Inequality In Human Development Research Articles

DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL INEQUALITIES IN KARNATAKA

The determinants of human development and regional inequality in Karnataka is analysed in this study. This study majorly examined the indicators of human development. This paper investigation is also based on secondary data using co-efficient variations (CV) examines overall inequality of human development within Karnataka. The study results are evident from 1991 to 2011 HDI values that the districts from the southern regions of the state have higher HDI values compared to northern regions of the state, signifying high intra-regional inequality in human development in the state. It observes that Kalaburgi the revenue region (Ballari, Bidar, Kalaburgi, Koppal, Raichur and Yadagiri districts) has stood lowest in the per capita income. Kalaburgi region‟s per capita income is less than half of the per capita income of the Bengaluru region. KEY WORDS: Human Development; Poverty; Inequality

APAKAH INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DAN TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN BERDAMPAK TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN DI KERESIDENAN BANYUMAS?

One of the indicators of economic growth is quality human development, which is measured in three aspects: a decent standard of living, health, and education. Inequality in human development persists in the Banyumas Residency area, impacting the regional economy. The aim of the study is to examine the correlation between mean years of schooling, human development index, and unemployment rate to GRDP per capita (proxy of economic growth) in Banyumas Residency, Central Java. Secondary research data comes from the Statistics Indonesia website. The research method uses panel data regression, consisting of time series data for 2017–2022 and cross-sectional data from 4 areas in Banyumas Residency, namely Banyumas Regency, Purbalingga Regency, Cilacap Regency, and Banjarnegara Regency. The Fixed Effect Model is the chosen estimation model in answering the research hypothesis. The research findings state that the human development index has a significant positive correlation with GRDP per capita. The unemployment rate has a significant negative correlation with GRDP per capita. Meanwhile, the mean years of schooling has an insignificant positive correlation with GRDP per capita. The conclusion of the study is that there is a relationship between the Human Development Index and the unemployment rate on the economy in the Banyumas Residency.

An Empirical Assessment of Gender Inequality in Human Development: Evidence from G20 Countries

An Empirical Assessment of Gender Inequality in Human Development: Evidence from G20 Countries

Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates Associated with Smoking and Chewing Tobacco Use and the Human Development Index in 172 Countries Worldwide: An Ecological Study 2019-2020.

Tobacco use is associated with diseases worldwide, including cancer. This is one of the major public health problems globally, causing more than 19 million new cases in 2020. Lip and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) is neoplastic growth in the tongue, gums, and lips. The objective of this ecological study was to quantify the strength of the association between incidence and mortality of LOCC, with tobacco use and with the Human Development Index (HDI). Incidence and mortality data on LOCC were obtained for 172 countries in 2020, from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN). The prevalence of tobacco smoking and chewing was obtained from reports conducted in 2019. The inequality in human development was estimated using the HDI from the United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report (2019). Statistically significant correlations were observed between the incidence of LOCC and tobacco smoking and chewing prevalence, except for negative correlations between the prevalence of tobacco smoking LOCC mortality in women, just as in the case of the HDI. No statistically significant differences were found between the prevalence of tobacco chewing only and the incidence of LOCC overall and by sex. A higher LOCC incidence overall and by sex was associated with higher HDI. In conclusion, the present study found positive correlations for various HDI socioeconomic indicators and tobacco use with the incidence and mortality of LOCC, but also a few inverse correlations.

Global COVID-19 case fatality rates influenced by inequalities in human development and vaccination rates

AimCOVID-19 has exerted distress on virtually every aspect of human life with disproportionate mortality burdens on older individuals and those with underlying medical conditions. Variations in COVID-19 incidence and case fatality rates (CFRs) across countries have incited a growing research interest regarding the effect of social factors on COVID-19 case-loads and fatality rates. We investigated the effect of population median age, inequalities in human development, healthcare capacity, and pandemic mitigation indicators on country-specific COVID-19 CFRs across countries and regions.Subject and methodsUsing population secondary data from multiple sources, we conducted a cross-sectional study and used regional analysis to compare regional differences in COVID-19 CFRs as influenced by the selected indicators.ResultsThe analysis revealed wide variations in COVID-19 CFRs and the selected indicators across countries and regions. Mean CFR was highest for South America at 1.973% (± 0.742) and lowest for Oceania at 0.264% (± 0.107), while the Africa sub-region recorded the lowest scores for pandemic preparedness, vaccination rate, and other indicators. Population Median Age [0.073 (0.033 0.113)], Vaccination Rate [−3.3389 (−5.570.033 −1.208)], and Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) [−0.014 (−0.023 −0.004)] emerged as statistically significant predictors of COVID-19 CFR, with directions indicating increasing Population Median Age, higher inequalities in human development and low vaccination rate are predictive of higher fatalities from COVID-19.ConclusionRegional differences in COVID-19 CFR may be influenced by underlying differences in sociodemographic and pandemic mitigation indicators. Populations with wide social inequalities, increased population Median Age and low vaccination rates are more likely to suffer higher fatalities from COVID-19.

Influence Of Development Index Components Humans On Economic Growth In Bali 2012-2019

Human development is one indicator of achieving economic development. Granting human development increases every year, inequality in human development is motionless discernable between districts/cities in the province of Bali. Furthermore, this study aims to determine the effect of life expectancy, literacy rate, average school length and real expenditure per capita on economic growth. The data used was secondary data downloaded from the Central Agency in Statistics of Bali Province and was a 2012 - 2019 time series. The descriptive qualitative method applied to analyze the data in this study. The results of data processing were composed of life expectancy has a positive effect on economic growth, literacy rates have a negative effect on economic growth, the average school length has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth, and real expenditure per capita has a significant negative effect on economic growth of Districts / City in Bali. Formerly, The Government is expected to increase further performance that is capable of improving the quality of education in the Districts / City in Bali. Education level must be considered thoughtfully to promote better economic growth and per capita expenditure needs to be stabilized every year.

The Factors Affecting HDI Indonesia

This research aims to determine the factors affecting human development index (HDI) in regency/city in Indonesia. Based on data from BPS (Statistics Indonesia), human development index (HDI) of each regency/city in Indonesia has a heterogeneous achievement value from the low, middle to high categories of HDI. This indicates that there are still underdeveloped areas and inequality in human development in Indonesia. Meanwhile, regional government expenditure on education, health, and economic functions tends to increase considerably each year. The methods used were panel data regressions with time series data from 2011-2017 and cross section data of 465 regencies/cities in Indonesia. Econometrics results show variables that have significant positive effect on HDI, which are regional government expenditure on education function, health function, economic function, GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product), education infrastructure (number of junior high schools), health infrastructure (number of community health center), and BPK (The Audit Board of Indonesia) opinion. While poverty has negative effect, infrastructure (road length) has no effect. To avoid inequality from affecting human development in Indonesia, the government role to prioritize human development in regency/city with HDI achievement values that are still low or underdeveloped is necessary. These contributions can be made by prioritizing expenditure on health, education, and economic functions in the regional budget.

Determinant Analysis of Gender Inequality in Human Development in Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of poverty, unemployment, economic growth, elderly population, and the average time female education period on gender inequality in human development in Indonesia. The dependent variable is gender inequality. The independent variables are poverty, unemployment, economic growth, elderly population, and female education period. This research was conducted in 34 provinces in Indonesia with an observation period of 2019. The type of data used is secondary data. Data collection was done through online access on Badan Pusat Statistik website. Data analysis method used was multiple regression analysis. The result shown that the number of elderly population and economic growth partially give positive and significant impact on gender inequality in human development in Indonesia. Poverty, unemployment, and the female education period partially give negative and insignificant impact on gender inequality in human development in Indonesia.

The Impact of Economic Growth on the Human Development Index in Jambi Province in 2004-2019

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index used to measure the achievement of human development in the aspects of health, education and income expenditure. The research is based on the trend of fluctuations in the HDI of Jambi Province in 2004-2019. This study aims to determine the impact of economic growth on the human development index in Jambi Province in 2004-2019 using the Error Correction Model (ECM) method. This type of research is quantitative research using the error correction model (ECM) method to correct imbalances. The results showed that economic growth (GRDP) had a positive and significant effect on the human development index both in the long and short term. The coefficient of ECTt variable in the ECM model is 0.380157 or 0.4 which indicates that short-term equilibrium fluctuations will be corrected towards long-term equilibrium, where about 40% of the adjustment process occurs in the first year and 60% occurs in the following year. year. Based on the results of this study, local governments are expected to pay more attention to improving areas that experience inequality in human development through increasing public awareness in order to increase productivity and to reduce inequalityetween districts in Jambi Province and achieve the expected community welfare.

Assessing the impact of the adoption of agroforestry technology on food production and poverty reduction among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria

Assessing the impact of the adoption of agroforestry technology on food production and poverty reduction among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria

The reduction of human development gap in origin and new regency in Eastern Indonesia

Inequality still becomes popular issue in the establishment of developing countries. Aside from the income inequality, the human development inequality is considered as an interesting topic for further study, in terms of resuming the solution. The purpose of this study is considered as specific in identifying the human development gap between origin and new regencies in Eastern Indonesia as well as the determinant. This study uses a positivist perspective with a deductive approach. Secondary data with cross-section types used in this study covers regencies and cities in Eastern Indonesia. This study uses the econometrics methodology using regression analysis with a dummy variable. The results showed there were differences in human development index between origin and new regencies in Eastern Indonesia. The human development index in the new regency is lower than in the origin regency. The results support the Myrdal’s Theory, which explains the gap in human development disparities among regions due to the significant backwash effects. Fiscal decentralization has a role in reducing the gap in human development in origin and new regencies, yet insignificant for the economic growth. Poverty lowers the impact on increasing human development in the origin regencies but does not occur in the new regencies.JEL Classification H30; I32; O15

Effect of iron and zinc supplementation on linear growth of stunted Egyptian children under 5 years of age.

Background: Linear growth is the best indicator of children’s well-being and provides an accurate marker of inequalities in human development. Aim: Study and compare the effect of micronutrients supplementation (Iron and zinc) on linear growth of infants and children less than 5 years of age suffering from stunted growth. Patients and Methods: A randomized study included 60 children less than 5 years of age came to the department of clinical nutrition in a university hospital for nutritional assessment. Cases randomly divided equally into two groups. Group A received iron supplementation only and group B received supplementation with iron and zinc. Follow up of length/height was done after 6 months of supplementation. Outcome Measures: Length/height for age and sex (birth to 5 years Z-scores, WHO, 2003). Results: On comparing the length/ height of the two groups before (p=0.472) and after supplementation (p=0.923) respectively, no statistically significant differences were found between supplementation with iron only and with iron plus zinc. Yet, upon calculation the rate of change in linear growth after 6 months, a significant difference (p=0.002) was evident on comparing group B who received zinc plus iron (mean=13.6 cm increase in height) vs. Group A who only received iron (mean=10.8 cm increase in height). Conclusion: Zinc supplementation in addition to iron led to significant acceleration of linear growth of stunted children compared to supplementation with iron alone.

Human Development in Bihar: Contemporary Issues and Challenges*

Bihar is one of the poorest states in India. Human development attainment is very low, and inequalit y is argued to be one of the main reasons for it. The present paper attempts to explore the condition of human development and to identify components of high inequality in human development of Bihar as inequality affects growth negatively.

Human Development Index and Turkey

Ülkelerin ekonomik seviyelerinin yüksek olması, gelişmiş olarak nitelendirilebilmeleri için yeterli değildir. Bir ülkenin gelişmişlik düzeyinin belirlenebilmesi için ekonomik unsurlarla birlikte sosyal ve kültürel unsurları da değerlendirmek gerekir. Birleşmiş Milletler, dünya ülkeleri bazında hesaplanan ve insanı, kalkınmanın merkezine koyan İnsani Gelişim Raporlarını yıllık olarak yayınlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda yayınlanan raporlar, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerini görmelerine yardımcı olmuş ve ülkelere ileriye dönük olarak yol göstermişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İnsani Gelişim Endeksi (İGE) kapsamında ve alt endeksleri bağlamında güncel verilerle Türkiye’nin durum analizini yapmaktır. Ayrıca 2019 İGE’de de vurgulanan insani gelişmede görülen eşitsizlikler de ele alınacaktır. Türkiye, insani gelişme performansıyla hızlı değişim gösteren ülkelerin başında yer almaktadır. Buna karşın ülke içerisinde insani gelişmede eşitsizliklerin olduğu görülmektedir. Erkekler ve kadınlar arasında özellikle eğitim süresi ve işgücüne katılım oranlarında önemli oranda farklar vardır. Çalışmanın bir diğer sonucu ise, insani gelişmede yaşanan bütün ilerlemelere rağmen ülkeler arasında insani gelişme söz konusu olduğunda büyük oranda farklar olmasıdır. İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyıl gelişmelerin yanı sıra birçok yeni eşitsizliği de beraberinde getirmektedir.

Inequality in Human Development across the Globe

AbstractThe Human Development Index is the world's most famous indicator of the level of development of societies. A disadvantage of this index is however that only national values are available, whereas within many countries huge subnational variation in development exists. We therefore have developed the Subnational Human Development Index (SHDI), which shows within‐country variation in human development across the globe. Covering more than 1,600 regions within 161 countries, the SHDI and its underlying dimension indices provide a 10 times higher resolution picture of human development than previously available. The newly observed within‐country variation is particularly strong in low‐ and middle‐developed countries. Education disparities explain most SHDI inequality within low‐developed countries, and standard of living differences are most important within the more highly developed ones. Strong convergence forces operating both across and within countries have compensated the inequality enhancing force of population growth. These changes will shape the twenty‐first century agenda of scientists and policy‐makers concerned with global distributive justice.

Human Development Inequalities by Regions in Romania

In order to determine the inequalities in human development by regions in Romania, the human development index adjusted to inequalities will be used. This index is used when there are inequalities in distribution for each value in part across the population and, especially, when there are inequalities between people. It is also based on a distribution-sensitive class of composite indices and is created after a model proposed by Foster et al. (2005), which was built on Atkinson’s family of inequality measures (1970). While the Human Development Index is based on country-level aggregates, such as national income accounts, the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index must rely on additional data sources to obtain distribution information. This article aims to highlight, on the one hand, the inequalities in human development that exist in Romania, and on the other hand the correlation between economic and human development in the eight regions. Therefore, the analysis will be divided into two parts. First, based on empirical data will be calculate the dimension of Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) then, using an econometric analysis, we will determine which is the correlation between human and economic development in each of the eight Romanian regions.

Spatial inequality in human development in India- A case study of Karnataka

The paper contributes to the literature by investigating the spatial unevenness in human development and enquiries, whether the patterns of human development are conditioned by spatially dependent factors, by viewing space as one of the factor influencing human development. It compares human development indices at district levels and investigates the intensity of spatial clusters. Over the last two decades, there is a considerable improvement in the level of human development in the state, also faces staggering inequalities. As evidenced by the Moran's I value the overall intra-regional inequality increased for the period 1990–2012, however post 2000 the Moran's I increased significantly, indicating strong spatial correlation. The result of the ML estimation of spatial lag model elucidate that the spatial lag coefficient (ρ) of HDI is positive and highly significant reflecting strong spatial influence, the HDI value of a region is robustly influenced by the neighbouring observations. The results of the study helps to reduce spatial inequalities at micro level [sub-state level], curbing inequalities in all its form and dimensions, which is essential to meet the 2030 sustainable development goals.

Developmental Impacts of Remittances on Migrant-Sending Households: Micro-Level Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan

This article analyzes the overall and type of developmental impacts of remittances for migrant-sending households (HHs) in districts of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, an HH-based human development index is constructed based on the dimensions of education, health and housing, with a view to enrich insights into interactions between remittances and HH development. Using high-quality data from a HH micro-survey for Punjab, the study finds that most migrant-sending HHs are better off than the HHs without this stream of income. More importantly, migrant HHs have significantly higher development in terms of housing in most districts of Punjab relative to non-migrant HHs. Thus, the government would need policy interventions focusing on housing to address inequalities in human development at the district-HH level, and subsequently balance its current focus on the provision of education and health.

Clustering the basic human category indicator levels in Banten region

Indonesia has an inequality in human development, education provides the highest inequality. Loss that occurs in the education category reaches 20.8 percent. In the categories of decent living standards reaches 17.3 percent, and in the health category 16.5 percent. Most volunteers and the society take responsive action after getting information from the media or from the local communities. Therefore, this study aims to find out which areas have problems on indicators of basic human categories in a certain year. Regions will be grouped into three cluster groups, regions with low values, regions with medium values, and regions with high values. K-Means is an algorithm used to classify regions. The results of this study are, knowing the areas that have the lowest, medium, and highest values based on indicators of basic human categories in 2013 to 2017. Pandeglang and Serang Regencies are the lowest indicators such as life expectancy with a center point of 62.928 in 2013 and up to 64.03 in 2017, mean years of school is 6.299 to 6.666, per capita expenditure is 8411.72 to 9065.33. The cities of South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and Central Jakarta, areas that are at the highest indicators such as life expectancy with a center point of 72.938 to 73.107, expected years of school is 12.673 to 13.438, mean years of school is 10.469 to 10.851, and per capita expenditure with a center point of 17942.57 up to 18856.4.

A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator.

A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator.