Dry Human Mandibles Research Articles

Measuring peri-implant bone lesions using low-dose cone-beam computed tomography.

High-definition cone-beam computed tomography (HD-CBCT) offers superior image quality at the cost of higher radiation dose compared to low-dose CBCT (LD-CBCT). The aim of this study was to investigate whether peri-implant bone lesions can be accurately quantified using LD-CBCT, even when including the influence of surrounding tissues. Twelve titanium implants restored with all-ceramic crowns were placed in bovine bone, and peri-implant lesions were prepared. Radiographic imaging was performed using IR (intraoral radiography), HD-CBCT and LD-CBCT. To simulate the in-vivo situation, the samples were placed inside a dry human mandible, and a second LD-CBCT imaging was performed (LD-CBCT*). The datasets were presented to four observers in random order. Maximum lesion depth and width were measured in a standardized mesiodistal slice in IR, HD-CBCT, LD-CBCT, and LD-CBCT*. Mean lesion depth and width measurements for each sample in HD-CBCT served as reference. Interrater agreement was slight for depth and excellent for width in HD-CBCT and both LD modes. For all observers, measurement deviations from HD-CBCT were below 0.3 mm in the LD protocols (LD-CBCT depth: 0.22 ± 0.17 mm, width: 0.22 ± 0.13 mm; LD-CBCT* depth: 0.24 ± 0.23 mm, width: 0.25 ± 0.21 mm) and at 0.4 mm in IR. Absolute differences between LD-CBCT and HD-CBCT are small, although surrounding tissues decrease LD-CBCT image quality. Within the limitations of an in-vitro trial, LD-CBCT may become an adequate imaging modality for monitoring peri-implant lesions at a substantially decreased radiation dose.

Comparative Evaluation of Morphometry of Mental Foramen using Orthopantomogram and Dry Bones in North Indian Population

Introduction: Mental Foramen (MF) holds strategic importance in clinical dentistry and oral surgery. Its accurate identification determines the effectiveness of nerve blocks and prevention of postoperative neurovascular complications. Aim: To compare mental foramen on dry bones with their orthopantomogram and to find out if any difference and correlation exist between both modalities . Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Anatomy Department of Government Medical college Amritsar, Punjab, India, from January 2018 to December 2021. It comprised of 200 dry human mandibles belonging to either sex, ranging from dentulous to partial dentulous. Orthopantomagram (OPG) of same mandibles were taken. Study was conducted in two phases. Phase I was dry bone phase and Phase II was radiographic phase. Distance of mental foramen from symphysis menti, posterior border of ramus, alveolar crest, lower border of body of mandible and distance between depth of the socket and mental foramen were evaluated. Student’s t-test for comparison and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were applied to find any correlation between two modalities . Results: Distance of mental foramen from symphysis menti, posterior border of ramus of mandible, alveolar crest and depth of socket showed statistically significant difference (p-value <0.001) in between dry bone and orthopantomogram on both right and left sides. Actual bone length from mental foramen to symphysis menti,to posterior border of ramus and inferior border of body of mandible was more than it appeared on OPG. Distances obtained with OPG from MF to alveolar crest (dry bone: Right= 13.49±3.46 mm; Left= 13.42±3.49 mm and on OPG: Right= 16±4.15 mm; Left= 15.42±3.84 mm) and to depth of socket (dry bone: Right= 2.48±1.58 mm; Left= 2.70±1.68 mm and on OPG: Right= 3.69±2.08 mm; Left= 4.26±1.99 mm) were magnified. Conclusion: The results of the present study depicted that structures were not equally magnified. Knowledge about magnification at particular region is important before proceeding any surgery in that region.

Morphometric Analysis of Dry Human Mandibles of Sri Lankans

<strong>Introduction: </strong>Variety of mandibular morphometric measurements determines the population and sex differences of facial skeleton. This study is aimed to determine the mandibular morphometric measurements of Sri Lankan population. <strong></strong><strong></strong> <strong><br /></strong> <strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirteen different mandibular measurements were obtained in 75 dry mandibles of which the gender and age were determined referring to the standard literature. Optimum measures were undertaken to reduce the intra and inter observer bias. The data were analysed using Minitab 19 version. Mean ± SD, mean difference and P- value of each morphometric parameter for both sexes were analysed separately by using Minitab 19 version. <strong><br /></strong> <strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The sample consisted of 40 male and 35 female mandibles, age ranging from 60 – 80 years with the mean age of 67.545 ±4.36765. The mean value of each morphometric parameter in males were higher except in the mandibular angle and the height and breadth of the mandibular body. The maximum mandibular length, bigonial width, maximum ramus height, bicondylar breadth, bicoronoid breadth, bimental breadth and mandibular notch depth of males showed statistical significance (P&lt;0.05). The mean values of all the parameters were different from values of the different populations. <strong></strong><strong></strong> <strong><br /></strong> <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mandibular morphometric characteristics of Sri Lankans showed distinctiveness within the population and a direct relationship with the sex. These findings provide information for objective assessment facial skeletons of Sri Lankans.

Morphological and Morphometric Analysis of Gonial Angle with Reference to Lingula in South Indian Mandibles

Introduction: Gonial angle is located at the junction of lower border and posterior region of mandible. Lingula is a bony projection which provides attachment for sphenomandibular ligament and is superior to mandibular foramen. The purpose of this study was to research the gonial angle in reference to the position of the lingula helps to guide the oral surgeons to stop injury to inferior alveolar nerve and peripheral blood vessels during surgeries.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The distance from the gonial angle to the tip of the lingula and the gonial angle to the base of the lingula on both right and left sides of the mandible was measured using a protractor. The values are calculated from gonial angle with reference to lingula on both sides. The obtained values of both sides were correlated using descriptive statistical analysis and by applying paired t-test. p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant for this study.&#x0D; Results: The mean value for right gonial angle to base of lingula is 26.54 mm ± 3.30 mm and the left gonial angle to base of lingula is 25.59 ± 0.56 mm. The right gonial angle to lingula tip is 33.25 ± 2.65 and the left gonial angle to lingula tip is 32.83 ± 1.36mm. The mean gonial angle on the right side is 88.60° and on the left side it is 89.40°.&#x0D; Conclusion: It was found that there was no correlation between the right and left side gonial angle to mandibular lingula since the mandibular angle, was measured within the group of unknown sex of dry human mandible.

Influence of radiographic acquisition methods and visualization software programs on the detection of misfits at the implant-abutment interface: An ex vivo study

Statement of problemMisfits at the implant-prosthesis interface may compromise implant-supported prostheses. Periapical radiographs are frequently used to detect misfit and can be obtained by using digital or film-based systems; however, which radiographic acquisition method and visualization software program provides the greatest accuracy is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the influence of 3 radiographic acquisition methods (complementary metal oxide semiconductor [CMOS] sensor, phosphor plates, and radiographic films) and 2 visualization software programs (proprietary and third-party) on the detection of misfits at the implant-prosthesis interface. Material and methodsThirty-two dental implants were placed in dry human mandibles. Misfits were simulated by inserting a 50-μm polyester strip at the implant-prosthesis interface; prosthetic crowns installed directly over the implant platforms were considered as controls. Standard parallel periapical radiographs were obtained by using a CMOS sensor, a phosphor plate, and radiographic films. Five dentists assessed the digital radiographs for the presence or absence of misfits at the implant-prosthesis interface by using the proprietary software program and a third-party software program; film-based radiographs were evaluated on a light box. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (Az values) were compared (α=.05); sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values were also estimated. ResultsAll diagnostic and Az values were higher for the phosphor plate than for the CMOS sensor and the film-based methods (P<.05), regardless of the viewing software program used (proprietary or third-party) (P>.05). ConclusionsThe use of phosphor plates positively influenced the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of misfits at the implant-prosthesis interface, irrespective of the viewing software program used.

Accuracy of CBCT in the Identification of Mental, Lingual, and Retromolar Foramina: A Comparison with Visual Inspection of Human Dry Mandibles

The present dry-mandible study evaluated the presence of the mental (MF), lingual (LF), and retromolar (RMF) foramina to assess the accuracy of CBCT in detecting these anatomical structures. In total, 38 human dry mandibles were analyzed (30 men, 8 women; mean age: 61.9 ± 13.7 years). CBCT scans were taken using low-dose parameters, and LF, MF, and RMF were assessed visually and radiographically. Both the presence (yes/no) and the count (n) of each foramen were compared between CBCTs and visual assessment. For the presence assessment, only RMF exhibited a significant difference between CBCT and visual inspection (P = .035). For count, the RMF (P = .049) and paramedian LF (P = .003) exhibited differences between the two methods. The agreement between CBCT and visual inspection was excellent for the MF, moderate-excellent for the LF, and low-moderate for the RMF. Intra- and interassessor agreement varied from excellent (MF), to moderate-excellent (LF), and low-moderate (RMF). The LF and RMF represent challenging structures to identify on CBCT images due to their limited dimension. False negative findings in CBCTs in the assessment of foramina, especially LF, might lead to surgical complications during implant surgery.

Detection of Mandibular Canal in Human Dry Mandibles with Cone Beam Computed Tomography using 270° and 360° Protocols under Continuous and Pulse Modes – A Comparative Study

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables practitioner to accurately localize and mark the nerve canal. The rotation of the X-ray tube and the detector around the patient's head produces multiple projection images. A high number of projections is associated with increased radiation dose to the patient, higher spatial and contrast resolution. Shorter scan arc results in reduced scan time, reduced dose and smaller file sizes. The pulsed X-ray beam reduces the actual exposure time than the scanning time and the patient radiation exposure. Aim: (1) To assess and compare the diagnostic efficacy between pulse mode and continuous mode (2) To assess and compare the diagnostic efficacy between 270° and 360° CBCT rotational protocols Subjects and Methods: A total of 30 Intact Dentate or Partially dentate dry human mandibles consisting first, second, and third molars were subjected to a total of 4 CBCT scans: 270° rotation scans under continuous and pulse mode, 360° rotation scans under continuous and pulse mode using two CBCT units. Distance from the inferior cortical border of mandible (ICBM) to the roof of the inferior alveolar nerve canal (IANC) was measured at four locations: mental foramen, first, second and third molar. The results were then compared. Results: Comparison of the IANC length measurements for the two modes revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: Shorter scan arc and pulse mode can be adopted in patients finding it difficult to remain stable for prolonged periods of time, while maintaining appreciable clarity and quality of image. This could apply to geriatric patients, children, mentally challenged, in patients with trauma, neurological diseases, anxiety, claustrophobia, wherein the patient's movements might need re-scanning, which would lead to an extra radiation dose to the patient.

Accuracy of linear measurements performed with two different software in cone-beam computed tomography scans of dry human mandibles

Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of linear measurements performed with two different CBCT software .(Romexis® software and ONDEMAND 3 D software). Methods: The sample consisted of 15 human mandibles marked with radiopaque markers of gutta-percha balls (size 80, 1.5 mm long) which were glued on the marked anatomical landmarks with cyanoacrylate gel, ten linear measurements were conducted on the dry mandibles using digital caliper to provide gold standard meaurments.The mandibles were scanned by using Planmeca ProMax 3D Mid and images exported into digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) format to a DVD then imported in to two software programs.The same ten linear measurements were conducted on the scanned images by using measure length tool of both romexis and Ondemand software programs. Results: Intra-examiner reliability of gold standard and image measurements were found to be excellent, Inter-examiner reliability of physical and Romexis® software was found to be excellent (ICC>0.9) and the Inter-examiner reliability of physical and ONDEMAND 3 D software was found to be poor (ICC <0.5) Conclusions: Romexis® software is more reliable method for planning surgical procedure in the dental practice than ONDEMAND 3 D software. Keywords: Linear measurements, CBCT, dry mandible and software programs.

Effect of Mandibular Angulation on Pre-Implant Site Measurement Accuracy Using CBCT.

To evaluate the accuracy of available bone width, height, and length measurements on pre-planned implant sites using CBCT images scanned at different angulations of the mandible. Standard cylindrical holes were prepared on six dry human mandibles and filled with warm gutta-percha to create spherical markers for measurements of available bone width, height, and length. Mandibles were first scanned with a CBCT device in an ideal position with the occlusal plane parallel to the horizontal plane. Then, images of the mandibles were obtained in rotation, tilt, flexion, and extension positions using 5- and 10-degree angulations. Measurements were done on a total of 54 images. Original dimensions of the available bone for planned implant sites were measured with a digital caliper on dry mandibles as the gold standard. The absolute values of the differences between each measurement and the gold standard were obtained for measurement errors. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test were used for comparisons (P = .05). Intraobserver and interobserver agreement was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ICC was excellent for both intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. No significant difference was found between length and height measurements in ideal position and in rotation, tilt, flexion, and extension movements of mandibles at two different angulations (P > .05). Width measurements revealed a significant difference among ideal measurements and measurements at 10-degree flexion, 10-degree extension, 10-degree rotation, and 10-degree tilted mandibular positions (P < .05). The position of the occlusal plane with respect to the floor during the CBCT scan may have a clinically significant effect on dental implant site dimensions.

AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF HUMAN MANDIBLE IN DETERMINATION OF SEX BY USING VARIOUS MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETRES

Determination of sex from unknown human mandible has an important role in forensic eld in relevance with Medicolegal issues to trace victim. Aim: To determine the sex of human mandible by using various morphological &amp; morphometric data. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 82 dry human mandibles of unknown sex. Based on morphological features the mandibles are grouped into Male (50) and Female (32) bones and the following morphometric parameters are taken for further statistical analysis. 1) Symphyseal height 2) Ramus height (Rt) 3) Ramus height (Lt) 4) Bimental width 5) Inter premolar width 6) Inter molar width 7) Bicoronoid width. Results: There was a statistically signicant difference found in the height of ramus (right), with mean value of 54.84 ± 4.5mm for males and 50.56 ± 5.4mm for females (P &lt; 0.05), height of ramus (left) with mean value of 53.24 ± 4.3mm in males and 49.81 ± 5.03mm in females (P &lt; 0.05) and bimental width with mean value of 42.96 ± 2.6mm in males and 41.58 ± 1.8mm in females (P &lt; 0.05), whereas no signicant difference was found in symphyseal height, bicoronoid width, inter premolar width and inter molar width of male and female mandibles. The parameters used in this study gave an overall 76.8% accuracy in determining the sex of the mandible. Conclusion: Out of 7 parameters taken into account the interesting observation is that 3 parameters are most reliable and dependable for determination of sex. Out of these, 2 parameters have given most sensitive data and high accuracy rate for the determination of the gender.

Effects of Exposure Parameters and Voxel Size for Cone-Beam Computed Tomography on the Image Matching Accuracy with an Optical Dental Scan Image: An In Vitro Study

This study is aimed at assessing the effects of exposure parameters and voxel size for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) on the image matching accuracy with an optical dental scan image. CBCT and optical scan images of a dry human mandible were obtained. Different CBCT settings were used: tube voltage, 60, 80, and 100 kVp; tube current, 6 and 8 mA; and voxel size, 100, 200, and 300 μm. Image matching between the CBCT and optical scan images was performed using implant planning software by dental professionals (n = 18). The image matching accuracy in each combination of CBCT settings was evaluated by assessing the linear discrepancy between the three-dimensionally reconstructed radiological image and the registered optical scan image using an image analysis software program. The Kruskal-Wallis test and a post hoc Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction were used to compare the accuracy of image registration between the groups (α = 0.05). Overall, the image matching accuracy was not significantly different between tube voltage and current settings; however, significantly higher image registration errors were found at the combination of 100 kVp tube voltage/8 mA tube current (F = 8.44, P < 0.001). Changes in voxel sizes did not significantly interfere with the image registration results. No interaction was found among voltage, current, and voxel size in terms of image registration accuracy (F = 2.022, P = 0.091). Different exposure parameter settings in tube voltage and tube current did not significantly influence the image matching accuracy between CBCT and optical dental scan images; however, a high radiation dose could be inappropriate. The image matching accuracy was not significantly affected by changing the voxel sizes of CBCT.

Dimensional measurement accuracy of 3-dimensional models from cone beam computed tomography using different voxel sizes

To compare the geometric accuracy and measurement reliability of 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of the mandible created from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained with 0.2-mm and 0.4-mm voxel sizes with the reference standard model and compare the accuracy of the CBCT-based models to each other. The reference standard 3D model of a dry human mandible was obtained using a white light scanner. The mandible was scanned with CBCT 10 times at each voxel size. The models created from the CBCT data were compared with the reference standard by using a point-based rigid registration algorithm where the distance differences between the superimposed CBCT models and the reference standard model were recorded. The measurements derived from the 2 CBCT-based scans were also compared. Mean deviations from the reference standard for 0.2-mm and 0.4-mm voxel scans were 0.4342 mm and 0.4580 mm, respectively (P ≥ .16). The CBCT scans with both 0.2-mm and 0.4-mm voxels produced good measurement reliability and did not significantly differ from each other (P ≥ .20). CBCT scans with 0.2-mm and 0.4-mm voxel sizes delivered similarly accurate models. Larger voxels can be used to minimize radiation exposure.

Direct and imaging morphometry for the localization of the mandibular foramen (MF) in dentate and edentulous human subjects.

Background: The mandibular foramen (MF) is the anatomic landmark where the interior alveolar nerve enters the mandibular ramus, and the area of choice where anesthesia of this nerve is performed. The position of the MF can vary, and accurately establishing its location and topographic variations is of great importance for the successful anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve. Materials and Methods: We carried out two morphometric ex vivo studies concerning the topography of the MF, on dry human mandibles coming from dentate and completely edentulous human subjects of known age and gender and an in vivo morphometric study, through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, concerning the topography of the MF in human subjects having Kennedy Class I mandibular edentulism. The morphological characteristics we investigated were: the distance between the MF and the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF–AM distance), the distance between the MF and the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF–PM distance), the distance between the MF and the inferior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF–IM distance), the distance between the MF and the temporal crest of the mandibular ramus (MF–TC distance), the distance between the MF and the superior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF–SM distance), and the vertical and transverse diameters of the MF. The results were statistically processed in Stata/MP13 software package using Student’s t-test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Through direct morphometry on dentate dry human mandibles, the MF–AM and the MF–SM distances showed statistically significant differences for age, gender and for interactions, while the MF–PM and MF–IM distances showed statistically significant differences for age and for interactions. In the case of the MF–TC distance, the only significant difference observed was for the gender. No statistical significance was found for side, age, gender, and interactions in the cases of MF vertical and transverse diameters. Through direct morphometry on completely edentulous dry human mandibles, the MF–PM and MF–SM distances showed statistically significant differences for age, gender and for interactions, while the MF–AM, MF–IM, and MF–TC distances, as well as the MF vertical and transverse diameters showed statistically significant differences for age and for model (interactions). The results showed that MF is 2 mm closer to the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus after having lost teeth. Through imaging morphometry, the MF–PM distance and the vertical diameter of MF showed statistically significant differences for age, gender and for interactions, while the MF–AM, MF–IM, MF–SM and MF–TC distances, as well as the transverse diameter of MF showed statistically significant differences for age and for interactions. Comparing the results obtained by the three studies, we found no statistically significant differences in relation to the gender of the subjects. The MF–IM and MF–TC distances and the transverse diameter of MF showed statistically significant differences for age, study and for interactions, while the MF–AM, MF–PM and MF–SM distances, as well as MF vertical diameter showed statistically significant differences only for age and for interactions. Morphological symmetry was demonstrated through our three studies, no statistically significant differences being determined in relation to side. Conclusions: The results of this research should increase the level of awareness among dentists with respect to MF topography changes with loss of teeth and help dental practitioners in refining the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.

Accuracy of CBCT Linear Measurements to Determine the Height of Alveolar Crest to the Mental Foramen

Background: Detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) anatomical structures in precise treatment planning prior to implant placement is necessary. The choice of imaging techniques plays an important role in achieving the required information to measure exact dimensions. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has increasingly been used for diagnosis and treatment in the fields of periodontology, endodontic, and orthodontics. It is also used as the preoperative evaluation of patients who are candidates for dental implant treatment. Dental implant placement is an important application of CBCT in dentistry. One of the features of CBCT is the possibility of changing the slice thickness while reviewing images. In this study, we examined the linear measurement accuracy of CBCT for determining the height of alveolar crest to the mental foramen in cross-sectional view with different slice thicknesses and in tangential view. Methods: We used five dry human mandibles in this study. Then the distance from the highest tip of alveolar crest to the upper border of mental foramen was measured by digital caliper (as gold standard) and on CBCT images in cross sectional view with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 mm slice thicknesses and in tangential view. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22, paired t test, and inter class correlation. Results: Data were collected by evaluation of 5 dry mandible and 240 measurements. There were significant differences only in tangential view and 1 mm slice thickness option in cross-sectional view with the gold standard (P=0.003 and P=0.018 respectively). The results did not show any differences between the observers (P&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicated that cross-sectional view is more accurate than tangential view, and 3 and 5 mm slice thicknesses are preferred for measurement.

Accuracy of Linear Measurements of Ultra-Low Dose Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Panoramic Radiography Performed on Mandibular Anaesthetic Landmarks Versus Real Mandibular Measurements: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements performed on mandibularanaesthetic landmarks obtained by ultra-low-dose cone beam computed tomography and digital panoramicradiography in comparison with real measurement on dry mandible.Method: A total number of nine dry human mandibles were selected and mandibular anaesthetic landmarkswere marked using gutta-percha. The dry mandibles were submitted for digital panoramic radiography andcone beam computed tomography with mini-dose parameters using the SOREDEX CRANEX™ 3Dx unit,linear measurements were performed on SCANORA Lite image viewer and on Demand 3D viewer. The reallinear measurements were measured using digital caliper.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in all measurements performed on digital panoramicradiographs,reformatted panoramic images underestimate real linear vertical measurements withoutsignificant difference, the absolute error for the cross-sectional views of CBCT ranged from 0.0001 to1.44mm for mandibular foramen linear measurements, using mini-dose parameters did not affect imagequality nor measurements accuracy.Conclusions: Linear measurements driven from CBCT cross-sectional images using On Demand softwareare accurate and have the lowest error value; therefore it is considered one of the most important imagingmodality for preoperative surgical site assessment.

Variation in the Shapes of Coronoid Process of Dry Human Mandible of Gujarat Region

Introduction: Coronoid process is single the bony processes of the ramus of the mandible. It is a thin, triangulareminence, which is flattened from side to side. It differ in shape and size. The importance of frequency in theshapes of Coronoid process is important for maxillofacial surgeons as a graft material as well as for anthropologistsfor the detection of races.Aim: To determine the different shape of Coronoid process of mandible in both sides.Materials and Method: The Present study was conducted on 50 mandibles from the department of Anatomy,Baroda Medical College, Baroda. Variations in the shapes were observed, and photographs were taken.Results: Triangular shape of Coronoid process was most prominent as compare to hook and round shape.Triangular shaped Coronoid was seen in 70% shaped (Type: I) followed by Rounded shaped 26%, Hookshaped was least 4% respectively.Conclusion: This study will be helpful for maxillofacial surgeons, anatomists, forensic researchers,anthropologists.

Sex Determination of Dry Human Mandible Using Metrical Parameters in Mahakaushal Region of Madhya Pradesh, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Determination of sex and age from skeletal remains is not only important for forensic science but also for Anatomy, Forensic Odontology, Anthropology and Palaeontology examination. Mandible next to the pelvis in human remains help us in the identification of age, sex, and race. Aim: To determine sex by using metrical parameters in dry human mandible. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study contained 104 dry human mandibles of undetermined age and unknown sex (as they were not recorded at the time of acquisition) belonging to the Indian population was obtained from NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. All adult (mandible with presence of bilateral molar teeth; prominent alveolar sockets; intact condylar and coronoid processes; well- developed bone), intact and well-formed mandible were taken and broken, deformed, pathological bones were excluded. Statistically analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 16.0. results: Out of the 13 parameters studied statistically highly significant difference in sex was observed in bicondylar breadth, bigonial breadth, coronoid breadth, angle of mandible, mandibular length, diagonal length and coronoid height, length of lower jaw. conclusion: The present study utilises the 13 different metrical parameters. The application of these 13 metrical parameters along with morphological features could be a useful tool for sex determination of the mandible.

Morphological and morphometrical study of mental foramen in dry adult human mandible and its clinical relevance

Background: Mental foramen is situated in the anterolateral aspect of the body of the mandible. It lies below either the interval between the premolar teeth or the second premolar tooth, midway between the upper and lower borders of the body of the mandible. It transmits mental nerves, arteries, and veins. The mental nerve is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve which supplies sensation to the lower lip, labial mucosa, lower canines, and premolars. The most useful injection for anaesthetizing the mandibular teeth is the inferior alveolar nerve block. To anaesthetize the anterior teeth including canines and premolars it is better to inject the anesthetic solution adjacent to the mental foramen instead of giving inferior alveolar nerve block. Aim: To Study the Morphological and Morphometrical Study of Mental Foramen in Dry Adult Human Mandible and Its Clinical Relevance in dental practice. Materials and methods: A total of 100 numbers of dry adult mandibles of unknown sex with complete dentition and intact alveolar sockets collected from the Department of Anatomy, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, were used for this study. The shape, size, location, number of the mental foramen, direction of opening of mental foramen was measured on both sides of the mandible by using a vernier caliper. Results: The most frequent position of mental foramen was in line with the apex of the 2nd premolar (right side 86.1% and left side 84.75%). The second common position was between 1st and 2nd premolar (Right side 5.2% and Left side 5.85%). The shape of the mental foramen was oval in 63.3% and rounded in 36.7% respectively. The direction of opening of mental foramen in most of the mandible was posterosuperior. The mean distance from mental foramen to symphysis menti, lower border of the mandible, and posterior ramus of the mandible was 26.67mm, 11.76 mm, and 62.95mm respectively. The mean measurement of the angle of the mandible was 128°. Conclusion: Knowledge about the Morphometric measurement of mental foramen is important during various surgical dental procedures.

A morphometric analysis of shape, size and position of mental foramen in dry human mandibles

Aim: To calculate size, shape and position of mental foramen. Materials &amp; Methods: 50 dry human mandibles of either gender (20- females, 30- males) were included. The position of mental foramen in horizontally was calculated based on classification proposed by Bokhari. The vertical position was divided into six types using the modified Ngeow and Yuzawati criteria. Size was measured both vertically and horizontally with the help of vernier caliper and expressed as mean. Results: Most common horizontal position was II seen in both males (left- 56%, right- 50%) and females (left- 60%, right- 58%). Most common vertical position was 2 seen in males (left- 62%, right- 65%) and females (left- 55%, right- 52%). Most common shape was oval seen in both genders (males- 68% left, 62% right) and (females- 70% left, 72% right). A significant difference was observed (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Variation in shape, size and position was observed both males and females, however, most common shape found to be oval and position was II horizontally and 2 vertically in both genders

Mental Foramen and Mandibular Canal in Dry Human Mandibles: A Cross-Sectional Morphometric Analysis

Mental Foramen and Mandibular Canal in Dry Human Mandibles: A Cross-Sectional Morphometric Analysis