Human-centered Process Research Articles

CAPABLE TRANSPLANT: ADAPTATION OF CAPABLE FOR USE WITH OLDER ADULTS WITH INACTIVE STATUS AWAITING KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

Abstract Over 800,000 Americans live with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), disproportionally affecting older adults. This group represents just 1% of Medicare’s Fee for Service (FFS) population, yet utilizes greater than 7% Medicare FFS resources. Rates of kidney transplantation (KT), the preferred treatment for ESKD, have risen 5-fold for older adults since 1990 but there is vast heterogeneity in access to KT. Older adults are more likely to be listed as inactive (on the waitlist but ineligible for KT) and, inactive status is associated with a 2.2 fold increased risk of waitlist mortality compared to those that remain active. Barriers to active status are multi-factorial but frequently modifiable and include symptoms such as fatigue, depression and stress, pain as well as loss of physical function, social isolation, and decreased health literacy. Using community participatory research and human centered design, we used photos, interviews, persona development, storyboarding and focus groups to identify three barriers unique to this population around the themes of: mental fortitude, support and communication. Our CAPABLE adaptation, called CAPABLE Transplant, incorporates greater motivational and communication strategies for the person and the home as well as a robust digital literacy component to address the needs of this population. An open-label pilot phase helped to solidify all aspects of the adaptation with resulting 30-person pilot randomized control trial on-going. This presentation will focus on the human centered design adaptation process and results thus far.

User Interface Design for the Orca Music Player Mobile Application

The rapid development in the field of information technology has resulted in a significant change in the way music is listened to. The current digital generation prefers to listen to music online through their digital devices. Thus, designing User Interface and User Experience on Mobile Music Player Applications using the User Centered Design method which consists of Plan the human centered process, Specify the context of use, Specify user and organizational requirements, and Produce design Solution. The target audience for this design is productive age children 15-35 years old with product limitations that only reach the prototype stage and feature services that are still lacking. The platform used is the android and ios mobile platform and UI design by making Wireframe of the application design.

A novel usage of rough sets in design of data fusion systems

Design changes for crewless vessels are unexplored compared to the maritime design processes that have been utilized and updated for hundreds of years. This paper presents an exploration into how autonomous and unmanned systems can impact maritime design, specifically focusing on how well they can fuse multiple types of information. Currently, formal and informal communication onboard crewed vessels between various departments is critical in constructing a view of the vessel’s current health and future capability. Amajor focus area is determining whether utilizing data classification techniques can replace these human centered decision processes, and what the design implications of losing the human synthesis will be. This paper proposes a mechanical spring-mass-damper system with base excitation using real-world ocean data to be used to perform analyses. Rough Set Theory (RST) is a data classification technique that can be used for the characterization of a set of objects, finding dependency between attributes, and creating rules formaking decisions. RST is compared with other data classification techniques to determine where each classifier succeeds and how they can generate information useful in design. By integrating the results of these analyses, this paper identifies ways to begin fusing multiple information types and how this will impact marine design in the future of crewless systems.

Surrendering the Self

In his novel Annihilation, author Jeff Vandermeer provides a science-fiction narrative on nature as an unstoppable and uncontrollable environment where plants, animals, humans, and the land exist as a collective and connected entity of interactions. The novel utilizes Lovecraftian horror elements of an uncontrollable nature, human contamination, and an unknowable future controlled by nonhuman forces to portray both a multispecies environment and the posthuman future. Read through a multispecies lens and framed by Donna Haraway’s Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, this essay is an analysis of how Annihilation’s setting—Area X—necessitates the removal of human-centered processes and the human concept of individualism for favor of a flourishing multispecies environment. Its analysis exemplifies the genre of science fiction as a method to expand the boundaries of our perceived human-centered world. The narrative and rhetorical structures utilized by Vandermeer in his representation of real-world environments and natural processes as uncanny horrors and an off-center reality accurately represent the unknown future beyond the human species.

The Impact of AI on Human Roles in the User Interface & User Experience Design Industry

The ever-evolving field of User Interface & User Experience UI/UX design prioritizes creating user-friendly interfaces. Traditionally, this has been a human-centred process. However, Artificial Intelligence AI offers new possibilities for automating design tasks and leveraging data for user insights. This research paper delves into the potential impact of AI on UI/UX design. The core question is whether AI tools can effectively replace human designers in crafting user experiences. Alternatively, can AI work alongside designers to enhance their capabilities? This paper explores these questions through a review of existing research and proposes a research methodology to further investigate the topic. The literature review analyses how AI can be used for tasks like user behaviour analysis, A/B testing, and prototype generation. However, it also acknowledges AI's limitations in understanding user emotions, implementing creative solutions, and adapting to unforeseen user needs. The suggested research methodology will give a combined approach, making a review of existing literature with interviews from UI/UX professionals and a case study analyzing a design project utilising AI tools. By investigating the strengths and limitations of AI in design tasks, how AI can be integrated into the workflow, and the ethical considerations surrounding AI-driven design decisions, this research helps to provide a better understanding of the relationship between AI and human designers in the UI/UX field. The findings can inform design education, industry practices, and the development of future AI tools specifically tailored for UI/UX design applications. Keywords: UI/UX Design, Artificial Intelligence, Human-Computer Interaction, User Experience, User Interface, Design Automation

Developing and evaluating a design method for positive artificial intelligence

Abstract In an era where artificial intelligence (AI) permeates every facet of our lives, the imperative to steer AI development toward enhancing human wellbeing has never been more critical. However, the development of such positive AI poses substantial challenges due to the current lack of mature methods for addressing the complexities that designing AI for wellbeing poses. This article presents and evaluates the positive AI design method aimed at addressing this gap. The method provides a human-centered process for translating wellbeing aspirations into concrete interventions. First, we explain the method’s key steps: (1) contextualizing, (2) operationalizing, (3) designing, and (4) implementing supported by (5) continuous measurement for iterative feedback cycles. We then present a multi-case study where novice designers applied the method, revealing strengths and weaknesses related to efficacy and usability. Next, an expert evaluation study assessed the quality of the case studies’ outcomes, rating them moderately high for feasibility, desirability, and plausibility of achieving intended wellbeing benefits. Together, these studies provide preliminary validation of the method’s ability to improve AI design, while identifying opportunities for enhancement. Building on these insights, we propose adaptations for future iterations of the method, such as the inclusion of wellbeing-related heuristics, suggesting promising avenues for future work. This human-centered approach shows promise for realizing a vision of “AI for wellbeing” that does not just avoid harm, but actively promotes human flourishing.

Can designers take the driver’s seat? A new human-centered process to design with data and machine learning

Machine Learning (ML) is increasingly becoming a crucial asset across diverse industries. However, designers lack human-centered processes to envision and develop innovative solutions enabled by ML. By engaging in a Research-through-Design activity, we outline a new design process to generate human-centered adaptive systems enabled by data and ML. We describe and discuss the possibilities and limits of designing with ML, the need to concurrently address user experience and ML aspects, and the implications of their mutual influence. We argue that designers can envision and design human-centered ML-enabled systems if they acquire fundamental ML knowledge, although certain tasks necessitate close collaboration with ML experts. We discuss how uncertainty and risk of failure characterize the outlined process and may limit its applicability. The proposed process serves as a foundational framework for future research in human-centered design innovation through data and ML.

Lessons learned from a non-traditional application process: Integrating user experiences to inform admission application design.

The research aim was to gather applicant expectations and perspectives with a user-centered approach during a pilot application process for a new dental school. The goal was to inform future admissions practices at our institution and for programs broadly. The High Point University admission team developed an electronic application external to current centralized services that was launched from May to August 2022. Participants who completed the application were requested to complete an electronic survey of closed- and open-ended questions about the factors influencing their application decisions, feedback about how to optimize the experience, and their overall satisfaction using a Net Promoter Score. A total of 303 applicants (79% response rate) completed the survey about their application experience. The most influential reason for applying to the program was the optional Dental Admissions Test requirement (43%). Participants frequently referenced a need for a more human-centered process focused on the candidate rather than their numerical values and that the process should be smooth, straight-forward, short, easy, and simple. Participants requested that experiences should be weighed the most in the application process followed by letters of recommendation. Most applicants were "promoters" (68%) for the program with a Net Promoter Score of 62. Moreover, 32% and 45% rated the application process as the best or better application experience compared to other programs. Programs can benefit from collecting applicant's (i.e., users) opinions and feedback about their expectations and experiences to inform more user-centered application processes.

Demystifying the dynamic link between project value and design team networks: A socio-technical lean management framework

ABSTRACT Construction projects are complex networks of people with various backgrounds, perceptions, objectives, and dynamically changing project value expectations. Attaining common project objectives that satisfy all stakeholders’ value propositions requires collaboration whether formally or informally. Although the need for collaborative approaches on projects seems like an intuitive thought, the actual foundations and drivers needed to achieve effective implementation of a collaborative and value-based environment are usually plagued with hurdles. Moreover, previous research work and common industry practices remain mostly focused on the ‘product’ or technical end of the project while marginalizing the human-centric processes that can make or break the project. This research aims to help project managers attain higher value on projects through analyzing and managing the social context of project teams. Specifically, this research investigates the links between design team communications and project value performance as well as analyzing the evolving dynamics of value and network structures. Data analytics was used to reveal a potential correlation between the communication structures of project teams and value fulfilment on projects. Findings revealed that the inherent social dynamics and social network composition can reflect the team’s reported level of fulfilling value on projects. Such structures affect a team's ability to effectively exchange knowledge and coordinate design tasks. The research's contribution lies in introducing a sociotechnical approach for delivering value on projects through developing value-based social networks that help improve design communications and presenting a reproducible framework that enables teams to advance and align value propositions among different stakeholders.

Teaching Machine Learning to Middle and High School Students from a Low Socio-Economic Status Background

Knowledge about Machine Learning is becoming essential, yet it remains a restricted privilege that may not be available to students from a low socio-economic status background. Thus, in order to provide equal opportunities, we taught ML concepts and applications to 158 middle and high school students from a low socio-economic background in Brazil. Results show that these students can understand how ML works and execute the main steps of a human-centered process for developing an image classification model. No substantial differences regarding class periods, educational stage, and sex assigned at birth were observed. The course was perceived as fun and motivating, especially to girls. Despite the limitations in this context, the results show that they can be overcome. Mitigating solutions involve partnerships between social institutions and university, an adapted pedagogical approach as well as increased on-by-one assistance. These findings can be used to guide course designs for teaching ML in the context of underprivileged students from a low socio-economic status background and thus contribute to the inclusion of these students.

The vision of self-evolving computing systems

Computing systems are omnipresent; their sustainability has become crucial for our society. A key aspect of this sustainability is the ability of computing systems to cope with the continuous change they face, ranging from dynamic operating conditions, to changing goals, and technological progress. While we are able to engineer smart computing systems that autonomously deal with various types of changes, handling unanticipated changes requires system evolution, which remains in essence a human-centered process. This will eventually become unmanageable. To break through the status quo, we put forward an arguable opinion for the vision of self-evolving computing systems that are equipped with an evolutionary engine enabling them to evolve autonomously. Specifically, when a self-evolving computing systems detects conditions outside its operational domain, such as an anomaly or a new goal, it activates an evolutionary engine that runs online experiments to determine how the system needs to evolve to deal with the changes, thereby evolving its architecture. During this process the engine can integrate new computing elements that are provided by computing warehouses. These computing elements provide specifications and procedures enabling their automatic integration. We motivate the need for self-evolving computing systems in light of the state of the art, outline a conceptual architecture of self-evolving computing systems, and illustrate the architecture for a future smart city mobility system that needs to evolve continuously with changing conditions. To conclude, we highlight key research challenges to realize the vision of self-evolving computing systems.

Using community theater to improve demand for vaccination services in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

IntroductionDespite abundant evidence showing immunization as a lifesaving public health measure, a large proportion of Nigerian children are still not or fully vaccinated. Lack of awareness and distrust of the immunization process by caregivers are some of the reasons for poor immunization coverage which need to be addressed. This study aimed at improving vaccination demand, acceptance and uptake in Bayelsa and Rivers State, both in the Niger Delta Region (NDR) of Nigeria through a human-centered process of trust building, education and social support.MethodsA quasi-experimental intervention christened Community Theater for Immunization (CT4I) was deployed in 18 selected communities between November 2019 and May 2021 in the two states. In the intervention localities, relevant stakeholders including the leadership of the health system, community leaders, health workers and community members were engaged and actively involved in the design and performance of the theaters. The content for the theater showcased real stories, using a human-centered design (HCD) of ideation, co-creation, rapid prototyping, feedback collection and iteration. Pre- and post-intervention data on the demand and utilization of vaccination services were collected using a mixed method.ResultsIn the two states, 56 immunization managers and 59 traditional and religious leaders were engaged. Four broad themes implicating user and provider factors emerged from the 18 focus group discussions as responsible for low immunization uptake in the communities. Of the 217 caregivers trained on routine immunization and theater performances, 72% demonstrated a knowledge increase at the post-test. A total of 29 performances attended by 2,258 women were staged with 84.2% of the attendees feeling satisfied. At the performances, 270 children received vaccine shots (23% were zero-dose). There was a 38% increase in the proportion of fully immunized children in the communities and 9% decline in the proportion of zero-dose children from baseline.ConclusionBoth demand- and supply-side factors were identified as responsible for poor vaccination in the intervention communities. Our intervention demonstrates that caregivers will demand immunization services if they are engaged through community theater using a human-centered design (HCD). We recommend a scaling up of HCD to address the challenge of vaccine hesitancy.

A Human Digital-Twin-Based Framework Driving Human Centricity towards Industry 5.0

This work presents a digital-twin-based framework focused on orchestrating human-centered processes toward Industry 5.0. By including workers and their digital replicas in the loop of the digital twin, the proposed framework extends the traditional model of the factory’s digital twin, which instead does not adequately consider the human component. The overall goal of the authors is to provide a reference architecture to manufacturing companies for a digital-twin-based platform that promotes harmonization and orchestration between humans and (physical and virtual) machines through the monitoring, simulation, and optimization of their interactions. In addition, the platform enhances the interactions of the stakeholders with the digital twin, considering that the latter cannot always be fully autonomous, and it can require human intervention. The paper also presents an implemented scenario adhering to the proposed framework’s specifications, which is also validated with a real case study set in a factory plant that produces wooden furniture, thus demonstrating the validity of the overall proposed approach.

Development of Information and Management System of Student Competition Groups through User-Centered Design Approach

The majority of universities in Indonesia make maximum efforts to participate and excel in the implementation of the Student Creativity Program (namely: PKM). PKM requires students to collaborate interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary. The problem at the beginning of PKM implementation is establishing groups, where students find it difficult to have fellow students or supervisors from different disciplines in groups and according to the topic of their PKM. This research develops a user-oriented interaction and interface of information systems and group management. Development was carried out through a User-Centered Design which consisted of the following stages: plan the human-centered process; understand and specify the context of use; specify the user requirements; produce design solutions to meet user requirements; and evaluate the design against the requirements. Testing using System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) approach were conducted on 30 respondents who had competencies as business analysts, programmers, and testers. The results of the mean score of the SUS test are 80, and the mean Score of the UEQ test on the Attractiveness variable is 1.922, Clarity is 2.158, Efficiency is 2.042, Accuracy is 1.708, Stimulation is 1.967, and Novelty is 1.917. The system has achieved the goals and user experience because all the testing scores are above the standard provisions.

DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING A PERSUASIVE MOBILE APPLICATION FOR ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION: A METHODOLOGY

Maintaining excellent oral hygiene could be very challenging, but it can be aided by employing appropriate motivational approaches. Flossing is one of the critical oral hygiene habits. This paper discusses the design and development of mobile application that could motivate user to learn, perform, and maintain optimal oral hygiene. Applying persuasive design in the development of oral health-related mobile applications could promote this good habit. Thus, the primary focus of this paper is to elaborate on the methodology of finding out a set of design principles under persuasive design for developing a mobile application that could engage user in maintaining good oral hygiene in general. The mobile application also aims to motivate user to take care of their oral hygiene through flossing activities. This paper discusses the design solution through a human-centred process; Design Thinking method. There are five phases in Design Thinking; however, this paper focuses on elaborating the first four phases: Empathy, Define, Ideate, and Prototype. 44 respondents were involved in the process of acquiring the requirements for design and development of a persuasive mobile application for promoting oral health. Finally, a high-fidelity prototype of the mobile application was produced and named as the FlossDance App.

TASARIM ODAKLI DÜŞÜNME VE SANAT EĞİTİMİ

Design Thinking is a collaborative, interdisciplinary, innovative, creative, problem-solving and
 human-centered process for creating user-oriented products, services or experiences. Because of its ability to
 foster creativity and innovation, it is applied in the fields of industry, business, engineering, technology and
 education by applying an empathetic, flexible and iterative approach. Along with the search for a teaching
 strategy for the acquisition of 21st century skills, there has been an intense and broad interest in Design
 Thinking applied in education in recent years. Since the design thinking approach is similar to the content
 of the theoretical and practical applications of the artistic production process, art and design thinking are
 related concepts.
 The study aimed to determine the interaction between design thinking and art and also the development of
 an individual’s design thinking skills through art education. As a result of the literature review; by examining
 the relationship between art and design-oriented thinking, it has been evaluated common and influence
 sides each other with art education, and the ability to develop design thinking skills through art education
 is also determined and discussed. The paper also presents some evaluations and recommendations about
 raising productive individuals with design-oriented thinking through effective art education.

Co-designing resources to support the transition from child to adult health services for young people with cerebral palsy: A design thinking approach.

Design thinking is a human-centred process that aims to identify the needs of end-users and iteratively develop solutions. Involving end-users in the development and design of solutions may enhance effectiveness by increasing focus on the needs of the target population. This paper describes the process of co-designing resources to support the transition from child-centred to adult-orientated health services using a design thinking approach. Five co-design workshops were conducted remotely with a young person advisory group and parent advisory group. A design thinking process guided by the Stanford D.School approach was used to understand the transition needs of young people and their parents and iteratively develop solutions to improve end-user experience. Eight resource prototypes were generated: (1) designated transition coordinator, (2) digital stories of transition experience (3) written informational support (4) transition website, (5) transition checklists and worksheets (6) transition app, (7) transition programme or course and (8) educational programme for health professionals. Design thinking is a feasible approach to identify, characterise and prioritise resources collaboratively with end-user partners.

Pengembangan Aplikasi Monitoring Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus di Sekolah Luar Biasa Menggunakan Metode User Centered Design (UCD)

Special School B (SLB B) Yakut Purwokerto is an extraordinary school that focuses on handling Deaf Children with Special Needs (ABK) under the auspices of the Tama Business Welfare Foundation (YAKUT). In the process of monitoring student progress for guardians, SLB B Yakut Purwokerto still uses manuals and serves individual guardians. This is of course very ineffective and efficient. In addition, teachers also use social media in the form of WhatsApp to contact students' parents when students have finished learning activities at school. The development of technology is currently very rapid and it is appropriate for SLB B Yakut Purwokerto to develop monitoring activities using an effective and efficient system. Based on a review of several previous studies, User Centered Design (UCD) is an effective and most frequently used method to build an application. In understanding the user's cognition, character, and attitude, the design of the monitoring application for SLB B YAKUT Purwokerto students must focus on the user by applying the User Centered Design (UCD) method so that the application seems more interactive. The collection of user needs is carried out using three ways, including observation, interviews, and collecting the required documents. There are 5 stages that must be passed to implement the UCD method, plan the human-centered process, specifically the context of use, specify user and organizational requirements, product design solutions, and evaluate design against user requirements. The result of this research is that the design of the SoBat Yakut Monitoring System application design has been successfully completed to the prototype stage.

Screening Process Mining and Value Stream Techniques on Industrial Manufacturing Processes: Process Modelling and Bottleneck Analysis

One major result of the Industrial Digitalization is the access to a large set of digitalized data and information, i.e. Big Data. The market of analytic tools offers a huge variety of algorithms and software to exploit big datasets. Implementing their advantages into one approach brings better results and empower possibilities for process analysis. Its application in the manufacturing industry requires a high level of effort and remains to be challenging due to product complexity, human-centric processes, and data quality. In this manuscript, the authors combine process mining and value streams methods for analyzing the data from the information management system, applying the approach to the data delivered by one specific manufacturing system. The manufacturing process to be examined is the process of assembling gas meters in the manufacture. This specific and important part of the whole supply-chain process was taken as suitable for the study due to almost full-automated line with data about each process activity of the value-stream in the information system. The paper applies process mining algorithms in discovering a descriptive process model that plays the main role as a basis for further analysis. At the same time, modern techniques of the bottleneck analysis are described, and two new comprehensible methods of bottlenecks detection (TimeLag and Confidence intervals methods), as well as their advantages, will be discussed. Achieved results can be subsequently used for other sources of big data and industrial-compliant Information Management Systems.

Pengembangan Prototipe Aplikasi Kurir Antarjemput Kotak Amal LazisMu Umbulharjo Menggunakan Metode User Centered Design

LazisMu Umbulharjo has quite a number of social activities, including raising funds through charity boxes to several points, such as places of worship, community services, and Muhammadiyah residents in the Umbulharjo area and its surroundings. LazisMu Umbulharjo has managed at least 900 charity boxes spread across 7 sub-districts of the Umbulharjo area and also outside the Umbulharjo area. Currently, the courier who shuttles the charity box is guided by the address that is packaged in a printed sheet that comes from Excel data. Some of the difficulties experienced by couriers when picking up charity boxes at these 900 points, among others, the large number of points that must be visited by one courier. Couriers have difficulty memorizing the positions of the hundreds of charity boxes. Courier difficulties and often missed on the way to the points of the charity box. Problems occur if the staff replaces them with new ones so that adjustments are made from scratch again in learning the pick-up location. This research was conducted based on the stages in the User Centered Design (UCD) process. Plan the human centered process, specify the context of use, specify user and organizational requirements, product design solutions, and evaluate design against user requirements. Research has produced a prototype of the LazisMu Umbulharjo application with the main features of a dashboard for managing data and general information and managing a charity box. User management, charity box location management, and finally the determination of the pick-up route. The application prototype has been tested for usability and calculated using the System Usability Scale (SUS) with an average score of 82. Based on this score, the prototype of the LazisMu Umbulharjo application can be accepted by users (ACCEPTABLE) with grade A and gets an EXCELLENT level