Human Development Index Index Research Articles

Pattern of burden cancer breast and relationshipin to human development index in Iran 2009 to 2019: an observational study based on the Global Burden of Diseases

ObjectiveBreast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. This study aims is to investigate the burden of breast cancer in Iran and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) during 2009 to 2019.Study designThe present study is an observational study in Iran during the years 2009 to 2019. Data related to the incidence, mortality, Years of Life with Disability (YLD), Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALY) of breast cancer in Iran were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD-2019) website. Correlation tests are used to check the relationship between these indicators and the human development index.ResultsThe highest incidence rate of breast cancer in 2019 is related to the provinces of Gilan (29 per 100,000) and Tehran (28.55 per 100,000) and the highest rate of death from breast cancer is related to the provinces of Gilan (10.71 per 100,000). and Semnan (9.97 in 100,000). The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between DALY (r = 0.626, P < 0.0001), YLL (r = 0.611, P < 0.0001) and, YLD (r = 0.773, P < 0.0001) breast cancer with HDI index. There is a positive and significant correlation between the incidence (r = 0.794, P < 0.0001) and mortality (r = 0.503, P = 0.003) of breast cancer with the HDI index.ConclusionsConsidering that a positive correlation was observed between the incidence and burden of breast cancer and the human development index in the country, it is suggested to implement preventive measures such as public education programs to reduce the incidence and burden of breast cancer and the necessity of screening programs in areas with low human development index. It confirms the diagnosis of disease cases.

The impact of national savings on economic development: a focused study on the ten poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of national savings on economic development, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), Inequality-adjusted HDI (iHDI), and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), in ten of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study employs a sequential Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis to address potential endogeneity issues and account for the dynamic nature of the relationships, covering the period from 2009 to 2019. The findings reveal a complex relationship between national savings and the selected development indicators. While national savings exhibit positive impacts on HDI and iHDI, the results are not consistently statistically significant across all the sequential models. However, the analysis suggests that national savings have a positive influence on reducing multidimensional poverty, as measured by MPI, particularly when effectively channeled into productive investments. The study also highlights the significant positive impact of government expenditure and foreign direct investment (FDI) on human development, underscoring the importance of strategic public investments and foreign capital. The results suggest that while national savings are crucial, their effective utilization is essential for enhancing human development indices. Strategic investments in public goods and foreign capital are also important. The mixed effects of inflation and official development assistance (ODA) emphasize the need for stable economic policies and effective utilization of foreign aid. The modest positive impact of institutional quality suggests that improvements in governance and institutional frameworks can contribute to human development. The findings underscore the need for policies promoting financial inclusion, efficient public expenditure, foreign direct investment, and stable macroeconomic conditions to leverage national savings for economic development. The study’s findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies that leverage national savings, public expenditure, and foreign investment to drive sustainable economic development and poverty reduction.

Pengaruh IPM dan Kemandirian Keuangan Terhadap Financial Sustainability Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta

This research aims to examine the factors that influence Financial Sustainability in the Yogyakarta City Government. The factors chosen from a financial perspective are financial independence and a social aspect, namely the HDI or Human Development Index of the Yogyakarta City Government. The research sample used was the HDI and Financial Independence of the Yogyakarta City Government in 2014 - 2022. The data analysis method used was SPSS version 27. Based on the research results, it can be partially concluded that the HDI (Human Development Index) has no effect on Financial Sustainability. Meanwhile, Financial Independence partially influences Financial Sustainability. Simultaneously, the HDI (Community Development Index) and Financial Independence have a significant effect on the Financial Sustainability of the Yogyakarta City Government.

Human Development Index and Local Government Performance: Evidence from Central Java Province, Indonesia

This research examines the relationship between the human development index (HDI) and local government performance. Further, our study divided the HDI into life expectancy, education, and per capita income. The measurement of local government performance was done through evaluation of local government performances from the Ministry of Home Affairs, Republic of Indonesia. The current study sample consists of the local government in Central Java Province during the 2014-2019 period. There are 35 local governments in Central Java Province, with 210 observations. The result of the study shows that HDI has a positive effect on local government performance. The higher HDI index has improved the performance of local government. Further, life expectancy and income per capita positively affect the local government’s performance. On the other hand, education has no significant effect on the local government’s performance. This study also investigates the effect of HDI on future local government performance. The result of the study also confirms the expectation that HDI has improved the next year’s local government performance. It is expected that the local government will give more attention to improving the HDI index, thus, improving the local government’s performance.&#x0D; Keywords: human development index, local government, performance, life expectancy, income per capita

Oral Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio Are Associated with Human Development Index in China, 1990-2019.

The burden of oral cancer (OC) is closely related to economic development. We aimed to evaluate the burden of OC at different stages of economic development in China in terms of incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) from 1990 to 2019. Data on cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Based on human development index (HDI), Chinese economic development was divided into three stages: low, medium, and high HDI stages. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate the differences in age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR), and MIR at various stages of HDI. Correlation and regression tests were conducted to examine the association amongst ASIR, ASMR, MIR, and HDI in OC. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the trend of ASIR, ASMR, and MIR. Significant differences were observed in terms of ASIR, ASMR, and MIR between groups (P < 0.001). The values of both sexes in the low HDI stage were lower than those of the medium and high HDI stages, except for MIR, in which the low HDI stage was the highest (P < 0.05). ASIR and ASMR of OC in males at the medium HDI stage showed the fastest growth rate with EAPC values of 5.64 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 5.20 to 6.08) and 4.42 (95% CI, 4.01 to 4.82), respectively. A strong positive correlation exists between HDI and ASIR (r = 0.96) and ASMR (r = 0.91) in both sexes from 1990 to 2019. During the high HDI stage, the ASIR and ASMR of OC were at a high level, but the ASIR halted the uptrend trend and ASMR showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, the HDI index has been positively correlated with the ASIR and ASMR of OC in China in the past 30 years, but this relationship may not be sustained as the economy develops. The health department should continue to allocate additional resources for the prevention and treatment of OC.

Hierarchical Clustering Based on International Sustainability Indices of EU Countries

The presented paper focuses on the possibility to group countries by the cluster method in terms of assessing the sustainable competitiveness of European countries. Our calculation is based on HDI (Human Development Index) and EPI (Environmental Performance Index) indices. We also tried to show the differences in HDI and EPI index of the Slovak Republic and the Netherlands. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the global competitiveness regarding the environmental economics model, considering all three levels: economic, social, and environmental. We measure the socio-economic dimension using HDI according to the health and education areas, then we measure the environmental dimension using EPI, which monitors the behaviour of countries in the field of human health protection and ecosystem protection. Our question is whether there is an appropriate classification for the development of these countries that could help to reduce the differences between the average countries and the EU 27 average. The approach to this topic began with the question whether these countries, which have high values of economic growth, have a high level of EPI or HDI. The intention is to look for the possible existence of a gradual rapprochement of countries belonging to the same group.

An analysis of age-standardized suicide rates in Muslim-majority countries in 2000-2019

BackgroundThis study examines the 20-year trend of suicide in 46 Muslim-majority countries throughout the world and compares their suicide rates and trends with the global average. Ecological-level associations between the proportion of the Muslim population, the age-standardized suicide rates, male-to-female suicide rate ratio, and the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2019 were examined.MethodsAge-standardized suicide rates were extracted from the WHO Global Health Estimates database for the period between 2000 and 2019. The rates in each country were compared with the age-standardized global average during the past 20 years. The countries were further grouped according to their regions/sub-regions to calculate the regional and sub-regional weighted age-standardized suicide rates involving Muslim-majority countries. Correlation analyses were conducted between the proportion of Muslims, age-standardized suicide rate, male: female suicide rate ratio, and the HDI in all countries. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the age-standardized suicide rates in 2000-2019.ResultsThe 46 countries retained for analysis included an estimated 1.39 billion Muslims from a total worldwide Muslim population of 1.57 billion. Of these countries, eleven (23.9%) had an age-standardized suicide rate above the global average in 2019. In terms of regional/sub-regional suicide rates, Muslim-majority countries in the Sub-Saharan region recorded the highest weighted average age-standardized suicide rate of 10.02/100,000 population, and Southeastern Asia recorded the lowest rate (2.58/100,000 population). There were significant correlations between the Muslim population proportion and male-to-female rate ratios (r=-0.324, p=0.028), HDI index and age-standardized suicide rates (r=-0.506, p<0.001), and HDI index and male-to-female rate ratios (r=0.503, p<0.001) in 2019. Joinpoint analysis revealed that seven Muslim-majority countries (15.2%) recorded an increase in the average annual percentage change regarding age-standardized suicide rates during 2000-2019.ConclusionsMost Muslim-majority countries had lower age-standardized suicide rates than the global average, which might reflect religious belief and practice or due to Muslim laws in their judicial and social structure which may lead to underreporting. This finding needs further in-depth country and region-specific study with regard to its implication for public policy.

Incorporating “relative” ecological impacts into human development evaluation: Planetary Boundaries–adjusted HDI

During the past 30 years, Human Development Index (HDI) has evolved into a widely accepted proxy of human development. Based on Strong Sustainability and Planetary Boundaries, this paper puts forward Planetary Boundaries–adjusted HDI (PB-HDI). The PB-HDI has made references to Planetary pressures–adjusted HDI proposed by the UNDP. Being simple, transparent and theoretically valid, the PB-HDI incorporates “relative” ecological impacts, i.e. ecological impacts beyond planetary boundaries, into human development evaluation. The PB-HDI is the product of adjusted HDI and Ecological Overshoot Index. The adjusted HDI employs Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth to measure medical and health levels and sets a threshold value of Gross National Income per capita; the Ecological Overshoot Index measures “relative” ecological impacts and is constructed by employing consumption-based CO2 emissions and Material Footprint. Being compatible with intragenerational and intergenerational equity, the PB-HDI advocates achieving higher levels of economic-social development within planetary boundaries. PB-HDI values and ranks of 142 countries in 2015 are different with those of the HDI by a large extent. For the PB-HDI, Costa Rica, Panama, Hungary, Sri Lanka and Argentina perform best and Singapore, Australia, the United States, India and China do not perform well. The paper provides a more scientific and reasonable perspective and index for human development evaluation in the full world and Anthropocene.

Is clean energy prosperity and technological innovation rapidly mitigating sustainable energy-development deficit in selected sub-Saharan Africa? A myth or reality

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) such as access to clean energy (SDG-7), responsible energy consumption (SDG-12) and sustainable economic growth revolves around the subject of human development that resonates with (SDG-8), and among others. Based on these highlights, this study examines sustainable development for the panel of selected Sub-Sahara African countries that are largely plagued with huge energy deficit (energy poverty) and setback in technological innovation. This study leverages on panel econometrics strategies to explore the hypothesized relationship between the outlined indicators for the period 2000–2016 in Sub-Saharan African countries. Empirical results show that human development index (HDI), economic expansion, access to clean energy. and technological innovation exhibits long-run equilibrium relationship. Subsequently, the finding revealed that economic expansion, access to energy and technological innovation in the sampled countries spur higher HDI indices. That is, a 1% increase in economic growth increases HDI by 0.040% and 0.017% in the short and long run respectively. Thus, we can infer that enhanced sustainable economic growth leads to higher HDI indices which encompases higher literacy rate, better income level and increase life expectancy in both short and long run. In contrary, access to clean energy in the selected blocs dampens HDI index in the short run but the effect is statistically positive (desirable) in the long run.

Applicability of Human Development Index for Measuring Economic Well-being: A Study on GDP and HDI Indicators from Indian Context

The tracking of gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of well-being of the society or human-being has been debated by many researchers and economists (Elizabeth, 2007; Abhinav, 2014; Deb, 2015 ) There are many deficiencies in tracking GDP as the economic development indicator, as it does not capture the inequality or true development of Human-being. Noted economist Mehbub ul Haq’s human development project defined a composite matrix which captures the life expectancy, education and per capita indicators in one matrix. This was developed to track as a development indicator of human welfare. In the previous studies, the GDP or GDP per capita was regressed with the Human Development Index (HDI) composite index and indicated a direct correlation between the two variables. However, this article examines the contribution of the income component in the HDI index by recalculating the composite matrix. This article also qualitatively examines the ability of HDI index to measure the human development parameters. JEL Classification Codes: E01, I12, O1

Epidemiology of the Incidence and Mortality of Pancreas Cancer and its Relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) in the World: An Ecological Study in 2018.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries and a lethal malignant neoplasm worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality and its relationship with HDI. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that is based on cancer incidence data and cancer mortality rates derived from the GLOBOCAN in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates of Pancreas as well as Pancreas cancer distribution maps were derived for world countries. The data analysis was conducted using a correlation test, and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation of the incidence and mortality of Pancreas with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. The highest incidence of pancreatic cancer was reported in Asia with 214499 (46.7%) cases and the lowest incidence was related to Oceania with 4529 cases (0.99%). The results showed a positive and significant correlation between incidence (r = 0.764, P <0.0001) and mortality (r = 0.771, P <0.0001) of pancreatic cancer and the HDI index. The results of ANOVA revealed that the highest mean incidence was related to the very high HDI (P <0.0001) and the highest mortality was connected to the very high human development (P <0.0001). The results exhibited that incidence was positively and significantly correlated with GNI (r = 0.497, P <0.0001), MYS (r = 0.746, P <0.0001), LEB (r = 0.676, <0.0001) and EYS (r = 0.738, P <0.0001). Also, a significant positive correlation was found between mortality and GNI (r = 0.507, P <0.0001), MYS (r = 0.745, P <0.0001), LEB (r = 0.679, <0.0001), and EYS (r = 0.748, P <0.0001). Given the higher incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in countries with HDI, it is necessary to pay a greater attention to risk factors and appropriate planning to reduce these factors and minimize the impact and mortality rate of this disease.

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Asian female population and human development index (HDI): an ecological study.

ObjectiveAnemia is a major problem in developing countries, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the prevalence of anemia among Asian women.MethodsThis was a descriptive-analytic ecological study. The study analyzed data including HDI and prevalence of anemia extracted from the World Bank. The correlation coefficient and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. Analyses were performed using Stata-14 software.ResultsThe results revealed that the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age (R=−0.626, P<0.001), pregnant women (R=−0.576, P<0.001) and non-pregnant women (R=−0.623, P<0.0001) was significantly negatively correlated with HDI index. In the analysis of HDI components and the prevalence of anemia, a significant negative correlation was observed between the prevalence of anemia and the mean years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and expected years of schooling indices in all 3 groups of women (non-pregnant, pregnant, and of reproductive age) (P<0.05).ConclusionSince there was a negative correlation between the prevalence of anemia in women and HDI, paying greater attention to factors which influence anemia may contribute to the prevention of anemia in developing countries.

Geographical distribution of falciparum malaria in the world and its relationship with the human development index (HDI): countries based on the WHO report in 2017

Malaria is one of the most serious public health issues worldwide and is still responsible for the deaths of nearly half a million individuals every year worldwide. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of the incidence of and mortality from malaria and its association with the human development index (HDI). The present research is an ecological study conducted in 2017 that explored the association between the HDI and incidence of and mortality from malaria in WHO regions based on data extracted from the World Bank. In this study, the two-variable correlation method was adopted to analyze the data extracted to investigate the correlation between malaria incidence and HDI. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered. The analyses were performed using Stata14 software. The highest incidence of malaria in the world was reported in 2001 (80.73 per 1000 people) and the lowest in 2017 (59.12 per 1000). The results revealed a significant reverse correlation between malaria incidence (r = −0.640, P < 0.0001) and the HDI index in 2017. The analysis of HDI decomposites with malaria incidence in 2017 demonstrated a reverse and significant correlation between malaria incidence and gross national income per 1000 capita (r = −0.365, P < 0.0001), mean years of schooling (r = −0.477, P < 0.0001), life expectancy at birth (r = −0.694, P < 0.0001) and expected years of schooling (r = −0.458, P < 0.0001). Given the reverse correlation between malaria incidence and HDI, a greater emphasis on factors associated with the disease in these countries, effective prevention and awareness raising about the means of transmission can be effective in curbing the incidence of this disease.

Social risks and their impact on the quality of the human capital of the region

This article reveals the problem of the quality of human capital in the Russian regions. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for Russia to transition to a new model of economic growth, which is possible only on the basis of full use of human capital. An increased number of social risks that reduce the quality of life of citizens guides public authorities to determine the most important areas in the development of socio-economic policies. Based on official statistics for years 2014–2018, the human development index (HDI) was calculated for the Tyumen region (no autonomous districts included). The value of this indicator was compared with the Federal subjects, included in the Urals Federal District, as well as with the all-Russian indicator. Based on the values of the HDI index, conclusions revealing problems and giving guidelines of the regional socio-economic policy aimed at improving the quality of life of citizens in the Russian Federation and reducing the impact of social risks on it.

A Global Assessment of Sustainable Development Based on Modification of the Human Development Index via the Entropy Method

In response to the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, this paper proposes a new National Sustainable Development Index (NSDI), based on the modification of the Human Development Index (HDI). The purpose of our research was to improve the widely adopted HDI index by incorporating more comprehensive sustainability perspectives, so as to help policy makers to better analyze the sustainability-related issues facing their countries. After clarifying the concept of sustainable development, our research suggests that this term represents a coordination and configuration of economic, social, and environmental aspects of development, with its major focuses on balancing intra-generational welfare and maximizing the total welfare across generations. We then put forward a novel NSDI framework including 12 indicators from dimensions of economy, resource environment, and society, and calculated the weights of 12 indicators using the entropy method. To further validate our proposed index, this paper also measured the NSDIs of 163 countries in the world, and compared this index with the HDI and other well-known modification indices of HDI. The results showed that the NSDI is a reliable and relative complete index for sustainable development assessment, which makes up for the shortcomings of existing indices.

Between Sharia Maqasid Index and Human Development Index: Which One is Happier?

This research aims to find a more precise composite measurement format (index) in quantifying the ultimate achievement of human existence, which is happiness, in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. Up until now, Human Development Index (HDI) is considered to be sufficiently representing the measure of human well-being. However, Easterlin (1974) argues that higher welfare does not always imply to higher happiness. Blanchflower and Oswald (2005) prove the statement of Easterlin (1974) by demonstrating the paradox between HDI level and happiness in Australia. Further, the measure of HDI is said to be less representative in reflecting happiness as it has not yet incorporated the element of religiosity. Thus, several of the new composite measures of well-being in Muslim countries have been proposed, one of them is Sharia Maqasid Index constructed by Ali and Hasan (2014). This research attempts to make comparison between HDI and Sharia Maqasid Index and to decide which of the two indices gives the best measure of human happiness. The authors employ Ordered Logit method and use data taken from World Value Survey along the period of 1999-2009 to measure happiness as in Leigh and Wolfers (2006), as well as to measure Sharia Maqasid Index as in Ali and Hasan (2014). Findings of this research can benefit the government of OIC countries to determine a more precise index as a benchmark to set more appropriate public policies.

Business Innovations for Unfolding Stratums of Human Development Indicators: a Worldwide Empirical Analysis

Role of entrepreneurial innovations for human development is still invisible and subject to be investigated. This study uniquely unfolds the stratums of human development indicators caused by the activities of entrepreneurship. For this very purpose, the study utilizes the panel data of human development and entrepreneurship from 129 countries ranging for the years of 2016 to 2018. The human development has been measured through the human development index (HDI), and this data has been accessed from indicators of United nations development program (UNDP). The data of global entrepreneurial innovations (GEI) has been accessed from the global entrepreneurship and development index (GEDI). Both HDI and GEI comprised of composite indexes. GEI is the composite index with three sub-indices and 14 pillars. The three sub-indices are attitudes, abilities and aspiration. Out of 14 pillars opportunity perception, startup skills, risk acceptance, networking and cultural support are associated with attitudes. Opportunity startup, technology absorption, human capital and competition are associated with abilities while production innovation, process innovation, high growth, internationalization and risk capital are associated with aspiration. Although, the data of the HDI index was initially developed since 1990. However, due to non-availability of GEI data, only three years of panel data were included in the study. HDI comprised of three basic dimensions which include the knowledge, standard of living and healthy life. Based on the literature, the study hypothesized that global entrepreneurship positively affects human development worldwide. This proposed relationship was measured through generalized methods of moments through EViews. The data trend had been measured through a scatter diagram, before measuring the specific relationship among the major variables of the study. Through this test, normality of the data ad outliers was also checked. Data dispersion and linearity was checked through the test of standard residuals. After checking the appropriateness of data, parameters of the study were estimated. Results showed a strong and positive correlation between entrepreneurship and human development. By applying generalized methods of moments, the analysis revealed that entrepreneurial innovations could explain the 68 per cent variation in human development. So, it can be safely said that entrepreneurship is an important cause to enhance the capabilities of humans and can ultimately improve HDI worldwide. It is suggested that the nations who want to improve the skills, capabilities and living standards of humans in their respective regions should devise the strategies to promote the entrepreneurial activities. Keywords entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial ventures, human development indicators, global entrepreneurship development index, human development index, human capabilities, human skills, human capital.

Epidemiology Incidence and Mortality Worldwide Common cancers in males and Their Relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI): An Ecological Study Updated in the World

This article provides a status report on the global burden of common cancers in male in worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality. Based on the results of cancer records in 2018, 9456418 cases of malignancy were recorded in males, with cancer (1368524 cases, 14.5 %), prostat cancer (1276106 cases, 13.5%), colorectal cancer(1026215 cases, 10.9%), stomach cancer(683754 cases, 7.2%) and liver cancer (596574 caces, 6.3%) were the five most common cancers in men worledwide. the total of deaths due to cancer in human in 2018 is 5385640. the five cases of death due to cancer in men worldwide are lung cancer (1184947 case, 22%), liver (548375 cases, 2.10%), stumach cancer (513555 cases, 9.5%), colorectal cancer (484224 case, 9%) and prostat cancer (358989 cases, 7.7 %). our resulth showed that there was a positive correlation between the incidence of lung cancer ( r= 0.629, p&lt;0.0001), prostat cancer (r= 0.534, p&lt;0.0001), colorectal cancer (r=0.745, p&lt;0.0001) and stomach cancer (r=0.268, p&lt;0.0001) with HDI index, while there was no significant relationship between liver cancer and the HDI (r=0.079, p&gt;0.05). the results also showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between mortality from lung cancer (r=0.632, p&lt;0.0001) and colorectal (r=0.627, p&lt;0.0001) with HDI, wereas this correlation was negative for prostate cancer (r=-0.187, p&lt;0.05).

Esophagus cancer geographical distribution, incidence, mortality and their world Human Development Index (HDI) relationship: an ecology study in 2018

Objective: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the world. About 80 of cases occur in less developed regions. The study purposed to investigate the epidemiology of esophageal cancer incidence and mortality in 185 countries and its relation with HDI in 2018. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was developed based on cancer incidence and mortality data extraction from the World Bank for Cancer in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and esophagus cancer distribution maps were drawn for World countries. To analyze data, correlation and regression tests were used to evaluate the relationship between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and the significance level was estimated at 0.05 level. Results: The highest and the lowest esophageal cancer incidences were in the Asian continent (N=444597; 77.7) and the Oceania continent (N=2315; 0.4). The most esophageal cancer incidence and mortality was in high HDI regions. A negative and significant correlation was observed between incidence (R = -0.143, p <0.05) and mortality (R = 0.234, p <0.05) of esophagus cancer and HDI. Furthermore, there was a negative and significant correlation between incidence rate and LEB (r = -0.16, p <0.05). Also, the results showed a negative and significant correlation between mortality rate and GNI (r = 0.1, p <0.05), MYS (r = -0.17, p <0.05), LEB (r = -0.23, p <0.05) and EYS (r = -0.15, p <0.05). Conclusions: There is a negative correlation between esophageal cancer incidence and mortality as well as the HDI index, improving the HDI can be effective in reducing of the cancer incidence and mortality.

Geographical distribution global incidence and mortality of lung cancer and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI); an ecology study in 2018

Objective: Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers and the main causes of cancer mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of lung cancer incidence and mortality in 185 countries and its relationship with the HDI index in 2018. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted on the extraction of incidence data and mortality rates of cancers from Cancer World Bank in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and lung cancer distribution maps were drawn for World countries. To analyze the data, the correlation and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was conducted by Stata-14 and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: With 209,386 new cases (12.22 per 100,000) and 1,761,007 deaths (19.88 per 100,000), lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate in the world. The highest incidence rate (56.7 per 100,000) and mortality (44.4 per 100,000) of lung cancer were in Hungary. According to a projection, the incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer are expected to increase from 2018 to 2040, and the results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between incidence (R=0.724, p 0.05). Conclusions: With the highest global incidence, motility, and an upward trend by 2040, lung cancer has a considerable global importance, and the human development index (HDI) can be an important factor in reducing the incidence and mortality of patients.