EVs derived from healthy RBCs. Furthermore, we reveal that EV uptake by host monocytes depends on N‐glycoproteins and demonstrate that terminal sialic acid on the N‐glycans is essential for uptake by human monocytes. Our results provide the first evidence that Pf exploits host sialylated N‐glycans to mediate EV uptake by the human immune system cells.

Methods of Studying Human Dendritic Cells Applicable to Assessing Vaccine Efficacy

Introduction: Vaccines are one of the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases. Their effectiveness and safety are guaranteed by studies of vaccine properties, during their development and during the mandatory preclinical and clinical trials of each new vaccine. Additional information on the mechanisms of vaccine action on human immune system cells can be obtained using in vitro immune response models. The objective of the study was to determine applicability of certain methods of studying human dendritic cells in vitro to assessing the effect of vaccines. Dendritic cells are the most active antigen presenting cells, which play a key role in triggering a primary immune response to an infection or vaccine. Materials and methods: We studied the effect of vaccines on the maturation of dendritic cells, their phagocytic activity and the ability to stimulate T-lymphocytes in vitro. Results: To test the methods, we used vaccines with a known pattern of action on the immune system. All the vaccines induced the expression of dendritic cell maturation markers. At the same time, different vaccines induced a different set of markers and the degree of expression of these molecules. Quantitative methods for assessing phagocytosis and stimulating activity of dendritic cells are described. Conclusion: Methods for evaluation of phagocytosis, phenotypic maturation and functional properties of dendritic cells have been shown to be useful for evaluation of vaccine action. In our opinion, these methods, as a complement to traditional methods for evaluating the immune response, can be used to investigate the action of prototype vaccines at the stage of their development and preclinical trials.

Knowledge, Practices and Challenges on HIV/AIDS Among High School Students in Wombera District, Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia

Human Immunodeficiency virus, commonly known as HIV infects the cells of human immune system and destroys them which later develop into an advanced condition called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, practices and challenges of HIV/AIDS infection and prevention among some selected high school students of Wombera district, Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia. Simple random sampling method was used to select the representative population. The data were collected through the multistage based close-ended and, open ended questionnaires. In addition, secondary data were collected through document observation. Among the total respondents, 46(38%) males and 45(37.2%) females know as HIV/AIDS is sexually transmitted disease. Generally, the results indicated that most of the students were aware of about the methods of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS infection. In spite of the high level of knowledge, there were also misconception and assumption toward the transmission methods of HIV/ AIDS infection. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Knowledge, Practice, Students, Secondary High Schools DOI: 10.7176/ALST/79-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Gla-rich protein function as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes/macrophages: Implications for calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases

Calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases are multifactorial pathological processes, involving a complex interplay between inflammation and calcification events in a positive feed-back loop driving disease progression. Gla-rich protein (GRP) is a vitamin K dependent protein (VKDP) shown to function as a calcification inhibitor in cardiovascular and articular tissues, and proposed as an anti-inflammatory agent in chondrocytes and synoviocytes, acting as a new crosstalk factor between these two interconnected events in osteoarthritis. However, a possible function of GRP in the immune system has never been studied. Here we focused our investigation in the involvement of GRP in the cell inflammatory response mechanisms, using a combination of freshly isolated human leucocytes and undifferentiated/differentiated THP-1 cell line. Our results demonstrate that VKDPs such as GRP and matrix gla protein (MGP) are synthesized and γ-carboxylated in the majority of human immune system cells either involved in innate or adaptive immune responses. Stimulation of THP-1 monocytes/macrophages with LPS or hydroxyapatite (HA) up-regulated GRP expression, and treatments with GRP or GRP-coated basic calcium phosphate crystals resulted in the down-regulation of mediators of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, independently of the protein γ-carboxylation status. Moreover, overexpression of GRP in THP-1 cells rescued the inflammation induced by LPS and HA, by down-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and NFkB. Interestingly, GRP was detected at protein and mRNA levels in extracellular vesicles released by macrophages, which may act as vehicles for extracellular trafficking and release. Our data indicate GRP as an endogenous mediator of inflammatory responses acting as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes/macrophages. We propose that in a context of chronic inflammation and calcification-related pathologies, GRP might act as a novel molecular mediator linking inflammation and calcification events, with potential therapeutic application.

Sildenafil, a Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor, Downregulates Osteopontin in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of sildenafil to regulate osteopontin (OPN) gene and protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy blood donors. OPN is expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including immune cells. OPN functions are linked to various physiological and pathological conditions. Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of type 5 phosphodiesterase. Sildenafil has recently been found to have immunomodulatory effects in animal models and in studies performed in humans. PMA-stimulated and unstimulated PBMCs from 16 healthy blood donors (men) were cultured with sildenafil (at concentrations of 400 ng/ml and 4 µg/ml). OPN level in culture supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The analysis of OPN gene expression was performed by real-time PCR. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining. PMA plus ionomycin stimulation of PBMCs resulted in a significant increase of OPN production and gene expression (p < 0.001). Sildenafil significantly decreased OPN secretion (p < 0.05) and gene expression (p < 0.05) in stimulated PBMCs; however, had no effect on OPN in unstimulated PBMCs. Sildenafil did not affect PBMCs viability. Sildenafil downregulates OPN in PBMCs from healthy men. Despite accumulating evidence for the immunomodulatory effects of sildenafil on human immune system cells, further studies are needed to determine if this drug affects the level of cGMP and NF-κB in PBMCs. In addition, it is needed to evaluate sildenafil’s activity in PBMCs from patients with elevated OPN levels.

The direct action of hyaluronic acid on human U-937 and HL-60 cells — modification of native and model membranes

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of application of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) of various molecular weights on the cells of human immune system. Two cell lines HL-60 and U-937 with various ability to differentiation were chosen. HL-60 cells were differentiated to macrophages and granulocytes, whereas U-937 only to macrophages. For all investigated cell systems the most cytotoxic effect, indicated as a decrease of cell viability, was found at HA dose equal to 200 mg/L. However, greater effect was observed for differentiated cells and at longer exposure to HA. The possibility of HA interaction with both specific receptors and membrane lipids was tested by determination of biotin-labelled HA binding to cell surface and analysis of physicochemical parameters of model membranes.

On the Interaction between a Nanoparticulate System and the Human Body in Body Area Nanonetworks

In this work, we investigate the interaction of a nanoparticulate system for nanomedicine applications with the biological environment, i.e., the human body. Following the molecular communication paradigm, we assess how our nanoparticulate system model is suitable for coexistence in a biological environment. Specifically, we assume the presence of the human immune system that can affect the optimal behavior of nanoparticles, aiming to locally deliver drug inside the human body. When a flow of nanoparticles is injected into the blood, the interference due to the immune system can provide a strong decrease of the nanoparticle concentration, by means of “humoral immunity”, the phagocytosis process, etc. As a consequence, the correct drug delivery will occur with a lower probability. Since the mechanism behind the biological immune system is very complicated, in this paper, we start from a simplistic nanoparticulate model, where the nanoparticles and the cells of the immune system are subject to the diffusion laws. Finally, we derive the end-to-end physical model of our nanoparticulate nanomedicine system with the presence of the human immune system cells. The error analysis is then investigated in terms of how these errors can affect the performance of the system, i.e., nanoparticle survival probability.

Cytotoxic Activity of Highly Purified Silver Nanoparticles Sol Against Cells of Human Immune System.

The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgN) in the articles of common use justifies the need to investigate their effects on the human body. Nanosilver toxicity of highly purified, stable, and well-characterized Ag sol toward human immune cells at various differentiation stages has been studied. Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) were differentiated to granulocytes using dimethyl sulfoxide and to macrophage-like cells by phorbol ester. Human monocytic cells (U-937) were differentiated to monocytes and macrophages by phorbol ester. In the presence of AgN, different changes of their survival time were observed depending on cell differentiation. Differentiated cells showed a significantly higher resistance than the non-differentiated cells, depending on the contact time and AgN concentration. In the presence of AgN at concentration of 25 mg/l, fraction of non-differentiated cells alive after 24 h was equal to 45 %; for granulocytes this number increased to 75 % and for macrophages to 65 %. The presence of AgN increases the levels of intracellular antioxidant —glutathione and of nitric oxide — one of inflammation mediators. By checking the effect caused by effluent obtained from AgN sol purification resulting at AgN sol purification, it was proved that cytotoxity should be attributed to the action of silver particles themselves.

Neolactoferrin As a Stimulator of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The effect of the innovative product Neolactoferrin, a natural combination of recombinant human lactoferrin (90%) and goat lactoferrin (10%) isolated from the milk of transgenic goats carrying the full-length human lactoferrin gene, on human immune system cells was studied. Neolactoferrin enhanced the production of IL-1β. Neolactoferrin saturated with iron ions increased the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. It determined the direction of the differentiation of precursor dendrite cells. Under the action of T cells, Neolactoferrin amplified the expression of the transcription factors responsible for the differentiation of Th- and Treg-cells and stimulated the production of both IFNγ and IL-4. The results suggest that Neolactoferrin exhibits an immunotropic activity and hinders the development of immune inflammatory processes. Iron saturation of Neolactoferrin increases its pro-inflammatory activity.

Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study

Telomere shortness in human beings is a prognostic marker of ageing, disease, and premature morbidity. We previously found an association between 3 months of comprehensive lifestyle changes and increased telomerase activity in human immune-system cells. We followed up participants to investigate long-term effects. This follow-up study compared ten men and 25 external controls who had biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer and had chosen to undergo active surveillance. Eligible participants were enrolled between 2003 and 2007 from previous studies and selected according to the same criteria. Men in the intervention group followed a programme of comprehensive lifestyle changes (diet, activity, stress management, and social support), and the men in the control group underwent active surveillance alone. We took blood samples at 5 years and compared relative telomere length and telomerase enzymatic activity per viable cell with those at baseline, and assessed their relation to the degree of lifestyle changes. Relative telomere length increased from baseline by a median of 0·06 telomere to single-copy gene ratio (T/S)units (IQR-0·05 to 0·11) in the lifestyle intervention group, but decreased in the control group (-0·03 T/S units, -0·05 to 0·03, difference p=0·03). When data from the two groups were combined, adherence to lifestyle changes was significantly associated with relative telomere length after adjustment for age and the length of follow-up (for each percentage point increase in lifestyle adherence score, T/S units increased by 0·07, 95% CI 0·02-0·12, p=0·005). At 5 years, telomerase activity had decreased from baseline by 0·25 (-2·25 to 2·23) units in the lifestyle intervention group, and by 1·08 (-3·25 to 1·86) units in the control group (p=0·64), and was not associated with adherence to lifestyle changes (relative risk 0·93, 95% CI 0·72-1·20, p=0·57). Our comprehensive lifestyle intervention was associated with increases in relative telomere length after 5 years of follow-up, compared with controls, in this small pilot study. Larger randomised controlled trials are warranted to confirm this finding. US Department of Defense, NIH/NCI, Furlotti Family Foundation, Bahna Foundation, DeJoria Foundation, Walton Family Foundation, Resnick Foundation, Greenbaum Foundation, Natwin Foundation, Safeway Foundation, Prostate Cancer Foundation.

In Vitro Modulation of E. coli Community Behavior and Human Innate Immune System by Lantibiotic Nisin

Biofilms are microbial communities with genetically divergent microorganisms. Such communal behavior is known to provide survival benefit to the unicellular organisms in adverse conditions. Pathogenicity of opportunistic bacterial pathogens largely depends on their success in proper quorum establishment and biofilm formation. Thus molecules causing quorum-sensing attenuation, preventing the biofilm formation or instigating preformed biofilm dislodgement could serve as attractive drugs/drug supplements. Here we investigate the effect of nisin—type A lantibiotic naturally produced by Lactococcus lactis—on laboratory developed Escherichia coli biofilms and on isolated human neutrophils. Activity evaluation was done on the biofilms of clinical isolates of E. coli, developed on glass slides in a simple static bioreactor design. Nisin not only inhibited the formation but also effectively dislodged the preformed E. coli biofilms developed on glass surfaces. Presence of nisin also demonstrated a significant decrease in the expression of E. coli virulence factors viz. hemolysin and curli expression. The microorganisms dislodged from the biofilms and set free in the circulation of infected host might later reassociate to form new biofilms after nisin clearance from circulation. Thus complete eradication of infective bacterium will depend on stimulatory effect of nisin (if any) on human immune system cells. Therefore modulation of human neutrophil activity by nisin was also evaluated. Presence of nisin induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation or NETosis in a manner similar to that demonstrated by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in vitro. Our results thus present nisin as a plausible molecule to be used in treatment of chronic bacterial infections as it indicated increased fitness for the same.

Host-based intrusion detection systems adapted from agent-based artificial immune systems

Agent-based artificial immune system (ABAIS) is adopted to intrusion detection system (IDS). An agent-based IDS (ABIDS) inspired by the danger theory of human immune system is proposed. Multiple agents are embedded to ABIDS, where agents coordinate one another to calculate mature context antigen value (MCAV) and update activation threshold for security responses. The intelligence behind ABIDS is based on the danger theory and the functionalities of dendritic cells in human immune systems, while dendritic cells agents (DC agent) are emulated for innate immune subsystem and artificial T-cell agents (TC agent) are for adaptive immune subsystem. Antigens are profiles of system calls while corresponding behaviors are regarded as signals. This ABIDS is based on the dual detections of DC agents for signals and TC agents for antigens. ABAIS is an intelligent system with learning and memory capabilities. According to MCAVs, immune response to malicious behaviors is activated by either computer host or Security Operating Center. Accordingly, computer hosts met with malicious intrusions can be effectively detected by input signals and temporary output signals such as PAMP, danger and safe signals.

The Effects on Cells Mobility Due to Exposure to EMF Radiation

Although the important role of the immune system in defending the human body against infections and cancer, only few studies on the possible effects of radiofrequency radiation on the function of human immune cells have been undertaken. The present study was performed to investigate whether radio frequency (RF) field exposure could affect the activity of human immune system cells by studying the activity and behavior of human leukocytes (white blood cells) upon exposure to radiofrequency fields. Human blood Leukocytes were exposed to different temperatures and 1800 MHz RF radiation ( SAR of 1.25 W/Kg, Power density of 0.1 mW/cm2 ) from a mobile phone when placed within a distance of 5 cm from the microscope stage. Our results indicated that when 1800 MHz RF field was applied, the speed increased above the value observed at the same temperature, and the maximum speed exceeded that measured value at any temperature by approximately 50%. The average time for the leukocytes to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min. Under the effect of RF exposure, significant change observed in Leukocytes movement direction to be perpendicular to the chemotactic direction and in parallel with the mobile phone position. Also significant change in leukocytes behavior, include changing shape much faster. The cells were shrinking, expanding, and rolling.

Multiagent-based computer virus detection systems: abstraction from dendritic cell algorithm with danger theory

Biologically-inspired artificial immune systems (AIS) have been applied to computer virus detection systems (CVDS). A multiagent-based CVDS (ABCVDS) inspired by the danger theory of human immune system is proposed. The intelligence behind ABCVDS is based on the functionalities of dendritic cells in human immune systems. Multiple agents are embedded to this virus detection system, where agents coordinate one another to calculate mature context antigen value (MCAV). Accordingly, computer hosts undergone with malicious intrusions can be effectively detected via input signals and temporary output signals.

Water-Soluble Peptide-Coated Nanoparticles: Control of the Helix Structure and Enhanced Differential Binding to Immune Cells

The stabilizing action of C(α)-tetrasubstituted α-amino acids inserted into a sequence of short peptides allowed for the first time the preparation of water-soluble nanoparticles of different materials coated with a helix-structured undecapeptide. This peptide coating strongly favors nanoparticle uptake by human immune system cells.