Terms Of Human Development Research Articles

Prioritizing river basins for nutrient studies

Increases in fluxes of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the environment have led to negative impacts affecting drinking water, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Because of the importance, scale, and complexity of these issues, it may be useful to consider methods for prioritizing nutrient research in representative drainage basins within a regional or national context. Two systematic, quantitative approaches were developed to (1) identify basins that geospatial data suggest are most impacted by nutrients and (2) identify basins that have the most variability in factors affecting nutrient sources and transport in order to prioritize basins for studies that seek to understand the key drivers of nutrient impacts. The “impact” approach relied on geospatial variables representing surface-water and groundwater nutrient concentrations, sources of N and P, and potential impacts on receptors (i.e., ecosystems and human health). The “variability” approach relied on geospatial variables representing surface-water nutrient concentrations, factors affecting sources and transport of nutrients, model accuracy, and potential receptor impacts. One hundred and sixty-three drainage basins throughout the contiguous United States were ranked nationally and within 18 hydrologic regions. Nationally, the top-ranked basins from the impact approach were concentrated in the Midwest, while those from the variability approach were dispersed across the nation. Regionally, the top-ranked basin selected by the two approaches differed in 15 of the 18 regions, with top-ranked basins selected by the variability approach having lower minimum concentrations and larger ranges in concentrations than top-ranked basins selected by the impact approach. The highest ranked basins identified using the variability approach may have advantages for exploring how landscape factors affect surface-water quality and how surface-water quality may affect ecosystems. In contrast, the impact approach prioritized basins in terms of human development and nutrient concentrations in both surface water and groundwater, thereby targeting areas where actions to reduce nutrient concentrations could have the largest effect on improving water availability and reducing ecosystem impacts.

Diplomacy among Nations: The Case Study of Malaysia and Nigeria

Nigeria and Malaysia have a shared historical background. Both countries were free of British authority. They have a federal style of government with a bicameral legislature, and the regions are home to people of many racial and ethnic backgrounds. Both economies had a lot of natural resources. Malaysia and Nigeria were the main exporters of primary products when they gained independence in 1957 and 1960, respectively, due to their tropical climates. Nigeria has the capacity to emerge as the largest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa as well as even the world and play a significant role in the world economy, according to experts (Okezie C. A, 2017) and (Amir Baharuddin, 2017). These potentials have remained untapped, and Nigeria faces the risk of failing to reach the globally agreed millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015, or the vision 2020, if current trends continue. This study aims to examine the untapped opportunities in the diplomatic relationship between these nations and also to determine what went wrong and take lessons from Malaysia achievement and how it was implemented. Nigeria and Malaysia share a very identical historical background: both had sultans as spiritual and political leaders in their major areas, were colonized by the British, and gained independence in 1960 and 1957, respectively. Malaysia has progressed in terms of human development since 1980 and strives to be among the industrialized nations. Nigeria has seen a rise in poverty from 1980 to the present, and it is likely to be classified as an underdeveloped country.

Role of climate technologies, financial development, and renewable energy in the facilitation of social, economic, and environmental goals

Sustainable Development Goals are formed based on social, economic, and environmental factors, which are primarily driven by technical and financial progression. However, little is known regarding the impact of climate technologies in realizing socio-economic and environmental factors in a multivariate framework of renewable energy. Therefore, this study examines the role of climate technologies, financial development, and renewable energy in determining the social, economic, and environmental goals for top-ten developed economies in terms of human development during 2000–2019. This study adopts advanced panel estimation techniques such as cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model. The findings confirm that climate technologies, financial development, and renewable energy significantly and positively contribute to human development and economic growth. Moreover, climate technologies and renewable energy help achieve environmental sustainability by reducing ecological footprints in the targeted economies. In contrast, more ecological damages have been recorded due to financial development during the study period. These findings implied that renewable energy and climate technologies are imperative to achieve social, economic, and ecological goals.

Educational Attainment, Literacy and Health Status of Scheduled Caste Students in Jammu and Kashmir

The issue of the reservation system and its impression on scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have generated considerable debate. It is crucial to comprehend how far the scheduled castes, a socially marginalized minority, fall behind the rest of India in terms of human development. This article aims to examine the many human development elements, such as the educational attainment of the scheduled caste community in Jammu and Kashmir. Secondary data have been gathered for this purpose from the Chief Educational Office Doda and Unified District Information for the Education System. The population and literacy data eventually came from the Census 2011, and the health data came from the National Family Health Survey (2019–2020). This study displays the literacy and health-related elements of the scheduled caste population. The study also relates the scheduled caste status to other social groups in Jammu and Kashmir.

Modern IT revolution and transformation of the content and meaning of the educational process under the influence of its factors

The work focuses on the phenomena manifested during the initial process of the transformation of educational activities under the influence of the modern IT revolution, which are researched from the philosophical and worldview standpoints. There have been considered the historical roots, current forms and methods of the educational process development and their similarity with such concepts as mimesis, game, theater. Based on the Actor-network theory (ANT) there have been pointed out the profound insights of such concepts as the world-network and the world-game. Being the key concept in the modern process of the IT revolution, the game concept is analyzed from its praxeological and heuristic point of view. It is admitted that nowadays because of its prognostic functions the notion of gamebecomes more multivalent and it includes a great variability of further scenarios of human development in terms of «quantum uncertainty ». There have been emphasized the risks which may be caused from the attempts to absolutize the game phenomenon within the Actor-network theory being, both for the individual and for humanity as a whole.

Развитие человеческого потенциала в стратегиях российских регионов

Definitions of human capital, human potential and strategic development of a region are given in the article. The author systematizes the goals, objectives and priority areas in terms of human development in the approved regional strategies-in-development for social and economic growth. The use of the main fields of human development in the formation of regional strategies in Russia is the subject of the analysis. The method of OTSW-analysis is described, which allows to determine the factors of internal and external conditions for the development of a region and categorize them. The author uses the methodology of strategizing by Doctor of Economics, Professor V. L. Kvint. Flaws are revealed in the formation of regional strategies that reduce the effectiveness of their implementation. The above analysis showed the absence of a unified methodology necessary for the formation of a strategy. The main provisions are proposed for the advancement of regional strategies in terms of human development in the health sector, including goals, objectives, priority areas, results and main stages of their implementation.

Konvergencija u dostignutim nivoima humanog razvoja u Evropskoj uniji

The paper examines the existence of convergence in the achieved levels of human development among countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2018. The aim of the research is to test the hypothesis, There is convergence in the achieved levels of human development among the integrated countries of the European Union. The Human Development Index is used as a measure of human development. Using regression analysis and coefficient of variation, the existence of band s-convergence is tested in this paper. In addition to the entire European Union, convergence is being tested for a group of developed countries of the European Union, as well as among so-called "New Member States". The obtained results indicate the existence of convergence (both b and s) in the achieved levels of human development in the European Union, where it is more pronounced and stable in the group of "New Member States" compared to the group of developed countries of the European Union. The main contribution of this paper is to increase the number of papers in the field of convergence in terms of human development, given that so far, a small number of papers have explored this topic.

THE ROLE OF MEMBRANE DISTILLATION IN REMOVAL OF MG2+ FROM DAIRY WASTEWATER

The dairy industry has become a great source of human development in terms of providing the necessary amount of energy and calories, in addition to the vitamins needed to sustain life. Iraq is one of the largest countries that are dairy-producing and it is expected that the average per capita consumption of dairy products will increase from 52 litres to more than 60 litres during the next three years, then to more than 90 litres by 2025. Dairy production needs to consume large quantities of water It needs to consume 2-6 cubic meters of water to produce one ton of milk. These large quantities of water will lead to the discharge of large amounts of wastewater, which may reach 70% of the water used. Over the years I have used various techniques and methods for treating dairy wastewater. In this study, the membrane permeation removal technique (MD) was used to find out how efficient this technique is in removing the magnesium ion from the milk laboratory wastewater. The results came with the possibility of this technique in removing a small percentage of up to 9.76% at a temperature of approximately 45 degrees Celsius, which is a small percentage compared to the concentration of the interior and the effort exerted. For this reason, it is not recommended to use this mechanism to remove magnesium from dairy wastewater.

Informational development: A new form of human development in future society

This paper aims to propose a new form of human development: informational development. Informational development, different from traditional human development, focuses on understanding, interpreting, and promoting human development in terms of information and informational relations. “Informational” here is not only a word denoting something related to data in information science & library science, but also a state, a way, or a form of human development opposing to “material”. According to the Chinese philosophy of information, all things are composed of matter and information, so there are two forms of human development, i.e., material development and informational development accordingly, but we have never noticed the informational development before. In this paper, I have provided the philosophical arguments for informational development in five aspects, including ontology, epistemology, evolution theory, thinking theory, and value theory. The conclusion of the paper is, informational development is a new form of human development, which is suitable for humans to survive and develop in the future society, so we should focus on the informational changes, examine the informational contents, and grasp the informational state of human development, and understand, interpret, and promote human development in terms of information and informational relations, thus finally achieving the free, all-round, and sustainable development of all humans.

Sustainable Development: Trends in Ukraine and the World

The paper studies sustainable development in the realities of Ukraine and the world. In particular, the global trends in human and sustainable development are analyzed. The tendencies of changes in the world measurement of human development are revealed through the human development index and partial indices characterizing the development for socio-economic inequality (IHDI), gender development (GDI), gender inequality (GII). It was found that sustainable development of society is impossible without solving the problem of a safe environment and preserving the environment for future generations. It has been determined that sustainable development presupposes the solution of triune tasks: economy, ecology and social sphere. It is noted that Ukraine has an extremely acute need for the transition to a sustainable development model, which is due to: a sufficiently large share of raw materials and energy-intensive types of production in the overall structure of the economy, which leads to the depletion of natural resources by a high level of environmental pollution, which negatively affects the health of the population. In terms of human development, significant differences remain between Ukraine and other countries when it comes to the well-being of the population, life expectancy and attitude to the environment. It was analyzed that the largest increase in the HDI rating for the period from 2010 to 2020 occurred in Ireland, the largest decrease in the HDI rating occurred in the Syrian Arab Republic and Libya, in countries affected by military conflicts. It has been determined that education is the primary and one of the most important factors for ensuring sustainable development of mankind. Attention is focused on solving the problem of creating an effective system for monitoring the environment, organizing an observation system, collecting, processing, transmitting, storing and analyzing information about the state of the environment, predicting its changes and making decisions on preventing negative changes in terms of its impact on public health. A model of ensuring human and sustainable development for Ukraine is proposed. The main directions of development should be the use of innovative approaches to environmental, demographic, educational and social components through the implementation of targeted regional development programs, outsourcing, insurance medicine, public-private partnerships, international educational online environment, international environmental projects.

The Effect Of Health, Education, Capital, Technology, Inflation, And Gross Of Regional Domestic Products On Poverty Level In North Maluku Province

Poverty is a social problem that occurs due to various factors including economic, social and cultural. This problem continues to occur in almost every developing country and the same case is also found in countries that are already advanced in their economic systems. Currently in Indonesia, especially the problem of poverty is still concentrated in the eastern part of Indonesia, this is caused by uneven human development in terms of education, employment, infrastructure, and the economy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of labor on the poverty level, the effect of capital on the poverty level, the effect of inflation on the poverty level, and the effect of gross regional domestic product on the poverty level. The object of research is the Province North Maluku. The data used in this research is secondary data. The data analysis method uses a panel data regression model with an estimated random effect model and a fixed effect model. Then the analysis technique used is the determination of the panel data estimation model, the classical assumption test, and the significance test. The results of this study indicate that the variable life expectancy which represents overall health has no effect on the level of poor people in North Maluku Province. The variable of Old School Expectation which represents education in general affects the level of poor people in does not affect the poverty level in North Maluku Province. The variable average length of schooling represents education in general that affects the level of the poor in North Maluku Province. Capital is divided into Capital Expenditure variables and KUR represents Capital. Capital Expenditure as a whole has an effect on the poverty level has no effect on the poverty level in North Maluku Province. KUR as a whole does not affect the poverty level does not affect the poverty level in North Maluku Province. The technology variable that represents technology as a whole affects the poverty rate does not affect the poverty rate in North Maluku Province. Inflation variable is inflation as a whole does not affect the poverty level also in North Maluku Province. The Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) variable represents the overall GRDP that affects the poverty level does not affect the poverty level in North Maluku Province.

THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND DISSEMINATION IN THE NATIONAL INNOVATIVE SYSTEM OF UKRAINE

The article deals with the structure and conditions of national innovation system of Ukraine, trends and conditions of generation of knowledge. In Ukraine, the potential of the subsystem for generating and disseminating knowledge is not used effectively enough, although there are significant prerequisites for its development. The sub-index of education of the Index of Knowledge Economy in Ukraine is quite high compared to the sub-index of information and communication technologies development. Analysis of the sub-indexes of the Global Competitiveness Index shows that Ukraine consistently occupies a fairly high position in terms of human development, but the value of the sub-index of macroeconomic stability in the country is unsatisfactory. Ukraine faced obstacles to the formation of a third-generation national innovation system, some of which it inherited from the Soviet Union. The national innovation system can become a field for the development of stable economic growth of the country. Therefore, by 2025 it is planned to implement the Concept of development of the national innovation system, which includes a subsystem of knowledge generation and dissemination. The article analyzes the purpose and objectives of the Concept, presents the possible consequences of implementation in three scenarios. Since the implementation of the Concept is only partial, the article considers the factors that hinder it. The structure of the national innovation system, which consists of two subsystems, is considered. One of them is the subsystem of knowledge generation and dissemination. It is represented in Ukraine by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, universities, and research centers. The structure of the National Academy of Sciences is considered separately in the article. More attention is paid to the activities of higher education institutions, which today not only involves the dissemination of knowledge, but also the generation of new business ideas and innovative solutions. The article substantiates that at the regional level, local governments need to adopt international experience in solving socio-economic problems with the assistance of academic entrepreneurship. It is noted that among the important areas of development of the regions of Ukraine is smart specialization and increasing the digitalization of education and other spheres of public activity. Consolidation of efforts of local self-government bodies, state authorities, business structures, educational and scientific institutions should be the key to success.

Corporate community relations and development: engagement with indigenous peoples

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to increase knowledge about community relations and development (CRD) activities done in conjunction with mining activities of multinational companies affecting indigenous peoples and thus help improve relationships between them, despite continuing bad consequences the people continue to endure. It is through such better relationships that these consequences may be redressed and mitigated, and greater sharing of benefits of mining may occur, bearing in mind what constitutes benefits may differ from the perspectives of the indigenous peoples and the miners.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach is taken, including interviews with company officials responsible for CRD activities, elaborated with observations, company and public documents and previous literature about these mining operations and the peoples.FindingsThe CRD activities have gradually increased compared with their absence previously. They are officially labelled social investment in community development programmes, and are funded from profits and couched in terms of human development, human rights, preservation of culture and physical development of infrastructure. Dissatisfied with programme quality and relevance, company officials now relate with indigenous people, their leaders and representatives in ways called engagement and partnerships.Practical implicationsThe findings can inform policies and practices of the parties to CRD, which in this West Papua case would be the miners and their company, CRD practitioners, the indigenous peoples and the civil authorities at the local and national level and aid industry participants.Social implicationsThe study acknowledges and addresses social initiatives to develop the indigenous peoples affected by mining.Originality/valueThe study extends older studies in the same territory before CRD had matured, and corroborates and elaborates other studies of CRD in different territories.

Research on the Application of Computer Audio Technology in Piano Education

The influence of music on human qualities is extremely far-reaching, and music is both a means and an end in terms of human development. In order to have a good piano lesson, it is crucial to mobilize students’ positive emotions in piano lessons according to the psychological characteristics of contemporary students and in the context of their actual situation. How to make the most of music lessons, to create maximum value with the limited time available in class, and to have a more profound and lasting positive impact on the students’ subsequent development and growth. Computerized audio technology offers a new way of thinking and approach. Based on this, this paper explores the application of computerized audio technology in piano education.

Societal development and the alcohol-attributable burden of disease.

This study aimed to examine if there is an interaction between alcohol use and human development in terms of their associations with alcohol-attributable health harms. Statistical modelling of global country- and region-specific data from 2016. Global. The units of the analyses were countries (n=180) and regions (n=4) based on their Human Development Index (HDI). Alcohol-attributable harms [deaths, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost] and risk relations were based on a recent study using World Health Organization (WHO) estimates for 2016. Human development was measured using the HDI, a summary score of life expectancy, education and gross national income from the United Nations Development Programme. Interactions between HDI and adult per-capita consumption (APC) affecting alcohol-attributable harms were assessed using likelihood ratio tests. Differences in alcohol-attributable harms per litre of APC between HDI groups were assessed using regression analyses and a reference group of low HDI. APC is associated with alcohol-attributable deaths, YLL, YLDs and DALYs lost, while HDI is associated with alcohol-attributable deaths, YLL and DALYs lost. Statistical analyses indicated there is an interaction between HDI and APC in their associations with alcohol-attributable deaths, YLL and DALYs lost per 100 000 people. The alcohol-attributable burden was highest in low HDI countries, with 11.65 [95% confidence interval (CI)=10.75, 12.40] deaths and 495.61 (95% CI=461.83, 569.23) DALYs lost per 100 000 people per litre of APC, and lowest in very high HDI countries, with 4.15 (95% CI=2.46, 5.71) deaths and 200.31 (95% CI=122.78, 265.10) DALYs lost per 100 000 people per litre of APC. However, no statistical differences between low and very high HDI groupings for these burdens were observed. There appears to be an interaction between the Human Development Index and alcohol use in their associations with alcohol-attributable deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years lost but not with alcohol-attributable years lived with disability. Alcohol appears to have a stronger harmful impact per litre of alcohol consumed in lesser developed countries than in developed countries.

Environmental injustices on green and blue infrastructure: Urban nexus in a macrometropolitan territory

Abstract Green-blue infrastructure in urban regions guarantees the provision of resources such as water, energy, and food, which are interdependent and fundamental in ensuring human development. In this study, we analyzed the environmental injustice issue relationships of the supply and production of water, energy, and food in the Sao Paulo Macrometropolis, Brazil. Its 180 municipalities were compared and categorized into ‘losers’ and ‘winners’ based on the urban nexus approach, the proportion of green infrastructure, and human development. We applied a neural network self-organizing map to official publicly available data to obtain clusters of municipalities featuring combinations of 19 indicators. The results showed four clusters with three containing characteristics of receivers (Capital, Hinterland, and Developed Receivers) and one of providers, the latter aggregating municipalities with a strong role in providing water, food, and subsidies for energy generation. However, the providers also included the municipalities that had the greatest inequities in terms of human development and social inclusion. The importance of evaluating the co-benefits of green-blue infrastructure in urban spaces can serve as an adaptation strategy to both improve natural resource management and offer support to different processes and ecosystem functions. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of complex urban systems by considering environmental justice and nexus synergies.

Industrial policy for sustainable human development in the post-Covid19 era.

National and local societies all around the world are fighting the most dramatic global public health emergency of our time, which has soon become an economic, social and human crisis touching all key dimensions of our lives. Within an inevitable revamping attention on the need for government intervention to face the challenges raised by the Covid19 pandemic, industrial policy is appearing as a central piece of the puzzle. As production dynamics in every country is highly affected by the crisis, industrial policy is considered part of the response to solve dramatic economic and social problems deriving by extraordinary levels of unemployment, deprivation and poverty. In this paper, we argue that a turning point on the connection between industrial policy, sustainability and development has been reached, highlighting the need to rethink its theoretical foundations as well as its governance and implementation processes for a new role in our post-Covid 19 societies. Therefore, the research question underlying this paper deals primarily with the nexus between the debate on industrial policy and its effects in terms of human development, social cohesion and sustainability. For this reason, we attempt at closing the gap between different strands of literature, whose integrated connection leads to a new analytical framework with real-world implications on the role of industrial policy, not only as tool for productive dynamics, but also as a leverage for sustainable human development. All in all, we aim at contributing to the debate on our post-Covid19 economies and societies in two ways: firstly, by providing a new integrated analytical framework on industrial policy to steer a sustainable structural change of our economies and societies towards sustainable human development; secondly, by identifying preliminary implications on industrial policy governance and implementation, investing in the accurate and transparent design of industrial policy in the post-Covid19 era.

Human Development Index and Turkey

Ülkelerin ekonomik seviyelerinin yüksek olması, gelişmiş olarak nitelendirilebilmeleri için yeterli değildir. Bir ülkenin gelişmişlik düzeyinin belirlenebilmesi için ekonomik unsurlarla birlikte sosyal ve kültürel unsurları da değerlendirmek gerekir. Birleşmiş Milletler, dünya ülkeleri bazında hesaplanan ve insanı, kalkınmanın merkezine koyan İnsani Gelişim Raporlarını yıllık olarak yayınlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda yayınlanan raporlar, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerini görmelerine yardımcı olmuş ve ülkelere ileriye dönük olarak yol göstermişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İnsani Gelişim Endeksi (İGE) kapsamında ve alt endeksleri bağlamında güncel verilerle Türkiye’nin durum analizini yapmaktır. Ayrıca 2019 İGE’de de vurgulanan insani gelişmede görülen eşitsizlikler de ele alınacaktır. Türkiye, insani gelişme performansıyla hızlı değişim gösteren ülkelerin başında yer almaktadır. Buna karşın ülke içerisinde insani gelişmede eşitsizliklerin olduğu görülmektedir. Erkekler ve kadınlar arasında özellikle eğitim süresi ve işgücüne katılım oranlarında önemli oranda farklar vardır. Çalışmanın bir diğer sonucu ise, insani gelişmede yaşanan bütün ilerlemelere rağmen ülkeler arasında insani gelişme söz konusu olduğunda büyük oranda farklar olmasıdır. İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyıl gelişmelerin yanı sıra birçok yeni eşitsizliği de beraberinde getirmektedir.

Assessing the relationship between sugarcane expansion and human development at the municipal level: A case study of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Brazil has a long history of sugarcane development and since the 2000s has undergone a significant increase in land cultivated with sugarcane. Policy-driven demand and a growing international market mean that sugarcane cultivation in Brazil is expected to increase in the coming years. Rising land prices and strengthened environmental legislation in São Paulo state – where the bulk of production occurs – have led farmers and investors to seek new land to cultivate. As a result, the Centre- West region, including the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, has become an epicentre for sugarcane expansion in Brazil. While the social, economic and environmental impacts of sugarcane have been well documented for the state of São Paulo, much less is known about these impacts in new sugarcane frontier regions. This paper addresses an important gap in the literature through an assessment of the relationship between human development and presence or absence of a sugar mill in municipalities in Mato Grosso do Sul. Drawing on the UN Human Development Index and the Social Responsibility Index of São Paulo, this paper develops a method to examine the relationship between the presence of sugarcane processing mills and human development at the municipal level in Mato Grosso do Sul. The paper finds evidence that municipalities with a mill perform relatively better in terms of human development than those without, but that municipalities with mills already performed relatively better than those without. This raises important questions about how are and where the socio-economic benefits of sugarcane materialise.

Human Development in Crisis: Insights from the Literature, Emerging Accounts from the Field, and the Correlates of Growth Accelerations and Decelerations

Is a dramatic slowdown in global economic growth going to erase much of the progress in the last decade in terms of human development in the developing world‘ How might the crisis affect progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals‘ To address these questions, this paper contributes in three ways. First, it briefly reviews the empirical literature and outlines the possible transmission of the crisis from the broader global economy to the national economy, and eventually to households, children and women. Second, it summarizes some of the emerging accounts from the field based on reports and interviews of poor people, suggesting that households - and in particular children and women - face severe strain as the crisis has begun to unfold. A third contribution is an empirical analysis of the historical relationship between episodes of growth accelerations and decelerations with country level aggregate indicators of human development (e.g. life expectancy, infant and under-5 mortality and school enrollment), using data covering the period between 1980 and 2006. This paper argues that if the current economic crisis deteriorates into a severe growth deceleration episode, and if its adverse effects are not contra veiled by an adequate policy response, the accumulated evidence suggests that the crisis could begin to erode human development gains and that the achievement of the MDGs by 2015 is likely to be undermined.