Components Of Human Development Index Research Articles

The Global Road Traffic Death Rate and Human Development Index from 2000 to 2019: A Trend Analysis.

Numerous studies on the association between the human development index (HDI) and road traffic death rate (RTDR) merely focus on developed countries, not reflecting the relationship between the HDI components and RTDR in a time-trend analysis. Accordingly, this study analyzes the trends of RTDR and their association with the HDI and its components from 2000 to 2019. The RTDR data of 154 countries were imported into the unconditional latent growth model (LGM) to assess the RTDR trends. The impact of the HDI and its components (viz., education, income, and life expectancy [LE viz]) on the trajectory of RTDR was also evaluated using the conditional LGM. The results of the unconditional LGM indicated an overall decreasing trend in RTDR. The conditional LGM results revealed the negative effect of the HDI and its components on the model parameters. The findings of random forests indicated that education and LE were the most crucial variables. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of HDI and its components, particularly education and LE, in lowering the number of traffic fatalities. In this sense, improving formal education and LE could be one of the main policies that policymakers could consider to reduce RTDR.

The impact of the human development index on stomach cancer incidence in Brazil.

The incidence of stomach cancer (SC) is declining in most countries in the world, potentially associated with increases in the human development index (HDI). This study was conducted to characterise the incidence and trends of SC in the Brazilian population and its correlations with HDI components: longevity, education and income. Data on incidence of SC from Population-based cancer registries (PBCR) in Brazil during the period 1988-2017 were extracted from the Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Incidence rates were estimated for each PBCR in the same calendar period. Trends were analysed using the Joinpoint Regression Program, and correlations with HDI components (longevity, education and income) were examined using the Pearson test. SC incidence rates in Brazil ranged from 22 to 89/100,000 among men and from 8 to 44/100,000 among women. The highest incidence rates for men and women occurred in northern Brazil. The SC incidence is stable in most of the capitals of the northern and northeast parts of the country, with reductions for both sexes in the South, Southeastern and Midwest. There was an inverse correlation of SC incidence rates for women with the components of HDI education (p = 0.038) and longevity (p = 0.012). For men, the inverse correlation occurred for the longevity HDI (p = 0.013). The improvement of HDIs in Brazil during the study period may have contributed to the stability of SC incidence but was not sufficient to reduce the overall SC incidence in the whole country. To better understand SC incidence in Brazil, efforts should be made towards ensuring that incidence data is recorded by PBCRs promptly.

Financial inclusion and human development: is there a nexus?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the nexus between financial inclusion and human development for countries belonging to different income groups during 2009–2019, and whether this relation differs across these groups.Design/methodology/approachThe paper constructs an index of financial inclusion (IFI) for different income group countries employing dynamic panel data models estimated by generalized method of moments (GMM) to analyse the relation between financial inclusion and human development.FindingsFinancial inclusion in low and lower-middle-income countries has higher effect on human development than in high and upper-middle income countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe study examines the effect of IFI on the human development index (HDI) at the aggregate level. Future research can tackle the IFI effect on every component of HDI and other aspects of financial inclusion could be incorporated like financial technology.Originality/valueThe originality lies in constructing an index for financial inclusion using the most recent data for a wide range of countries, in addition to examining the impact of financial inclusion on the human development levels of different income groups allowing for more accurate analysis tackling the differences in terms of adopted policies across various income groups; unlike other studies that are carried out on a one country basis or only across one or two country groups that do not allow for comparison across various groups of countries.

Informal we stand? The role of social progress around the world

Social progress has increased around the world. Can it be considered a strategic tool to shrink the informal sector? Using data for 156 countries over the last 30 years, we find that social progress - measured though the Human Development Index (HDI) - exerts a strong negative impact on informal economy (IE). However, this impact diminishes for higher levels of social progress, depicting a non-linear relationship, and it is mainly driven by the income and health components of HDI, whereas the education component does not play a significant role. Among the mechanisms possibly affecting the investigated relationship, we focus on political corruption and the spread of internet as opposite factors at work. While the ‘virtuous’ effect of social progress on IE holds even in presence of high political corruption, it vanishes when the internet diffusion increases.

Life Satisfaction and the Human Development Index Across the World

We use annual data on over 150 countries between 2005 and 2018 to look at the relationship between subjective well-being (both cognitive and affective) and the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI appears to be more closely related to cognitive than affective well-being. We also consider the relationships between the three HDI components (the Income, Health, and Education Indices) and well-being, and find that, on average, the Income Index has the strongest predictive power. Importantly, we find that the three HDI components only matter equally in Western and rich countries. Our analysis contributes to the discussion about cultural sensitivity in paradigms of societal development in two ways. We first show that differences in preferences toward development aims exist. Second, we propose a weighting procedure for a culturally-sensitive version of the HDI.

The medical social characteristics and evaluation of life quality of patients with diseases of blood circulation system

The increasing of longevity and quality of life and population health are considered as the most important component of human development index. The diseases of blood circulation system have leading rank in morbidity, disability and mortality of population of Russia representing one of the most actual problems of health care. The diseases of circulatory system negatively effect on physical and mental health, emotional conditions and social components of life activities. All the mentioned results related to cardiovascular diseases can be detected and measured through evaluation of indices of life quality of patients. In Russia, the directive documents and national programs concerning health care modernization were adopted to rectify the unfavorable medical demographic situation on national level through decreasing of mortality, morbidity and disability due to diseases of circulation system. The purpose of the study is to analyze social hygienic characteristic and life quality of patients with diseases of circulation system during 5 years prospective cross-sectional medical statistical study in the Nizhni Novgorod Oblast at the base of the "Specialized Cardio-surgery Clinical Hospital" of Nizhni Novgorod. The study included all patients with certain corresponding criteria of involvement being at hospital treatment in the pilot medical organization. The sampling included 420 patients. The life quality inventory SF-36 and questionnaire were applied to respondents during their first and control (5 years later) visits. The questionnaire covered social and working status, presence of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. The study demonstrated that among respondents made no control of cholesterol level 40.3%, arterial blood pressure - 16% that determines necessity of amelioration of sanitary education activities of population. The low level of income (less than 6000 rubles per one member of family) was marked by 42% of respondents. At that, 77% had financial problems with medications purchasing that testifies necessity in co-financing with the state. The results of the study testify the positive impact of implementation of target programs of prevention of cardiovascular diseases on the life quality of patients in the pilot subject of The Russian Federation. The original technique of sociological surveys and evaluation of life quality of patients can be applied at the regional level in development of managerial decision making.

Global inequality in the incidence and mortality rate of melanoma skin cancer according to human development index

Objective The present study aimed to quantify existing inequalities in melanoma skin cancer (MSC) incidence and mortality between countries with different level of human development index (HDI). Methods A descriptive study was conducted based on GLOBOCAN project of the WHO for most countries in the world. Inequality in the age-specific incidence and mortality rates of MC was calculated according to the HDI by using the concentration index (CI) and decomposition of the CI was conducted. Results The CI for incidence and mortality rates of MSC was 0.44 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.54) and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.21), respectively, which showed that MSC was more concentrated in countries with higher HDI. Expected years of schooling (0.44), mean year of schooling (0.38), and gross national income per 1000 capita (0.17) were the most important contributors of inequality in MSC incidence. Conclusion Disparity in melanoma rates was observed across diverse HDI components in different countries. The risk of MCS increased with higher life expectancy at birth, higher mean year of schooling, more expected years of schooling, and higher gross national income per 1000 capita according to the decomposing analysis.

Social, economic, and legislative factors and global road traffic fatalities

BackgroundRoad traffic fatalities (RTF) is the 8th cause of mortality around the world. At the end of the Decade of Action, it would be of utmost importance to revisit our knowledge on the determinants of RTF. The aim of this study is to assess factors related to RTF at global level.MethodsWe used road safety development index which accounts for the interactions between system, human and products to assess the RTF in 115 and 113 countries in 2013 and 2016, respectively. To analyze data, three statistical procedures (linear regression, classification and regression trees, and multivariate adaptive regression splines) were employed.ResultsClassification and regression trees has the best performance amongst all others followed by multivariate adaptive regression splines for 2013 and 2016 data set with an R2 around 0.83. Results show that any increase in human development index was associated with RTF reduction. Comparing RTF data of 2013 and 2016, 8 countries experienced a change of more than 30%, which demonstrated a significant relationship with GINI index (named after Corrado Gini). Considering the three components of human development index, it is revealed that education explained most of RTF variation in classification and regression trees model followed by income and life expectancy.ConclusionPolicymakers should consider road collisions as a socio-economic issue. In this regard, they can make provisions to reduce RTF in the long run by focusing on enhancing the three components of human development index, mainly education. However, there is a need to investigate the causation pathway among these three components with RTF with different time-trend procedures.

Incidence of Insufficient Physical Activity Among Adults and Its Relationship with the Human Development Index: A Global Study

Background: Insufficient physical activity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, plays an important role in the spread of non-communicable diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of insufficient physical activity and its relationship with the human development index (HDI) in the world. Methods: This is an ecological study, and the study data, including the human development index and the incidence of insufficient physical activity, were extracted from the World Bank’s database. The descriptive analysis included mean and standard deviation. The inferential analysis consisted of two-way correlation and ANOVA at a significance level of less than 0.05. The analyses were performed using Stata-14 software. Results: The highest incidence of insufficient physical activity in both sexes (39.26 [37.42, 40.95]) was found in the Americas, especially in high-income regions. There was a significant positive correlation between the incidence of insufficient physical inactivity and HDI in the world (r = 0.446, P < 0.0001). This correlation was also significant in Asia and Africa (P < 0.05). The results showed a positive correlation between components of HDI (i.e., gross national income per 1000 capita, mean years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and expected years of schooling) and insufficient activity (P < 0.0001). The results of ANOVA also exhibited a significant relationship between the mean prevalence of physical inactivity and the level of development (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Given the significant correlation between the incidence of insufficient physical inactivity and HDI, understanding this correlation and its components, especially in low- and middle-income countries can alleviate the impact of physical inactivity epidemics in the future, thereby contributing to the effective global prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Variations and trends in global disease burden of age-related macular degeneration: 1990-2017.

To evaluate the disease burden of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to evaluate the risk factors of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) caused by AMD. Country-specific DALY number, rate and age-standardized rate of AMD were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI), Human Development Index (HDI), Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IA-HDI) and other related data were obtained from published data or shared databases. Regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlations between the potential risk factors and the age-standardized DALY rate of AMD. The DALY number doubled from 1990 to 2017, and DALY rate increased from 4.73 (95% CI: 3.19-6.54) to 6.95 (95% CI: 4.76-9.54). However, change was small after standardizing. Females tended to have severer burden. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rates were correlated to annual PM2.5 concentration, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, population with at least some secondary education (secondary education), glaucoma prevalence and gross national income (GNI) per capita. In SDI model, glaucoma, GDP, healthcare access and quality index (HAQ) and secondary education were associated with disease burden (p<0.001). In IA-HDI model, cataract, glaucoma, PM2.5, GDP and secondary education were correlated to DALY rates (p<0.001). In model included four components of HDI, glaucoma, PM2.5, GDP, secondary education, expected years of schooling and life expectancy at birth were associated (p<0.001). Being female, older age, poor socioeconomic status and less educated are associated with a heavier disease burden of AMD. These findings would provide a basic understanding for policy making on AMD prevention and treatment.

UV-Related Melanoma Cancer and Its Association with the Human Development Index (HDI): GLOBOCAN Sources and Methods

Background: Exposure to radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer so that 65 to 90% of skin cancers can be attributed to the exposure with sunlight. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the association between the human development index and the incidence of UV-related melanoma. Methods: This is an ecological study. Data on the incidence of UV-induced melanoma were extracted from the GLOBOCAN estimates (GLOBOCAN 2012), and data on the human development index were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) database. Data analysis was conducted by Stata software (Ver. 14). The descriptive analysis involved mean and standard deviation. The correlation method was used to evaluate the association between the population attributable fraction (PAF) of melanoma for ultraviolet (UV) and the HDI components. A P value &lt; 0.005 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The results revealed a significant positive association between UV-attributable melanoma cancer and HDI in women (r = 0.401, P &lt; 0.0001), men (r = 0.488, P &lt; 0.0001), and both sexes (r = 0.455, P &lt; 0.0001). In Americas (r = 0.452, P &lt; 0.05) and Europe (r = 0.740, P &lt; 0.05), a significant positive correlation was observed between UV-induced melanoma and HDI, but this association was not significant in Asia (P &gt; 0.05). In Africa, a negative correlation was observed, though it was not statistically significant (r = -0.301, P &gt; 0.05). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant statistical relationship between the incidence of UV-related melanoma and the levels of development (F = 25.1, P &lt; 0.0001) so that the higher the score of HDI, the higher the incidence of this cancer. Conclusions: Since there is a positive correlation between UV-related melanoma and HDI, further attention should be paid to this risk factor, especially in countries with a high HDI to reduce the UV-induced melanoma cancer.

Analisis Situasi Pembangunan Manusia di Jawa Tengah

&lt;p&gt;This study aims to analyze the disclosure distribution of the position regency/city in Central Java based on the linkage of Economic Growth (EG) and Human Development Index (HDI). The study uses secondary data in the form of cross-sectional regional regency/city based on EG and HDI components. Data analysis uses regency/city distribution plot diagram based on EG and HDI components in the Cartesian diagram which divides the space into 4 Quadrants, namely: Quadrant I of the regency/city distribution plots with high EG and HDI, Quadrant II of the regency/city distribution plots with low EG and high HDI, Quadrant III of the regency/city distribution plots with high EG and low HDI, and Quadrant IV of the regency/city distribution plots with low EG and HDI. This study concludes that the position of cities in Central Java in general is in line with the Quadrant I group, the HDI of regency/city in the area of the ex-Semarang and ex-Surakarta residency is in Quadrant I. Other regencies/cities are spread in Quadrant II, III, and IV.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; : &lt;/strong&gt;human development index, economic growth, Central Java, distribution plot&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Asian female population and human development index (HDI): an ecological study.

ObjectiveAnemia is a major problem in developing countries, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the prevalence of anemia among Asian women.MethodsThis was a descriptive-analytic ecological study. The study analyzed data including HDI and prevalence of anemia extracted from the World Bank. The correlation coefficient and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. Analyses were performed using Stata-14 software.ResultsThe results revealed that the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age (R=−0.626, P<0.001), pregnant women (R=−0.576, P<0.001) and non-pregnant women (R=−0.623, P<0.0001) was significantly negatively correlated with HDI index. In the analysis of HDI components and the prevalence of anemia, a significant negative correlation was observed between the prevalence of anemia and the mean years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and expected years of schooling indices in all 3 groups of women (non-pregnant, pregnant, and of reproductive age) (P<0.05).ConclusionSince there was a negative correlation between the prevalence of anemia in women and HDI, paying greater attention to factors which influence anemia may contribute to the prevention of anemia in developing countries.

Human potential in the system of social and economic development: problems and prospects of Vinnytsia region

The article highlights the problems and prospects of human development, which is the basis for the long-term strategies of social and economic growth of different countries and regions at the present stage. Submitting strategies of this type provides an opportunity to focus on individual empowerment and to build a favorable environment for effective management decisions in the field of forming, maintaining, and restoring human potential. The analysis of the Vinnytsia region human potential dynamics in the regional system of social and economic development factors was carried out. Application of generalized assessment of the regional human development index components allowed the identification of the main trends that characterize the formation of human potential of the territory, including the reproduction of the population, social environment, comfort and quality of life, well-being, decent work, and education. The article emphasizes that despite some positive changes in the social and economic situation of the region and in assessing the parameters of its human development level relative to other regions of Ukraine, Vinnytsia region is now losing its human potential due to negative demographic situation and migration to other regions and countries. The main reason for such dynamics is proven to be related to the outdated structure of the region's economy, the predominance of the agricultural sector, the lack of progressive transformations in the development of high-tech fields of the economy. An important factor is the low level of urbanization of the region, which leads to the spread of less attractive working conditions and less comfortable living conditions. The key factors that cause the growth of urbanization in the region have been identified, including the significant positive impact of the transport and social infrastructure expansion, the lack of which in rural areas leads to a decrease in the level and comfort of life. Without progressive structural changes in the economy and the resettlement system, the loss of human potential will continue.

Impact of School Dropout on Human Development in Bangladesh

The Human Development Index (HDI) is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions: Education Index, Life expectancy at birth and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. As per Human Development Report of UNDP, Bangladesh was in 136th position among 189 countries in 2017. Education index is one of the important components of HDI of a country. The lack of education, forces the poor household to engage in less productive activities which results in lower GNI. Thus we can see that education has both direct and indirect influence on HDI of a country. Education index is the function of mean year of schooling and expected year of schooling. In 2015, dropout rates of secondary and primary schools were 40.29 percent, and 22.70 percent respectively. By reducing school dropout, the mean year of schooling of any country can be increased which results in a positive change in education index and thus human development index. The present research is an attempt to examine the influence of school dropout on Human Development Index. This study is based on both primary data and secondary data. Primary data have been collected through convenience sampling technique from 200 children who dropped out at different levels of primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh. Results show that the important reasons for school dropout are poor economic conditions, poor performance in school, less interest of parents, less interest of education, lack of school facilities, broken family, orphanage &amp; migration of parents. The study recommends some ways to reduce school dropout. The study also suggests that the mean year of schooling can be increased through the establishment of residential schools, night schools, and through implementing learn and earn scheme by the Government of Bangladesh or other organizations.

Decrypting The Dependency Relationship Between The Triad Of Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth And Human Development

In this paper, we have explored the relationship between three key indicators of the health of any economy, namely, human development index (HDI), foreign direct investment (FDI) and gross domestic product (GDP). Three alternative models were assessed in the study to investigate the dynamics of the cause and effect relationship between the three variables. Thirty countries were selected for the purpose of the study on the basis of a positive change in their HDI ranks from 2012 to 2017. Further, the countries were categorized into countries with very high, high, medium and low HDI ranks. Annual FDI, HDI and GDP data for the period from 1990 through 2016 were used to investigate the nature of the relationship among the selected variables. The proposed models testing the outcome-explanatory variable relationship between FDI, HDI, and GDP were tested using cointegrating regression with panel dynamic least square model (DOLS) and panel fully modified least square model (FMOLS). The findings of the study show that HDI and FDI are the statistically significant variables that positively impact the changes in GDP. Further, the impact of HDI is of larger magnitude than FDI. However, GDP and FDI were not found to exert any statistically significant impact on HDI for the period under the study. Similarly, HDI and GDP were also not found to exert any significant impact on FDI. Before applying DOLS and FMOLS, stationarity was confirmed using five panel unit root tests, namely, LLC, IPS, Fisher-type tests using ADF and PP and Hadri. Thereafter, Pedroni residual cointegration test and Kao residual cointegration test were used to confirm the existence of cointegration among the variables, which is a necessary condition for applying DOLS and FMOLS. The study has key implications for the policymakers in search of models and plans to boost GDPs of their respective countries. Since HDI exerts more than proportionate positive impact on GDP, governments can focus on improving the three components of HDI, namely, life expectancy, adult literacy and education enrolment to promote economic growth. Further, since FDI exerts a positive impact on GDP, policymakers can strategize to make more friendly policies to attract foreign investors.

Impact of School Dropout on Human Development in Bangladesh

The Human Development Index (HDI) is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions: Education Index, Life expectancy at birth and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. As per Human Development Report of UNDP, Bangladesh was in 136th position among 189 countries in 2017. Education index is one of the important components of HDI of a country. The lack of education, forces the poor household to engage in less productive activities which results in lower GNI. Thus we can see that education has both direct and indirect influence on HDI of a country. Education index is the function of mean year of schooling and expected year of schooling. In 2015, dropout rates of secondary and primary schools were 40.29 percent, and 22.70 percent respectively. By reducing school dropout, the mean year of schooling of any country can be increased which results in a positive change in education index and thus human development index. The present research is an attempt to examine the influence of school dropout on Human Development Index. This study is based on both primary data and secondary data. Primary data have been collected through convenience sampling technique from 200 children who dropped out at different levels of primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh. Results show that the important reasons for school dropout are poor economic conditions, poor performance in school, less interest of parents, less interest of education, lack of school facilities, broken family, orphanage &amp; migration of parents. The study recommends some ways to reduce school dropout. The study also suggests that the mean year of schooling can be increased through the establishment of residential schools, night schools, and through implementing learn and earn scheme by the Government of Bangladesh or other organizations.

Índice delictivo y su relación con densidad poblacional y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en el estado de Guanajuato

En este artículo se determinan factores que influyen en el Índice Delictivo (ID) de los municipios de Guanajuato y se estudia su relación con la densidad poblacional y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH). En particular, se muestra la interdependencia entre el IDH y sus variables contra el número de delitos de diferente índole que determinan el índice delictivo. Se muestra que factores educativos, de ingreso y densidad poblacional tienen un efecto significativo en el índice delictivo.

A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator.

A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator.

Global Inequalities in Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality

Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer in women after breast and colorectal cancers and is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women in the world. The aim this study is associations of cervix cancer incidence and mortality rates with Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: The Information of the incidence and mortality rates of CC obtained from the GLOBOCAN cancer project in year 2012 and data for the HDI 2013 obtained from the World Bank database. The linear regression models were used for assessment of the HDI effect on CC occurrence rates. Inequality in the age-specific incidence and mortality rates (ASR) of CC according to the HDI were assessed by using concentration index.Results: The results of this study that incidence and mortality rates of CC were very higher in regions with low & median HDI as compared to regions that had very high & high HDI, indeed Death and incidence from CC were more concentrated in low HDI countries. There was significant negative association between cervix cancer incidence and mortality rates with all the components of HDI including life expectancy (B= -0.98, P<0.001), Mean years of schooling (B= -1.86, P<0.001), GNI (B= -0.38, P<0.001), urbanization level (B= -0.29, P<0.001), and age standardized obesity (B= -0.45 , P<0.001).Conclusion: It seems CC significant public health problem in countries with low HDI and requires the implementation of prevention programs and screening for early detection and treatment.