Human Identification Method Research Articles

Facial landmark automatic identification from three dimensional (3D) data by using Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

Landmark identification is one of the fundamental aspects and a necessary step of Three Dimensional (3D) data process. Numerous methods for landmark identification have been proposed, but none with high efficiency, good robustness and strong adaptability has been found yet. In this study, a novel method was developed and applied on a 120 subject's database to automatically identify facial landmarks from 3D facial scanned data. Spin Image (SI) is used to extract local feature and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is adopted to implement the landmark identification procedure. Eleven HMMs were trained to identify different facial landmarks, respectively. We developed a three-hierarchy experiment to test the validity and reliability of the algorithm. Results show that SI is highly efficient and robust to extract facial feature. The maximum landmark recognition rate reached 95.9%. The influence of parameters in SI on the validity and reliability of landmark identification was also investigated. It was found that Bin Size of SI can improve or reduce Identification Accuracy Rate (IAR) by Bin Size value variation. The mean value of IAR increases with the Bin Size until Bin Size reaches 10, when IAR acquires its maximum value 100% and remains constant before Bin Size reaches 65. After that, IAR dropped with the increase of Bin Size, and the velocity of the drop keeps increasing until it reaches the minimum value. In contrast, Support Angle of SI influences IAR positively. Support Angle starts to function at the value of 10°. Then, IAR increases with it until Support Angle reaches the degree of 90, when IAR acquired and maintained a constant maximum value of 100%. At last, a comparison was made to address the superiority of HMM over Artificial Neural Network (ANN) on facial landmark identification and we figured out the direction of future work as well. Besides the parameters of SI as discussed in this study, we can investigate the influence of the point sampling granularity on the identification accuracy as well in the future. Relevance to industryProcessing the 3D anthropometric data in order to make it useful for the design of products and facilities is still a challenging problem. One of the typical difficulties is that there is no valid human anatomical landmarks identification method. The improvement of reliability and accuracy of the automatic 3D landmarks identification algorithm for various human body shapes will reduce the time and cost for performing manual landmark palpating and dimension extraction. This work is expected to bring benefits to human-dimension-related ergonomic design and improvement.

Macromorphoscopic trait expression in a cranial sample from Medellín, Colombia

Adjusting existing methods of human identification developed by forensic anthropologists in the United States for use with populations not included in the original development of an analytical method requires data collection using contemporary osteological collections from those populations, and an assessment of the within-group variation present. The primary purpose of this research is to document cranial macromorphoscopic trait variation using methods previously developed in the United States in a sample of 244 individuals from Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. All individuals are of known age, sex, and birth region. The complex population and demographic history of Colombia makes ancestry assessment particularly difficult in that country. To that end, we explore inter-regional variation throughout Antioquia using birthplace to determine whether forensic anthropologists can provide finer levels of detail beyond identifying an unknown set of human remains as ‘Colombian’ or, more generally, Hispanic. State and local levels of identification resulting from the varied population histories of each state within Antioquia permit finer resolution, but only to a degree of certainty. Artificial neural networks (aNN) correctly classified only 18.6% of a validation sample, following modest classification accuracies of test/tuning (11.6%) and training (82.8%) samples to original birthplace. As with most neural networks, overfitting is an issue with these analyses. To remedy this overfitting and to document the applicability of aNNs to the assessment of ancestry in Colombia, we pooled the sample of Colombian data and compared that to modern American samples. In those analyses, the best aNN model correctly classified 48.4% (validation) of the sample. Given these results, finer levels of analysis in Colombia are not yet possible using only macromorphoscopic trait data.

An unusual method of forensic human identification: use of selfie photographs

As with other methods of identification, in forensic odontology, antemortem data are compared with postmortem findings. In the absence of dental documentation, photographs of the smile play an important role in this comparison. As yet, there are no reports of the use of the selfie photograph for identification purposes. Owing to advancements in technology, electronic devices, and social networks, this type of photograph has become increasingly common. This paper describes a case in which selfie photographs were used to identify a carbonized body, by using the smile line and image superimposition. This low-cost, rapid, and easy to analyze technique provides highly reliable results. Nevertheless, there are disadvantages, such as the limited number of teeth that are visible in a photograph, low image quality, possibility of morphological changes in the teeth after the antemortem image was taken, and difficulty of making comparisons depending on the orientation of the photo. In forensic odontology, new methods of identification must be sought to accompany technological evolution, particularly when no traditional methods of comparison, such as clinical record charts or radiographs, are available.

Lip outline: A new paradigm in forensic sciences.

Introduction:Personal identification is becoming increasingly important not only in legal medicine but also in crime/criminal investigation and identification. Sometimes establishing a person's identity can be a very difficult process. Dental, fingerprint, and DNA comparisons are probably the most common technique used. However, there are many well-known implanted methods of human identification, one of the most interesting emerging methods of human identification which originates from the criminal and forensic practice, is human lips recognition. Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with the identification based on lip traces. The lip outline of every person is unique and can be used to fix the personal identity.Aim:The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of lip outline patterns among males and females, and to evaluate the uniqueness of lip outline pattern.Materials and Methods:The study group comprised of 200 individuals from Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences. Lip outline patterns were obtained and were transferred to the proforma sheet for analysis.Results:The results of the study revealed that the lip outline patterns for each individual were unique.Conclusion:This study showed that lip outline patterns are unique to each individual and can be used for personal identification.

Post-Mortem Identification of a Fire Carbonized Body by STR Genotyping

Identification of bodies of unknown identity that are victims of exposure to very high temperatures, resulting from fires, plane crashes, and terrorist attacks, represents one of the most difficult sides of forensic genetics, because of the advanced state of decomposition. The aim of this study was the identification of the carbonized cadaver of a fire victim through STR genotyping. We used blood samples obtained from the iliac artery during the autopsy examination as biological samples from the unidentified victim. After DNA isolation and quantification, we proceeded to its amplification using the multiplex PCR kit AmpFlSTR Identifiler. The DNA products were separated using an ABI 3500 genetic analyzer. Further analysis of the data was done using Gene Mapper ID-X version 1.4 software. In this case, it was possible to obtain a complete DNA profile from the biological samples. Due to the fact that the amelogenin gene presented two alleles, X and Y, we concluded that the victim was a man. We conclude that STR profiling of unidentified bodies (carbonized, decomposed) represents a powerful method of human identification in forensic medicine.

Morphological analysis of palatal rugae pattern in central Indian population.

Aim:The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological study of palatal rugae pattern in a central Indian population and to determine sex differentiation.Objectives:To investigate the distinctive rugae patterns of the study population and determine the contribution of rugae patterns in gender identification.Material and Methods:The present cross-sectional study was conducted among a Central Indian population with a sample size of 500 participants. The study involved 250 males and 250 females who were randomly selected from the outpatient department of Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. After collection of impression, casts were made and analyzed to evaluate the palatal rugae pattern in a central Indian population by using Thomas and Kotze classification (1983) for number, shape, direction, and unification of palatal rugae pattern. The statistical analysis was carried out using Mann–Whitney test and Chi-square (χ2) tests for categorical variables.Result:Males showed more number of rugae than females [P = 0.00 (≤0.001)]. Males had more number of wavy rugae pattern whereas females showed more number of straight rugae patterns [P = 0.00 (≤0.001)]. Males showed more backwardly directed rugae whereas females showed more forwardly directed rugae [P = 0.00 (≤0.001)]. The unification did not show any significant difference.Conclusion:This study showed that there was a significant relationship between palatoscopy, human identification, and sex determination. Thus, palatoscopy can be considered as a cost effective, easy, unique, and stable method for human identification.

Human Identification by Gait Using Time Delay Neural Networks

<p>This paper proposed human identification method by gait. Human gait is a type of biometric features and related to the physiological and behavioral features of a human. In this paper, a feature vector of gait motion parameters is extracted from each frame using image segmentation methods, and categorized into different categories. Two of these categories were used to form the gait motion trajectories; Category one: Gait angle velocity: angle velocity hip, angle velocity knee, angle velocity thigh and angle velocity shank. Category two: Gait angle acceleration: angle acceleration hip, angle acceleration knee, angle acceleration thigh and angle acceleration shank for each image sequence. Finally, the TDNN method with different training algorithms is used for recognition purpose. This experiment is done on our own database. This research developed a method which achieves a higher recognition rate in the training set 100% and in the testing set 83%. Also, category one establishes gait motion features to be used in human gait identification applications using different training algorithms, While category two achieved a higher recognition rate by trainrb algorithm.</p>

Validation of a multiplex system with 20 multi-Indels for forensic purposes

Multi-Indel polymorphism has been considered as a useful supplementary tool for human identification. Compared with the conventional single Indel marker, it has showed obvious advantage in improving the discrimination power. Previously, we established a novel multiplex system with 20 multi-Indels witch contains 43 single InDel markers. Currently, validation studies were performed with species specificity, sensitivity, mixture study and artificially degraded samples, according to the FBI/SWGDAM guideline. The results showed (a) no fluorescent signal for forensically relevant animals was obtained, (b) complete and accurate profiles were detectable as DNA amount was 0.3ng, and (c) the reliable results of typing 20 multi-Indels could be obtained from degraded DNA. The mixture of two unrelated individuals in a ratio up to 3:7 could be recognized with all alleles. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the multiplex system with 20 multi-Indels can be used as a useful supplementary method for human identification and paternity testing.

Integration of multiple soft biometrics for human identification

We propose a computational approach to human identification based on the integration of face and body related soft biometric traits. In previous studies on soft biometrics, several methods for human identification using semantic descriptions have been introduced. Though the results attained exhibit the effectiveness of such techniques in image retrieval and short term tracking of subjects, semantics literally limits the ability of a biometric system to provide conclusive identification. This paper presents a new framework for biometric identification based solely on multiple measured soft biometric traits. The paper describes techniques for extracting/estimating face and body based soft biometric traits from frame set. Furthermore, we utilized a sequential attribute combination method to perform attribute selection prior to integration at match score level. Finally, an evaluation of five score fusion techniques is performed. The results show that the proposed framework can be utilized to model an adequate soft biometric system with rank-1 identification rate of 88%.

English

English

복잡행동환경에서의 센서융합기반 행동패턴 분석

We propose hybrid-sensing system for human tracking. This system uses laser scanners and image sensors and is applicable to wide and crowded area such as hallway of university. Concretely, human tracking using laser scanners is at base and image sensors are used for human identification when laser scanners lose persons by occlusion, entering room or going up stairs. We developed the method of human identification for this system. Our method is following: 1. Best-shot images (human images which show human feature clearly) are obtained by the help of human position and direction data obtained by laser scanners. 2. Human identification is conducted by calculating the correlation between the color histograms of best-shot images. It becomes possible to conduct human identification even in crowded scenes by estimating best-shot images. In the experiment in the station, some effectiveness of this method became clear.

Eyelid Detection Method Based on a Fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization

Iris recognition is one of the most robust human identification methods. In order to carry out accurate iris recognition, many factors of image quality should be born in mind. The eyelid occlusion is a quality factor that may significantly affect the accuracy. In this paper we introduce a new fuzzy multi-objective optimization approach based on the eyelid detection method. This method obtains the eyelid contour which represents the best solution of Pareto-optimal set taking into account five optimized objectives. This proposal is composed of three main stages, namely, gathering eyelid contour information, filtering eyelid contour and tracing eyelid contour. The results of the proposal are evaluated in a verification mode and thus a few performance measures are generated in order to compare them with other works of the state of the art. Thereby, the proposed method outperforms other approaches and it is very useful for implementing real applications as well.

Automated Human Identification Scheme using Ear Biometrics Technology

Biometrics identification methods have proved to be very efficient, more natural and easy for users than traditional methods of human identification. Biometrics methods truly identify humans, not keys and cards they posses or passwords they should remember. Ear on the other hand, has a more uniform distribution of color, so almost all information is conserved when converting the original image into gray scales. We propose the ear as a biometric and investigate it with both 2D and 3D data. The ICP-based algorithm also demonstrates good scalability with size of dataset. These results are encouraging in that they suggest a strong potential for 3D ear shape as a biometric. Multi-biometric 2D and 3D ear recognition are also explored. The proposed automatic ear detection method will integrate with the current system, and the performance will be evaluated with the original one. The investigation of ear recognition under less controlled conditions will focus on the robustness and variability of ear biometrics. Multi- modal biometrics using 3D ear images will be explored, and the performance will be compared to existing biometrics experimental results.

An Efficient Parallel Approach for Sclera Vein Recognition

Sclera vein recognition is shown to be a promising method for human identification. However, its matching speed is slow, which could impact its application for real-time applications. To improve the matching efficiency, we proposed a new parallel sclera vein recognition method using a two-stage parallel approach for registration and matching. First, we designed a rotation- and scale-invariant Y shape descriptor based feature extraction method to efficiently eliminate most unlikely matches. Second, we developed a weighted polar line sclera descriptor structure to incorporate mask information to reduce GPU memory cost. Third, we designed a coarse-to-fine two-stage matching method. Finally, we developed a mapping scheme to map the subtasks to GPU processing units. The experimental results show that our proposed method can achieve dramatic processing speed improvement without compromising the recognition accuracy.

Human Gait Identification Based on Difference Image

Human gait recognition aims to identify people by their walking style. In this paper a difference image based human gait identification method is proposed. For each human gait images sequence, gauss model based background estimation is used to segment frames of the sequence to obtain the silhouette images with less noise. By comparing the difference of two adjacent silhouettes in the images sequence, we can get a difference images sequence. Every difference image in the difference sequence indicates the body moving feature during ones walking. By projecting every difference image to Y axis or X axis we can get two feature vectors. Project every difference images of the whole walking images in one walking cycle we can get two matrixes. These two matrixes indicate the style of ones walking. Then Two-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis(2DPCA) is used to transform the above matrixes to two vectors while at the same time keep the maximum separability. Finally the similarity of two human gait images is calculated by the Euclidean distance of the two vectors. Experimental results on a gait database of 124 people show that the rank 5 identification accuracy can achieve 92%.

2A1-T03 剣道エージェント:"I"s : 第2報:攻撃動作同定手法(人間機械協調)

In this article, we propose a method of human motion identification for Kendo agent. There are three basic attack motion, "Kote-Uchi", "Men-Uchi" and "Dou-Uchi", in Kendo. Although we proposed attack motion prediction method for kendo agent, the agent can not predict his opponent's motion without selection of motion model, which is generated as Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). Therefore the agent should choose the suitable model to predict the motion. In order to choose a suitable model, current opponent's motion is identified from current his opponent's state and GMMs. The motion identification method is evaluated by carrying out some experiments.

Forensic Dentistry: An Overview of the Human Identification’s Techniques of this Dental Specialty

The dentist who graduates to work in a dental clinical practice, finds a new professional branch in Forensic Dentistry. This review article reports the different fields of Forensic Dentistry and shows the importance of this specialty. Furthermore, it presents a review of current literature on different oral methods of human identification (dental arch exams, palatal rugae, and tooth extractions for the posterior examination of the DNA of the dental pulp) that are responsibility of the forensic dentist. The dentist is the only one who has the proper skills to investigate forensic clues found in a cadaver. A vast knowledge is required of the dentist to work in this area, because of the many responsibilities.

Human Recognition based on Gait Features and Genetic Programming

Human walking has always been the curious field of research for different disciple of social and information science. The study of human walk or human gait in association with different behaviors and emotions has not only fascinated social science researchers, but its uniqueness has also attracted many computer scientists to work in this arena for the quest of uncovering reliable mechanisms of biometric identification. In this research, we used a novel method for human identification based on inferring the relationship between the human gait features via genetic programming. Moreover, we focus on generating the unique numerical signature that is similar for different locomotion gaits of a particular individual but different across different individuals.

Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Review and Analysis of Scientific Research in Brazil

Forensic Facial Reconstruction (FFR) refers to any process that aims to recover the morphology of a face at the moment before death, from the observation of a skull. It’s a recognition method that allows direct investigations for primary methods of human identification. The literature on this topic is very extensive, however, there are only few national studies, even in Forensic Dentistry. The present study aimed to review and to analyze the Brazilian research publications about FFR. On April 13, a search for references was carried on Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia (BBO) and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) electronic full-text databases with the terms “forensic facial reconstruction”, “forensic facial reconstitution” and “forensic facial approximation”. A total of 10 national references was found, between 2000 and 2012: 2 articles, 3 dissertations and 5 theses. Most of the references belong to the field of dentistry and the topic that was most studied is facial soft tissue thickness of Brazilian subjects, totaling 30% of the publications. About 50% of the studies have been made since 2010, which shows that the national studies are recent. We conclude that the Brazilian literature on FFR has been growing, but there is still a lack of research. The preparation of theses and dissertations is valuable for the development of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Dentistry.

Genotyping of 38 insertion/deletion polymorphisms for human identification using universal fluorescent PCR

Short insertion/deletion (Indel) polymorphisms of approximately 2–6 bp are useful as biallelic markers for forensic analysis, and the application of Indel genotyping as a supplementary tool would improve human identification accuracy. We examined the allele frequencies of 37 autosomal Indels in the Japanese population and developed a novel dual-color genotyping method for human identification on the basis of universal fluorescent PCR, including the sex-typing amelogenin locus. Target genomic fragment sizes for 38 Indels were 49–143 bp. We analyzed these Indels in 100 Japanese individuals using the M13(-47) sequence as a universal primer. For dual-color genotyping, we designed a novel universal primer with high amplification efficiency and specificity. Using FAM-labeled M13(-47) and HEX-labeled modified M13(-47) primers, fluorescent signals at all loci were clearly distinguished in two independent multiplex PCRs. Average minor allele frequency was 0.39, and accumulated matching probability was 2.12 × 10−15. Complete profiles were successfully amplified with as little as 0.25 ng of DNA. This method provides robust, sensitive, and cost-effective genotyping for human identification.