Human Capital Index Research Articles

Role of environmental ownership and associated parameters to assess green patents in technologies with environmental scanning system as a controlling factor

There is a general conception that environmental firms are more adapted to green solutions, and environmental patents are just lagging. The existing literature has paid particular attention to identifying obstacles and situational factors associated with established firms going green and has concentrated on how and why established businesses are becoming more financially viable and ecologically sustainable. In changing environment, manufacturing companies are direct contributors to environmental impacts. Increased awareness of consumers about the environment puts a handful amount of pressure on manufacturing companies to care about the environment. It also asserts unseen pressure on the financial performance of the companies. Therefore, it is time to go for green patenting of such firms while satisfying the eco-innovation and environmental scanning process. Moreover, Environmental ownership and its associated parameters keenly monitor this aspect. This paper evaluates the performance of the support vector machine (SVM/SVR) approach for estimating patents in environment-related technologies (PERT) in China from 1995 to 2021. For this work, six independent variables related to environmental ownership and environment-related technologies were selected, which include medium and high-tech exports (MHTE), green patents applicants (GPA), listed domestic companies (LDC), human capital index (HCI), self-employment (SE), and manufacturing value added in GDP (MVA). Data for dependent and independent variables were gathered from the World Bank (WB) official data bank portal. To make an initial understanding of the data basic statistical summary was computed in R programming to see the mean, minimum and maximum values in the data set. A correlation matrix plot showed the association between dependent and independent variables. SVM/SVR with radial basis function (RBF) regression was applied to see the impact of contributing parameters that influence PERT. For PERT, the model generated 0.95 R2 (RMSE = 92.43). The results of the SVR showed that the association among environmental parameters is strong. With a value of 4.82, the strongest coefficient in the SVR model is PAR. This work is novel and will benefit the manufacturing sector, analysts, policymakers, environmentalists as how green patenting can boost the eco innovation and environmental ownership and scanning system with advance technologies and practices.

The Role of Regional Intangible Assets for the Innovation Activity of Enterprises: The case of Polish Regions

Innovative enterprises may undertake innovation activity in the form of research and development (R&D) or the acquisition of already developed technology (imitative innovation). Both types of innovation may influence economic growth or catching-up processes in different ways. Therefore, in the research presented, various types of innovation activity are analysed based on Community Innovation Survey data. The question is how the regional environment, characterised based on the data on intangible assets, affects R&D activity and the acquisition of machinery and software. The analysis was conducted for the years 2004–2014 in 16 Polish regions. Intangible assets were measured using the intellectual capital index. Panel data econometric models were applied to test the relations between various types of innovation activity and intangible assets in the regions. Human capital was found to be positively related to internal and external R&D activity. Life-long learning (one of the human capital indicators) was found to be positively related to the acquisition of machinery and software. Structural capital was found to be positively related to internal and external R&D activity.

A rural revitalization model based on regional livelihood capital: A case study of Diqing, China

Improving livelihood capital is beneficial for implementing China’s rural revitalization strategy (RRS); however, researchers have not focused on the regional attributes of livelihood capital. Thus, this study proposes a new concept of regional livelihood capital to guide RRS implementation. A comprehensive measurement method and official government statistics were used to analyze regional livelihood capital characteristics in Diqing. The results demonstrate that, from 1993 to 2020, Diqing’s regional livelihood capital index increased steadily from 0.058 to 0.356, and its structure continued to diversify; however, its level remains low. The natural capital index fluctuated between 2.044 and 2.284 and always had absolute advantages. The financial capital index increased rapidly from 0.024 to 1.396 and is the core driving force for the growth of regional livelihood capital. The physical capital index increased steadily from 0.056 to 0.456. The growth of the social and human capital index was slow and weak, with an average annual growth rate of only 4.42% and 1.07%, respectively, which represents a weakness in regional livelihood capital. Based on regional livelihood capital characteristics and Diqing’s economic circumstances, a targeted rural revitalization model was developed according to the dynamics of the organic system of regional livelihood capital, in which natural capital is considered the foundation, financial capital is the power, physical capital is the medium, and social capital and human capital are the ultimate goals. The main direction of energy is “natural capital → financial capital → physical, social, and human capital.” Simultaneously, reverse energy feedback should also be emphasized to promote the sustainable operation of this system. This study provides a new theoretical perspective of regional livelihood capital for the implementation of RRS and guidance for the practice of RRS in Diqing and other similar areas.

Unveiling the liaison between human capital, trade openness, and environmental sustainability for BRICS economies: Robust panel‐data estimation

AbstractGlobal warming and greenhouse gas emissions pose severe threats to environmental sustainability. A sustainable environment is a prerequisite for long‐term socioeconomic growth and human survival. Green technology is brought about by a country's economic and financial openness, and education provides knowledge to the public and labor, contributing to environmental sustainability. Thus, this research aims to unveil the liaison between human capital, trade openness, and environmental quality for Russia, Brazil, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries from 1998 to 2018. Several econometric methods, including the Driscoll–Kraay standard errors and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality approaches, reveal long‐run and causal relationships among the modelled indicators. The Driscoll–Kraay standard error results show that human capital is negatively related to carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 emissions). Imposing high tariffs and excise duties, changing tax structures, discouraging the inflow of polluted commodities, and encouraging green trade can help BRICS combat high environmental pollution. The results show that a one‐point increase in human capital in models 1 and 2 can reduce CO2 emissions by 1.5279 and 0.1538 points, respectively. In contrast, a 1% growth in trade can lead to a rise in CO2 emissions of 0.3731% and 0.2384%, respectively. Similarly, financial development and energy consumption result in high CO2 emissions in the long run. Moreover, a feedback effect of the human capital index on CO2 emissions is discovered. As a result of the findings, the government and responsible authorities should provide financial support and encourage investments in the region's energy‐resourceful and sustainable green projects.

Analysis of physical economic theory implementation efficiency in the economic activity of Azerbaijan

The physical and economic theory is under-investigated and has no clear definition of its determinants. The main goal of the economic activity of any country is the generation of capital and progress. Azerbaijan is characterised by economic growth, which is accompanied by the country's material resource usage and production of goods by using energy resources and a labour force. The rational use of material resources is quite important, which is the basis for the formation of the country's profitability and the introduction of innovations. That is why the issue of physical economic theory implementation in the economic activity of Azerbaijan is relevant. Establishing the effective use of physical economics in the functioning of the country will help identify the main flaws and develop the main ways to improve the economic activity of Azerbaijan. That is why the study aims to investigate and generalise the aspects of physical economic theory implementation in the economic activity of Azerbaijan. By using the induction method, the determinants of the physical economy were established, which include indicators of industry, energy, trade, and human capital. The analytical method determined that although the economy of Azerbaijan employs a physical economy efficiently, there are problems with the development of production, energy consumption, and labour force. As such, it was determined that the main ways to improve the efficiency of the physical economic theory implementation in the economic activity of Azerbaijan should be: the development and implementation of measures to increase the efficiency of beverage and tobacco, mineral fuel, lubricant, and related material production and employment of measures to reduce energy consumption in the production of non-metallic minerals, iron and steel, chemical and petrochemical products, non-ferrous metals through the introduction of innovative technologies. At the same time, the number of jobs should be increased, the skills of workers should be developed, and the quality of education in Azerbaijan should be improved following international standards. As such, the practical value of the research is predetermined by the characterisation of the main determinants of the physical economy of the country, which can be used in further scientific research to analyse the effectiveness of the physical economic theory implementation in the economic activity of countries

Analysis of the Drivers of Service Sector Growth in Uganda

The service sector in Uganda emerged prematurely as the leading driver of economic growth. This was before the country fully industrialised as described under the dual economic development model. Despite the enormous contribution of the service sector to economic growth in Uganda, an empirical analysis of its drivers is still in shortage. The main objective of this study is to examine the drivers of rapid growth in Uganda’s service sector using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and a long annual time series spanning the period 1980-2020. The results of this study showed that the past level of service performance determines how the sector performs at present. Also, the Human Capital Index (HCI), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Gross National Expenditure (GNE) significantly improve service sector growth in both the short run and long run. Also, if the service sector experiences a shock, the sector will adjust to its long-run equilibrium at an adjustment speed of 24.2%. The findings of this study, therefore, highlight the need for government to increase funding for human capital development through investing in the education and healthcare sectors. Further, the government should implement favourable trade policies aimed at attracting more FDI. Foreign investors should be provided free land and tax holidays. Given the important role that the service sector plays in Uganda’s economy, a large share of GNE should be directed to the service sector to stimulate its performance.

Development of the Demographic Dividend Effort Index, a novel tool to measure existing efforts to create a favourable environment to harness a demographic dividend: results from an experts’ survey from six sub-Saharan African countries

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a tool to measure the extent of national efforts in policies, services, research and programmes implemented to cultivate and harness the benefits of a potential...

DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN THE CONDITIONS OF MILITARY CONFLICTS

The aim of this work was to identify the development trends for the digital development economy during military conflicts in the case of Ukraine. The statistical processing of data from the World Bank and other official sources was applied. The Human Capital Index, the Network Readiness Index, the Digital Competitiveness Ranking, and the Innovation Index were considered. Their dependence on the Global Peace Index was also studied. It was found that the level of development digital economy of Ukraine did not decrease despite the annexation of part of the territory and the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, as the readiness of networks did not decrease compared to the pre-war period. The Human Capital Index and the intensity of the introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of life and production have not changed. A certain decrease in investments in research and inventions was established, which may have a negative impact on the development of the digital economy in the future. The conducted research identified trends for digital economy development during military conflicts. These include retaining human capital and its development, the introduction of innovations at all stages of employment, and the support and rapid restoration of the conditions required for digital activity. The results of this study have theoretical and practical significance, as they expand the research methodology of digital economy development in extreme conditions. The study had limitations determined by the lack of some 2022 statistics caused by unfavourable conditions for obtaining reliable data.

Human capital quality and the regional economic growth: Evidence from China

China's economic development has advanced from a high-speed to a high-quality growth stage in recent years. The optimization and upgrading of the economic structure require high-quality human capital to support an innovation-driven economy. In this paper, a general equilibrium model of human capital (Xiang & Yeaple, 2018) is applied to estimate the cognitive and non-cognitive productivities based on Chinese provincial-level macro-data and individual labor's micro-data from 2008 to 2017. The weighted power mean of cognitive and non-cognitive productivities helps calculate the provincial-level human capital quality index (HCQI), which provides a realistic estimate of human capital quality. We find that the improvement of the HCQI leads to convergence in economic growth in China's provinces. HCQI can help explain the differences in economic growth levels in different regions of China. Our study provides a constructive step in understanding cognitive and non-cognitive abilities and HCQI in China, which could help guide education investment policy in China and its provinces.

Alarming Trends of Cesarean Section—Time to Rethink: Evidence From a Large-Scale Cross-sectional Sample Survey in India

Cesarean section (CS) delivery rate has increased significantly both globally and in India, thereby posing a burden on overstretched health systems. This study plans to understand the factors associated with CS rate with an objective to (1) analyze the trends of CS delivery from 1998-99 to 2019-21 and (2) understand the proximate determinants of CS deliveries in India. Analysis of secondary data (National Family Health Survey) of a nationally representative sample of 230,870 women (year 2019-21) was undertaken to explore the trends, distribution, and determinants of CS deliveries in India and within states. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine the proximate variables associated with CS and elective CS. The relative interaction effect of confounding factors, such as number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, place of residence, and wealth status, on cesarean delivery was assessed. A composite index was generated using trust, support, and intimate partner violence variables (termed the partner human capital index [PHI]) to study its influence on CS deliveries, with a low PHI indicating abusive partner and a high PHI indicating supportive partner. Statewise spatial distribution of the most significantly associated factors, namely, wealth quintile and ANC checkups, were also analyzed. The overall prevalence of CS was 21.50% (49,634/230,870) which had risen from 16.72% (2312/13,829) in 1998-99. The adjusted odds of CS deliveries were significantly higher among women who were highly educated (odds ratio [OR] 7.30, 95% CI 7.02-7.60; P<.001), had 4 or more ANC visits (OR 2.28, 95% CI 2.15-2.42; P<.001), belonging to the high-wealth quintile (OR 7.87, 95% CI 7.57-8.18; P<.001), and from urban regions. Increasing educational level of the head of the household (OR 3.05, 95% CI 2.94-3.16; P<.001) was also found to be a significant determinant of CS deliveries. The odds of selection of elective and emergency CS were also significantly higher among women from richer families (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.25-2.21; P<.001) and those belonging to Christian religion (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14-2.43; P=.008). Adjusting the cesarean delivery by PHI, the odds of outcome were significantly higher among women with moderate and high PHI compared with those with low PHI (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.36-1.56 and OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.49-1.74, respectively; P<.001 for both). The interaction effect result reiterates that women with more than 4 ANC checkups, high PHI, and belonging to the richer wealth quintile were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (OR 22.22, 95% CI 14.99-32.93; P<.001) compared with those with no ANC visit, low PHI, and poorest women. The increasing trend of CS deliveries across India is raising concerns. Better education, wealth, and good support from the partner have been incriminated as the contributory factors. There is a need to institute proper monitoring mechanisms to assess the need for CS, especially when performed electively.

METHODICAL TOOLS FOR DETERMINING THE LEVEL OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT

Annotation. Methodical tools for determining the level of human capital development have been developed. The managerial approach to measuring human capital aims to gain more management tools. The author hypothesized that there is an interdependence between the human capital index and the development of the country's institutional system. A selection of indicators has been made for describing the dependence of human capital development on the development of the institutional system of the country, which included political, legal, economic, social, institutional systems, using the expert method of analysis. Based on the hypothesis, an analytical model for assessing the development of human capital has been worked out, which was used to calculate the level of human capital development. The model proposed by the author takes into account the development of the country's institutional system and allows to find out correlation between human capital development and the country's institutional system, which allows to develop forecasts of the dynamics of human capital development from political, legal, economic, social, institutional changes and determine public policy. It is steadily increasing. For multifactor models or phenomena, it is expedient to use methods of multiple correlation-regression analysis, which allows to study and quantify the internal and external consequence correllations between model-forming factors and to establish patterns of functioning and development trends of the studied performance trait. In a real economy conditions, there are probabilistic interdependence between performance and factors. The main task of correlation and regression methods of analysis is to analyze statistical data to identify the mathematical dependency between the studied features and to establish a comparative estimate for the density of the interconnection.

Does the demographic dividend with human capital development yield an economic dividend? Evidence from Central Asia

ABSTRACT Both fertility and mortality rates are declining in the five Central Asian countries, so far resulting in an increasingly working-age population. The main question is whether these countries can benefit from this demographic transition while having different economic structures and diverse ethnicities. Our article shows the importance of demographic, economic, and human capital indicators and the influential role of governance indicators such as the Political Corruption Index and Egalitarian Democracy Index for economic growth. Based on the data from 1991 to 2018, the analysis has been conducted by employing fixed effect estimation with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. The findings indicate that human capital with proper education and an appropriately absorbed labour force does have a more powerful effect on the demographic benefit. In addition, improving the quality of governance has a significant impact on economic growth.

World uncertainty, natural resources, consumer prices, and financial development in high-income countries

In this uncertain world, every economy is facing challenges to achieve sustainable development with available resources. Ample research has explored the nexus of natural resources and financial development. However, world uncertainty and financial development's nexus are uncommon in literature. Therefore, this study is planned to re-investigate the nexus of natural resource rents and financial development by recruiting world uncertainty, human capital, and consumer price index. Theoretically, the natural resource curse hypothesis is being followed. To empirically estimate the linkages, “the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR)” and “Bootstrap Quantile Regression (BSQR)” are employed. Findings report the negative role of world uncertainty with the existence of the natural resource curse. Whereases, human capital, and consumer prices are found to support for financial development in high-income countries. High-income economies are suggested to invest more in human capital and plan to minimize uncertainty in the long-run. Findings have robust policy implications.

Financial inclusion and energy poverty nexus in the era of globalization: Role of composite risk index and energy investment in emerging economies

Even in the modern era with increasing globalization and technological innovation, the issue of energy poverty is still debatable in many parts of the world. Unlike developed countries, developing countries struggle to satisfy the growing energy demand. To evaluate the role of financial inclusion and its impact on energy poverty in six representative emerging economies including Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Russia from 2004 to 2019, this paper examines the role of the composite risk index (a combination of political, economic, and financial risk), investment in energy with public-private participation, gross domestic product, human capital, globalization, and renewable energy. This study first constructed a multidimensional index to measure the weighted average energy poverty and composite energy poverty index along with a novel index for financial inclusion. Moreover, this study uses novel panel data approaches such as Westerlund's cointegration and cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lags model (CS-ARDL). The study established long-run cointegrating relationship between energy poverty and its detereminants, i.e., financial inclusion, globalization, investment in energy, human capital index, income and composite risk index. The empirical results found that financial inclusion, renewable energy electricity, globalisation, income, human capital index and energy investment are the key determinants of energy poverty in emerging economies. Furthermore, financial inclusion is found to curb energy poverty. Human capital index and globalization also help to reduce energy poverty. Given the empirical results of the nexus and impacts of financial inclusion on energy poverty using the multidimensional proxies, the study provides critical implications to researchers and policymakers in mitigating the consequences of energy poverty and the development of financial systems and their co-movement with energy poverty-related issues.

Do natural disasters affect economic growth? The role of human capital, foreign direct investment, and infrastructure dynamics

Natural disasters do occur and have become a global problem due to increasing intensity. Developing countries are mostly affected due to natural disasters owing to a poor environment, feeble adaptation, impoverished socioeconomic conditions, poor infrastructure, limited resources, and unstable institutions. The SDG 11.5 target which highlights the mitigation of loss due to natural disasters––remains crucial to achieving sustainable cities and human settlements––but the literature is limited on this scope. Thus, this research contributes to the literature by incorporating an infrastructure index, foreign direct investment (FDI), human capital index, globalization, and capital formation into the disaster-growth debate across four-income groups in 98 countries from 1995 to 2019. We developed infrastructure and human capital indices using a standard procedure across all income groups. The two-step generalized method of moments employed herein confirmed the income reduction effect of natural disasters. While the economic cost of natural disasters is relatively high in low-income countries and mild in high- and upper-middle-income countries. Besides, infrastructural development, FDI, human capital, globalization, and gross fixed capital formation also affect economic growth across income groups. Thus, the enhancement of socio-economic policies could decline economic losses, especially in vulnerable and poor settlements in developing countries.

Uticaj intelektualnog kapitala na preduzetničke performanse (scenario klaster analize)

The main motive of this research is to determine the impact that intellectual capital has on entrepreneurial performance. The change in the performance of human capital as an indicator formed by the World Bank was used as a basis in order to define possible progress or stagnation in the development of intellectual capital in the countries of the European Union (including Great Britain) in comparison with Serbia. Namely, the human capital index as an integral part of intellectual capital will be analyzed using cluster analysis based on Ward's method, in order to determine groups of countries that are similar to each other in the development of intellectual capital. The reference years for the analysis of data from the Eurostat database are 2018 and 2020. The change in the value of the human capital index in the mentioned years should show the migration of countries from one cluster to another due to the improvement/deterioration of intellectual capital performance. The final results of the cluster analysis show the formation of five clusters of countries. In 2020, Serbia recorded a decline in the human capital index and thus positioned itself in Cluster 5, which in terms of performance lags behind the cluster of countries that are leaders in this segment.

New Conceptual Model of Employee Engagement in Formal and Informal Organizations of Japanese Companies

Like European and U.S. companies, Japanese companies are also receiving human capital disclosure requirements from institutional investors. Employee engagement is an indicator of human capital. The government and Japanese companies consider this important. However, engagement is a relatively new concept that has not yet been defined by researchers. Ac-cording to a survey by a research firm, the employee engagement scores of Japanese companies are very low compared with those of other countries. Therefore, it is unclear whether the concept of engagement fits the corporate culture of Japanese companies and the characteristics of the Japanese people. Using the previously studied concepts of employee engagement and Barnard's organizational theory of formal and informal organizations, we developed a new conceptual model of employee engagement. The characteristics of Jap-anese companies and culture, as shown in other studies, are applied to the new conceptual model and are considered valid.

Оцінка стану та ефективності соціального капіталу підприємств України

The negative nature of social capital, formed in the field of entrepreneurship, has a bad effect on the reputational component of the Ukrainian economy. At the same time, the unresolved issue of quantitative assessment of the social capital of enterprise makes it impossible to clearly identify its condition, problem areas and the formation of a management system. The aim of the work is to determine the structure and key indicators of the social capital of enterprise; to carry out an assessment of social capital of enterprises of Ukraine on the basis of the proposed methodology; to obtain practical results for further formation of the system of management of social capital of enterprise. The study was based on the principles of system approach and was carried out on the basis of a questionnaire survey using methods of analysis and synthesis, logical generalization, tabular and graphical methods of presenting information, as well as the method of grouping and systematization. A critical analysis of the literature on the issues under study allowed to allocate some comments on the existing proposals for assessing the social capital of enterprise: most of the indicators are data from a questionnaire survey; combining human capital and social capital indicators; too many indicators, which makes the assessment process quite time-consuming, etc. Taking into account the existing proposals of scientists and critical remarks on them, the authors have formed their own approach to assessing the state and efficiency of the social capital of enterprise, which is based on the following principles: hierarchy, structuring, dynamism, generalization, consistency, balance, integration and complexity. The current approach is more structured and succinctly describes the key system of indicators by assessment levels. The division of the social capital of the enterprise into states (potential or realized) allows to assess the impact of the social capital of the enterprise on the results of activity. The assessment is reduced to a complex indicator, but at the same time allows us to analyze individual components and structural levels of social capital. In the prospect of implementing this approach at the enterprise, we consider it expedient to ask some of the questions to employees, for example, regarding their views on trust in the team, and compare the answers obtained. Own observations show that employees often estimate the same situation differently, which leads to the deformation of social capital at the enterprise. In general, the obtained results are an important information source for the development of a system for managing the social capital of enterprise, which will be the subject of further scientific research by the authors.

Human Capital and Funding Success: Evidence from an Indonesian Equity Crowdfunding

Abstract This study examines the impact of human capital on funding success in the context of Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) by analyzing data from 72 start-up companies seeking funding through SANTARA, the first ECF platform in Indonesia. Our findings indicate that various human capital indicators, including the number of directors, team members, economics undergraduate education, and graduates from foreign universities, do not significantly influence ECF success. However, we observed an intriguing result: start-up leaders with undergraduate degrees have a negative impact on crowdfunding success, leading to longer funding durations. This suggests that start-ups in Indonesia should not solely prioritize leaders with impressive educational backgrounds but should also consider individuals with practical experience in the business industry to enhance their chances of crowdfunding success.

Factors Influencing Human Capital Development Activities of Public and Private Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria

The study focused on factors influencing human capital development activities in Public and Private Universities in Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of undergraduate students from two universities in Rivers State, Nigeria, this is as a result of university students graduating without full impact to development of the nation. Purposive and simple random sampling by balloting was used to draw a sample of 320 respondents for the study. An instrument titled “Influence of Human Capital Development Activities Questionnaire” (IHCDAQ) was constructed by the researcher and used as means of retrieving data from the respondent. Validation of the instrument was done by three experts in measurement and evaluation while Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument in sections and reliability index of 0.86 was realized. The data was analysed using frequency and percentage while t – test at 0.05 alpha level. Finding showed that there is a significant difference in the mean response scores of respondents in public and private universities on the extent to which constant strike actions (p=0.034&lt;0.05) and Provision of library facilities (p=0.021&lt;0.05) influence human capital development in Nigerian public and private Universities. There was no significant difference in the mean response scores of respondents in public and private universities on the extent to which constant provision of infrastructure (p=0.34&gt;0.05) influence human capital development in Nigerian public and private Universities. Thus, government and every other stakeholders should be sincere in their deliberation as way of avoiding strike actions since it has been proven that such actions has a significant effect on human capital development index as perceived by student in public and private institution.