Human Fate Research Articles

Znak kielicha w opisie ustanowienia Eucharystii według św. Łukasza (Łk 22, 14–20)

In the Old Testament the cup symbolizes human fate, life or destiny. It can bear both positive and negative connotations depending on context and circumstances. The cup is an indispensable item to the Passover seder in Judaism. It’s become a central symbol of freedom and divine intervention in the history of Israel. The paper is focusing on the Eucharistic Cup of Jesus, whose meaning cannot be fully grasped without reference to the ancient Jewish tradition.

GARDENS AS “PARTNERS” IN CONTEMPLATION: READING THE STORIES OF THE FIRST EDEN (GENESIS 2–3) AND A RESTORED EDEN (SONG OF SONGS) THROUGH THE LENS OF ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY

It is well known that gardens have always been inspiring for great thinkers of the past, for instance Greek and Roman philosophers, Confucian thinkers, Desiderius Erasmus, Isaac Newton and Arnold Toynbee, to name but a few. Why is this so? Attention Restoration Theory, developed by environmental psychologists Stephen and Rachel Kaplan, explains how both wild (e.g., reserves) and cultivated nature (e.g., parks, gardens) can assist in replenishing our cognitive and emotional coping capacities, and uplift us. Nature is not only a setting but an active agent/“partner” in sustaining human well-being, inter alia when contemplating or reflecting on the meaning of life. In order to achieve this the human/nature relationship needs to meet the properties of “being away”, “compatibility”, “‘soft’ fascination” and “extent”. Shining the light of these insights on two “Edens” in the Old Testament, the one lost (Gen 2–3) and the other revived (Song of Songs), nature’s role in evoking contemplation especially, whether on human fate or human delight, will be highlighted.

Pedagogika osłaniająca. O filozoficznych przesłankach praktyki pedagogicznej przedszkola waldorfskiego

The aim of the article is to present the philosophical reasons of the pedagogical practice of Waldorf kindergartens that result from the anthroposophical anthropology of Rudolf Steiner. The author focuses on the notion of ‘envelope’ in Waldorf education. The metaphor of a protecting envelope is described in the context of space and time of Waldorf kindergarten and relationships between educator and a child. Those relationships – in the light of anthroposophical conception of human fate – are based on the trust brought by the child from the spiritual world. This trust appears by the child’s capacity to imitate. The author gives examples of pedagogical activities which help to protect and cultivate this child’s inner capacity by the envelopes of warmth, action, rhythm and word.

Character and Fate in the Mayor of Casterbridge

<i>The Mayor of Casterbridge</i> is one of Thomas Hardy’s typical ‘Wessex novels’. This novel narrates a series of stories that happened after Henchard sold his wife when he was drunk at early 19 century England, Casterbridge. Combining with other Wessex novels we can summarize that Hardy believed that human fate was closely linked with character, it is “the novel of character and fate”. In traditional literature, a tragic hero is utterly vicious, but in<i> The Mayor of Casterbridge</i>, Michael Henchard is not the typical tragic man, he is a tragic hero. He was impulsive, arrogant and honest, ambitious at the same time. So the moral value supported his control over his wife, daughter and lover. By analyzing Henchard’ s defective character, we can safely come to the conclusion that Henchard is mainly responsible for his own tragedy which is inevitable for his own defective personalities. Apart from Henchard, Susan and Elisabeth are the female roles in the story who also have different fates because of their unique characters. For living environment, they were living in the same society when people have prejudices against women. For character, they were completly different. Compared with traditional woman, Susan, the mother, Hardy created a new model of female, Elisabeth, the daughter, who desired for freedom and explored for self-improvement. For their fates, Hardy believed that there was a kind of mysterious and unavoidable power that can change people’s life, and their different fates are the result of their different personalities. Susan as a tragic great mother, died miserably, and Elisabeth as an independent daughter, gained liberation and lived happily. This paper observes the human being from these two angles, the character and the fate, to deeply and systematically analyze the close relationship between fate and character in <i>The Mayor of Casterbridge</i>.

„Krótkie długie życie” ks. Twardowskiego. O strategiach biografa

The paper reviews two biographies devoted to the late priest and poet Jan Twardowski, who died in 2006. The authors of both books adopt different strategies: they use biographical sources in different way and vary in the construction of fate of their protagonist. Grzebalkowska concentrates on reporting activities, attempting to discover the answer to the question of human fate. Smaszcza is interested in the priest-poet and thus draws the clear shape of the fate of the reverend and artist, avoiding sensitive and controversial issues.

Cultural Memory in the Novel Unterstadt by Ivana Šojat-Kuči

AbstractUnterstadt (2009) by Ivana Šojat-Kuči can serve as an example of a literary and artistic intervention in the process of cultural oblivion. It is a novel that has won numerous literary awards in Croatia for its innovativeness. For the first time, it tells a story in which minority culture members themselves narrate about their ideologically suppressed family memory in order to imaginatively (re)construct the past, considering the needs of re-examining the destiny of a bourgeois family of German ancestry in the town of Osijek. Themes such as reminiscence, remembering and raising awareness of the town space are a textual polygon for telling the story as a family saga about the destiny of women in four generations – great-grandmother, grandmother, mother, and daughter. Remembering and reminiscence are considered as social and cultural constructs that arise out of mutual interaction between the members of a specific family and community. Thereunto, the role of remembering and forgetting in the process of establishing historical events, female identity and the town’s toponymy as cultural/material objects should be determined, and vice versa, the role of culture-moulded objects in memory formation should be defined. There are three methodological approaches or perspectives to the reading of the novel. First, the historiographic layer of the novel is analysed, followed by the analysis of the town as a physical givenness and a cultural construct – a point of intersection of different identities, but also as an area of trauma. The issue of oblivion and reminiscence of the German national minority in the context of specifically female history is tackled as the third perspective. The novel Unterstadt is an example of a text presenting the mechanism of official remembering and forgetting and re-creation of the past by using the discursive act of narrating human fates conditioned by great historical events.

A Balance between Secreted Inhibitors and Edge Sensing Controls Gastruloid Self-Organization

The earliest aspects of human embryogenesis remain mysterious. To model patterning events in the human embryo, we used colonies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) grown on micropatterned substrate and differentiated with BMP4. These gastruloids recapitulate the embryonic arrangement of the mammalian germ layers and provide an assay to assess the structural and signaling mechanisms patterning the human gastrula. Structurally, high-density hESCs localize their receptors to transforming growth factor β at their lateral side in the center of the colony while maintaining apical localization of receptors at the edge. This relocalization insulates cells at the center from apically applied ligands whilemaintaining response to basally presented ones. In addition, BMP4 directly induces the expression of its own inhibitor, NOGGIN, generating a reaction-diffusion mechanism that underlies patterning. Wedevelop a quantitative model that integrates edge sensing and inhibitors to predict human fate positioning in gastruloids and, potentially, the human embryo.

Abstract 3305: Hippo kinases LATS1/2 control human breast cell fate

Abstract Cellular differentiation and lineage commitment in adult tissues is a tightly regulated, yet highly dynamic process. It is of crucial importance to understand how different cell fates are maintained and how cellular plasticity is regulated: In the context of normal development but also in the light of the fact that perturbations acting as cell fate switches are the underlining cause for many human diseases. Still, the regulation of cell fate in many tissues, including the breast, remains largely elusive. We performed a high-content confocal image-based loss-of-function screen for regulators of primary breast cell fate. We infected primary human breast cells with a shRNA tumor suppressor library in serum-free suspension culture in an arrayed format and assessed a variety of phenotypic parameters using automated confocal imaging. We found that removal of tumor-suppressor genes increased the number of progenitor cells and promoted self-renewal potential. Unexpectedly, these effects were particularly linked to an increase in the number of cells of the luminal lineage. Redundant shRNA activity (RSA) and pathway analysis revealed that activation of the Hippo pathway was significantly associated with this increase in self-renewal and the luminal phenotype. We focused on the Hippo core kinases LATS1/2 (LATS), which were among the highest scored hits in the initial screen. Depletion of LATS in normal breast cells derived from several independent donors promoted self-renewal, luminal fate and increased the numbers of luminal progenitors. Luminal progenitors have been shown to include the cell-of-origin of most human breast cancers and supporting this hypothesis, we found that LATS protein expression was low or absent in most human breast cancers. Furthermore, we generated a gene signature of LATS depleted primary breast cells, which revealed a high enrichment in genes belonging to luminal A and B subtypes of breast cancer. Surprisingly, endogenous activation of the Hippo pathway via removal of its core kinases LATS only resulted in modest upregulation of its canonical targets YAP/TAZ, but rather triggered a pronounced increase in the expression of luminal and luminal progenitor genes. These findings challenge the current observation that Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ are associated with mammary basal cell fate and uncover a novel YAP/TAZ-independent role of LATS in the regulation on breast cell fate. Citation Format: Adrian Britschgi, Stephan Duss, Sungeun Kim, Heike Brinkhaus, Joana Pinto Couto, Duvini De Silva, Loren Miraglia, Michael B. Stadler, Anthony P. Orth, Ghislain M.C. Bonamy, Venkateshwar A. Reddy, Mohamed Bentires-Alj. Hippo kinases LATS1/2 control human breast cell fate. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3305.

Au nom de la raison neurobiologique

ProblemNeurobiology, adorned with the most recent discoveries of the molecular biology, the genetics and the cognitive sciences, is present everywhere: In the report of the man with his body, with his intellectual faculties, with his perception of others and himself. Our social conducts, morality and our affects would be governed by neuronal substrata. Are things so simple? MethodologyTo try to answer this question, the author is going to use the opposition “to explain” and “understand”, in a long-standing and often passionate debate which concerns the epistemology and the ontology, two modalities to be inflexible. Different thus of methods: In the mind of Dilthey, we explain the nature (submitted to the principle of the causality) but we understand the psychic life (which sends back to the sphere of the sense). ResultsIf the debate to explain and understand is further and far from being simple, the author adduces to draw from it some conclusions by questioning the speech of the promising of a reductionist neurobiology which believe to explain everything including all our actions in the name of the neurobiological reason: (1) if this is the case, we would be slaves of a history which already has its fate: The neurobiological-shaped man is neurobiological, (2) this speech is based on the mechanism of the tautology, that is it goes round in circles, teaches us absolutely nothing, (3) if the same neurobiologist asserts the opposite, why while reporting me what I say, I have no precise and localizable perception of my consciousness? (4) if the consciousness has no appropriate place or, to say it differently, if there is no intellectual topic appropriate to the consciousness, then what takes place in me will remain forever untranslatable and will be condemned to the silence. To go out of one, exist thus, I need the immediate and permanent help of an other one (or of contradiction), (5) if this process is purely an event of the brain then all our actions, all our gestures, in brief all that it is allowed us to live has to take place as it takes place, (6) finally to assert it brings us nothing more because the explanation always leaves something aside: the phenomenon of the life in which he is imperceptible. The example of the alcoholic is significant: if a change of the intellectual mechanisms is responsible of his alcohol addiction, why the alcoholic, by wanting to drink “how everybody”, makes as if written history beforehand was of not much importance? If the alcoholic began thinking of his own cerebral dysfunction while he lives, his life would have no shape. Indeed, if he receives the message and knows the felling about which it is a question. Indeed, if he receives the message and knows the feeling about which it is a question, he cannot, by force of circumstance, feel what his brain passes on to him: he does not witness what appears in its brain. On the other and he witnesses the world in which he lives but also on his condition of mortal. So, without objects to be cultivated, that is without the world of the presence which is the one of the existence and not the understanding, the neurobiological explanation of his alcohol addiction will concern a knowledge but will ignore any life. It means that there is well a gap to live and theorize and that the alcoholic is not reduced to a cerebral dysfunction: he is in the life of relation, that is it is capable of taking up himself by using its real-life experience. The psychopathology implications are going to show themselves here of a very big importance: any reduction comes to truncate the understanding of the man sick coach in reality we constantly have to deal with the “global and complete” man, with the anthropology of the human fate. ConclusionIf the science brings us news discovered in this domain, it has to keep always in mind that the life remains imperceptible and deeply moving. Without this existential event which allows us “to live”, the air will become unbreathable in our more and more technical-scientific world: it would like being sentenced to asphyxiation.

Bishop Vincentius of Cracow and Chronica Polonorum

The Latin chronicle written by Bishop Vincentius of Cracow at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is a key source to the history of Poland and influenced centuries of history writing. The chronicle is a masterpiece of the twelfth-century renaissance, and draws heavily on the heritage of antiquity. Throughout the text, Vincentius reveals himself to be a master of allegory and historical metaphor, through which he builds the narrative of history of his people as well as offers a commentary on human behaviour, God's law, and human fate. Vincentius likens himself to a dwarf on whose shoulders his dynastic sponsor placed the burden of Atlas. Vincentius' work demonstrates his pride in the Poles bieng an integral part of universal human history. Through the literary means of the chronicle, Vincentius, drawing on his education and erudition which was firmly placed in the intellectual world of western Europe in the twelfth century, gives meaning to the achievements of the Poles. This article explores the life of Vincentius and provides an analysis of the Polish clergyman's writings aiming at outlining his construct of a history of the Poles, which emphasised law and dynastic heritage.

ĐỀ TÀI CHIẾN TRANH TRONG SỐ PHẬN CON NGƯỜI VÀ NỖI BUỒN CHIẾN TRANH

ĐỀ TÀI CHIẾN TRANH TRONG SỐ PHẬN CON NGƯỜI VÀ NỖI BUỒN CHIẾN TRANH

SỐ PHẬN NGƯỜI NÔNG DÂN TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT VIẾT VỀ NÔNG THÔN Ở VIỆT NAM (GIAI ĐOẠN TỪ 1986 ĐẾN 2010)

SỐ PHẬN NGƯỜI NÔNG DÂN TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT VIẾT VỀ NÔNG THÔN Ở VIỆT NAM (GIAI ĐOẠN TỪ 1986 ĐẾN 2010)

Who Is M‘Intosh?

Bloom’s description in “Ithaca” of the worst human fate he can imagine—“Nadir of misery: the aged impotent disfranchised rate-supported moribund lunatic pauper” (U 17.1946–47)—is Joyce’s intended solution to the enigma “Who is M‘Intosh?” The description precisely matches the various bits of information we receive about the man in the macintosh from his several brief appearances. In the light of this solution, the character becomes intriguingly enmeshed in Ulysses’s themes of time and change, of suffering and life’s incertitude. As the novel’s image of lowest misery, he stands in opposition to its image of highest joy: Bloom on Howth with Molly. And he is Joyce’s modern equivalent of the old wandering beggar Odysseus pretends to be when he finally returns to Ithaca. M‘Intosh, like Homer’s beggar, embodies the instability of human happiness.

“Maria Ivanovna Was Reclining on a Settee”: Gleb Uspenskii’s Search for a New Optics

To Gleb Uspenskii's contemporaries, his preference for short forms like sketches, notes, and fragments masked an artistic fl aw – his inability to produce a novel. The paper reconsiders Uspenskii's generic choices as a deliberate critique of the novel form. This critique refl ected Uspenskii's anxiety about the signifi cance of individual personality and experience overvalued by the novel. Uspenskii's aspiration to transcend the novel's preoccupation with an individual human fate in order to lay bare the conditions shaping the shared destiny of all led him to exchange the novel's “microscopic” optics for a broader, panoramic lens. Such change in perspective dictated several other elements of his poetics: from rejecting the novel's aesthetics of small detail to reconfi guring the traditional character structure.

Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as novel markers of human neural stem cell fate determination

Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) provide a model to investigate neurogenesis and develop mechanisms of cell transplantation. In order to define improved markers of stemness and lineage specificity, we examined self-renewal and multi-lineage markers during long-term expansion and under neuronal and astrocyte differentiating conditions in human ESC-derived NSCs (hNSC H9 cells). In addition, with proteoglycans ubiquitous to the neural niche, we also examined heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and their regulatory enzymes. Our results demonstrate that hNSC H9 cells maintain self-renewal and multipotent capacity during extended culture and express HS biosynthesis enzymes and several HSPG core protein syndecans (SDCs) and glypicans (GPCs) at a high level. In addition, hNSC H9 cells exhibit high neuronal and a restricted glial differentiative potential with lineage differentiation significantly increasing expression of many HS biosynthesis enzymes. Furthermore, neuronal differentiation of the cells upregulated SDC4, GPC1, GPC2, GPC3 and GPC6 expression with increased GPC4 expression observed under astrocyte culture conditions. Finally, downregulation of selected HSPG core proteins altered hNSC H9 cell lineage potential. These findings demonstrate an involvement for HSPGs in mediating hNSC maintenance and lineage commitment and their potential use as novel markers of hNSC and neural cell lineage specification.

Hogyan rangsoroljunk, ha muszáj? Gondolatok Amy N. Langville és Carl D. Meyer könyve nyomán

More than ever, our life is permeated by rankings. This is true also in the world of scientific research. The responsibility of the producers of such rankings is significant, since their results may influence decisions determining human fates and careers. The reviewed book - in a rather special area of ranking only - exemplifies how a set of methodologies can be systematically compiled, and how various methods can be combined into comprehensive, multidimensional rating and ranking systems.

End with a Question: Reflections on Judith Kitchen’s Aesthetic and Achievement

Judith was an innovator, a gifted experimenter. She started as a poet and moved to the essay because it challenged her, gave her the space to achieve a structural complexity that could afford her mind free play and allow her subject matter to resonate beyond her own life. Her adventurous essays are layered with concentric circles (her own image) of history—or histories— personal within familial within cultural within our larger human fate. Time was her great subject; war was never far below the surface. Judith wouldn’t settle for the obvious or the easy. I can’t count the times she hadme read awork in progress and, when I respondedwith enthusiasm, as I so often did, she replied that a given word, or phrase, or passage I admired was to be stricken as “purple.” Although an influential and admired lyricist, she never let pass an effect for its own sake, amere performance. Her gorgeous writing was wedded to her exploration of truth, her desire to discover the human meaning of things. She sought todevise newstructures capable of lucid complexity. Shewas a pioneer, perhaps the pioneer, in the now fashionable genre of interactive or “creative” criticism. She was always a dialogist, with the reader, with photographs, with history, with literature, with herself. In essays such as “O’Brien and O’Brien,” her personal voice weaves in and around the novels of Edna and Tim, linking their separate wars to each other and to her own history. It was characteristic of Judith to mold difference into something new and rich E S S A Y

Making a Difference. A Comparative Philosophical Analysis of Difference, Death, Gaze and Enjoyment in Three Creation Myths from 19th-Century Slovenian Territory&lt;br&gt;Primerjalna filozofska analiza razlike, smrti, pogleda in veselja v treh slovenskih stvaritvenih mitih 19. stoletja&lt;/br&gt;

The article takes as its starting point three creation tales recorded in the 19th century by pioneer ethnographer Janez Trdina in villages within what is today Slovenia to develop, through their comparison with myths from other parts of the globe (supported mainly by previous work done by comparative mythologist Zmago Šmitek), a philosophical basis enabling a deeper understanding of both their content and the standpoint of archaic thought in general. In dealing with the first story the article discusses the relationship between the sublime creator and his material creation along with the role of unconscious in forming the latter; the second tale is used as a basis of analysing the concept of relativism and the status of God’s gaze; while a discussion of the third enables it to delve into the concept of God’s absence in the world and the consequential human fate of death, toil and suffering as understood by the Bible on one and archaic mythology on the other side. The article hopes its exposition will contribute both to a deeper conceptual understanding of mythological material on the side of ethnology and trigger attention to the same material as a carrier of a noteworthy conceptual message on the side of philosophy.

Conrad and Turgenev: Towards the Real by Katarzyna Sokołowska

Reviewed by: Conrad and Turgenev: Towards the Real by Katarzyna Sokołowska Brygida Pudełko (bio) Katarzyna Sokołowska. Conrad and Turgenev: Towards the Real. Lublin: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press; New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. 353 pp. ISBN: 9780880336833. Katarzyna Sokołowska's monograph, Conrad and Turgenev: Towards the Real, is the first to offer a detailed, in-depth study of Conrad's relationship with Turgenev. The book consists of three chapters as well as an introduction, conclusion, works cited, index of non-fictional names, and index of Conrad's works and letters. As noted in the introduction, literary and philosophical influences that situate Conrad within the context of European literature provide the thematic and formal insights to study his affinities with Turgenev. Sokołowska begins with the underlying assumption that Conrad, who participated in the emergence of the modernist movement, is also rooted in the tradition of realism, especially that of Balzac, Flaubert, and Maupassant, linking him to Turgenev. Indeed, Conrad's links to other major writers are legendary. Alongside Turgenev, Conrad admired above all the Victorian novelists: Dickens, Thackeray, Eliot, Hardy, and Gissing. The above-mentioned affinities provide a helpful frame for the analysis of Conrad's complex attitude towards Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Turgenev. The reader is informed that among the "great three" Russian writers, Conrad appreciated only the latter, who was the least purely national, the most cosmopolitan and Westernized of the three writers (10). But we have to be aware of the fact that Conrad did not employ Turgenev's techniques or themes, and he did not seek inspiration in his novels or short stories. Sokołowska contends that in order to trace affinities between the two writers "it is rather valid to concentrate on their outlooks, their worldviews, and their ideas concerning art, personality and politics" (19). The first chapter, "Language and Representation," discusses Conrad's and Turgenev's complex relationships between language and reality. Sokołowska underlines that both writers are skeptical of the adequacy of language which cannot capture "all the nuances of both reality and the inner world of the self" [End Page 271] (34). That is why silence is frequently equated with a failure to communicate the many shades of inner experience. Turgenev's characters withdraw into silence in order to escape deceptions of language. Conrad points out an equivalence of silence and commitment to work, i.e., "a capacity for keeping in touch with the concrete" (56). Special attention is paid to Conrad's rendition of vision, which offers direct contact with the real and embodies the immediacy of perception, in contrast to writing, which "is founded on meditating reality" (66). According to Sokołowska, Turgenev is committed to rendering the minute details of reality rather than to recreating the process of perception in the impressionist manner typical of Conrad (68). Conrad presents a solipsistic vision of the world, typical of modernism, giving voice to a conviction that reality is illusory and that man cannot transcend the subjectivity of his perception. He also conveys the experience of illusoriness in a world plunged in darkness, unlike Turgenev whose pessimistic outlook never leads him to a solipsistic vision. Sokołowska claims that, in Turgenev, darkness is an image that suggests "the inscrutability of human fate and builds up the bleak vision of the irrational threatening the even tenor of life" (87). The author contends that Turgenev's art is founded on the link between reality and its representation. The Russian writer values creative imagination but also warns that it may take autonomy over the real and "plunge man into a solipsistic world of his own." Conrad, on the other hand, creates a world where the hierarchy of original and copy has collapsed and representations turn into "simulacra" (135). The second chapter, "The Unheroic Hero," begins with a statement that both writers explore the fragility of the modern self. For them, the heroic self is impossible, and consciousness can no longer be equated with autonomy, self-control, and rationality (145). Conrad hesitates between "the outright disavowal of the self and its affirmation" (145). He is also ambiguous about the grounds on which the self is dismissed. Conrad highlights the epistemological...

Murky Images. The Poetics of Intertextual Dissonance in the Apocryphal Films of Andrei Zviagyntsev

The first two films of Andrei Zvyagintsev, The Return and The Banishment, deserve to be called modern apocrypha, as they methodically and comprehensively utilise elements of Christian symbolism and are part of the non- -canonical dialogue with religious messages. The films are characterised by a multiplicity of thematic plans that are outlined mainly through a variety of intertextual references. Among these relationships, a particular place is occupied by biblical and evangelical references, which are mostly mediated by artistic intertexts (especially paintings). The Russian director entangles the viewer in a subtle play of meanings: he evokes canonical scenes and stories, but distorts symbolic references, multiplying and confusing further interpretive clues. In addition to (completely inconsistent) references to the works of others, intertextual tensions are shown in his work on at least two levels: between different elements or levels of a given film (the function of the photograph motif next to the rest of the film text) and between the various films of Zvyagintsev himself (casting the same actor in both leading roles). The talented successor to Tarkovsky follows the mystery of human fate, eager to capture the metaphysical community of critical experiences. This mystery in the work of Zvyagintsev emerges in a quite obvious way from the eternal truths established in archetypes, in biblical and evangelical wisdom. It is much easier to see it in the fusion of ‛murky imagesʼ than it is to understand.